Boyd First Semester Exam

"Novum Organum"

"new organ or instrument" - one of the most important works of the scientific revolution --> Bacon attacked the long-held belief that most truth had already been discovered by showing a ship set out for unknown territories

The Black Death

(1348-1350) A plague spreading throughout Europe and killing nearly a third of the continents population. One of the factors causing the Ciompi Revolt and increase in Renaissance slavery

Copernicus

(1473-1543) Polish priest and astronomer who altered the Ptolemaic picture of the universe to be heliocentric

Michelangelo

(1475-1564); a melancholy, genius who excelled in variety of arts and crafts; his statue of David in Florence perfect example of renaissance symmetry, harmony, proportion all serving to glorify human form; he is known for his frescoes in sistine chapel; by end of his life, works were more complex and suggested deep personal changes; reflection of beginning of mannerism; made room for strange and abnormal; freer rein to individual feelings & perception

Thomas More (Bronson)

(1478-1535), close friend to Erasmus, best-known English humanist. His "Utopia"(1516), a conservative critisism of contemporary society, rivals the plays of Shakespeare as the most read 16th Century English work.

Catherine de Medici

(1519-1589) Queen mother- tried unsuccessfully to reconcile the Protestant and Catholic factions. Her first concern was always to preserve the monarch. She feared the power of the Guises. Issued the January edict but also was responsible for a large massacre of Huguenots

John Locke

(1632-1704) most influential philosophical and political thinker of the seventeenth century; political writings become a major source of criticism of absolutism and provided a foundation for later political philosophy in both Europe and America; He became deeply involved with the tumultuous politics of the English Restoration period - this is where he began to reject absolute government

The Nine-Years War

(1688-97) French occupation of free city of Strasbourg on Rhine river prompted a defense league to form of England, Spain, Sweden, the United provinces, and major German states; during this time England and France were also fighting for control in NA; ended with Peace of Ryswick which secured Holland's borders, and thwarted Louis' expansion

Pugachev's Rebellion

(1773-1775) largest peasant revolt in Russian history- important because Russian serfdom was basically slavery- Pugachev promised freedom from landlords and land of their own to the serfs who joined

The Munster Revolt (1534-35)

(Andrew) an attempt by anabaptists a communal sectarian government in the German city Munster. the revolt seized the city and took power for several years, adopting policies such as adult baptism and a totalitarian communist community

The Mississippi Bubble

(Read John Law definition first) As a result of the booming stock value of Mississippi Company, everyone seemed to be getting rich. Until the Company couldn't back the paper money with true value. In February 1720, the bubble burst and all gold payments were halted. John Law fled the country and people forever lost trust in the French government. Fear of speculation would daunt the French government for decades after.

Johann Tetzel

(d. 1519) Indulgences preacher who sold them through his great oratory skills in Albrecht. Crticized indirectly in 95 Theses

The four elements of Ancien Regime Society

1- aristocratic elites possessing a wide variety of inherited legal privileges, 2- established churches intimately related to the state and the aristocracy 3- urban labor force organized into guilds 4- rural peasantry subject to higher taxes and feudal dues

The Ursulines

1535 - Italy and France; The Ursulines established religious institutions for religious education for girls of all social classes

Cesare Beccaria

1764; Italian aristocrat and philosophe; On Crimes and Punishment; in which he applied critical analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective and just; wanted laws of monarchs to conform with rational laws of nature; laws were supposed to secure the greatest happiness for the most people, not to impose will of God; idea of practical reforms

Pope Pius VI

1775-1795, France dissolved all religious orders except those that cared for the sick or ran schools, failed to ask ___ for permission, so he condemned the French's actions which created bad blood between the Catholic church and the new Revolutionary government

Immanuel Kant

1784 german philosopher; defined enlightenment as "man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity"; one of enlightenment thinkers who believed man should challenge traditional authority in name of reason; believed man could comprehend operation of physical nature and mod it to achieve material and moral improvement, economical growth and administrative reform

The Directory

2 members of legislature and a 5 member executive (Directory) who gave limited voting rights to property owners only. They tried to prevent both royal restoration and a return to radicalism. They shut down the Jacobins and the Paris Commune and limited the political power of the workers. They relied on the army to suppress any rebellions.

The Peace of Prague (1635)

A 1635 compromise between the German Protestant states and Ferdinand II. France and Netherlands, however, kept the fighting going and brought the war to its most violent phase.

Baruch Spinoza

A Jew living in the Netherlands who set the example for a secularized version of Judaism

The "Spirit of the Laws" (1748)

A book by Montesquieu that exhibits the internal tensions of the Enlightenment; good political structure depended on many variables (population, economics, religion, etc.); no single form of government can apply to all people at any time

"Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1536)

A book written by John Calvin "which many consider to be the definitive theological statement of the Protestant faith"

"The Prince" (1513)

A book written by Machiavelli. It was meant to serve as a cynical satire on the way rulers actually do behave and not as a serious recommendation of unprincipled despotic rule.

The Wars of the Roses (Will G.)

A civil war between two branches of the royal family in England, the House of York and the House of Lancaster, over succession irregularities. Also known as the Hundred Years' War

"Print Culture"

A culture in which books, journals, and newspapers achieved a status of their own. It flourished during the enlightenment

Jacobins

A group of radicals during the French Revolution that ultimately split into two separate parties (The Girondins and The Mountains). The Jacobins ruled during the National Convention.

Servant (1700s)

A male or female who was hired under a clear contract; worked for the head of the house in exchange for room, board, and wages; typically younger and socially inferior to his or her employer

The Diet of Augsburg (1529)

A meeting of the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire at which Lutherans requested recognition for their church. Charles V told them to convert or forfeit their land, leading to the Lutheran princes to launch a revolt against Charles.

The Levee en Masse

A military requisition on the entire population that conscripted males into the army and directed economic production to military purposes

The "Crowd" in Urban Politics, 1700s (i.e. "the Mob")

A mob made up of the middle class that argued for what was economically "Just" i.e. bread prices.

Heliocentric

A new idea presented by Copernicus. A model of the solar system in which the earth moved around the sun in a circle.

The Szlachta

A noble class in the kingdom of Poland

The "Hall of Mirrors"

A part of Versailles that runs across the entire rear of the palace, allowing for a glittering and elaborate play of light to be displayed. The purposed of it was to reflect the power of the monarch. It is also lined with paintings of old mythical scenes with Louis XIV's face on the God's faces. These additions added to the concept of the Sun King's power.

Salons (1700s)

A place where people can discuss ideas during the Enlightenment. they were social hubs for ideas that were circulating throughout Europe.

The Babington Plot

A plot against Queen Elizabeth's life in 1586 by Anthony Babington who was seeking support from the Spanish

Declaration of the Rights of Women

A response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man written by Olympe de Gouges in response to the inequality created between genders as a result of the revolution. She was executed after writing this.

The Clarendon Code

A set of laws passed by Parliament in the years 1661-1665 that "excluded Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, and Independents from the official religious and political life of the nation"

A "Sovereign State" (Jack B.)

A sovereign state is a state with borders where people live, and where a government makes laws and talks to other sovereign states. The people have to follow the laws that the government makes.

Baroque (Culture)

A style of art marked by heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines that flourished between 1550 and 1750. It was especially associated with Catholic counter reformation.

Baroque (style)

A style of art marked by heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines that flourished between 1550 and 1750. It was especially associated with the Catholic Counter-Reformation.

The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)

A targeted killing of Huguenots instigated by Catherine de Medici. Henry of Bourbon was captured and forced to convert to Catholicism.

Abbe Sieyes & Napoleon

Abbe was one of the Directors, and he called for an independent, executive body independent of the whims of electoral politics. The change would require another coup, and Napoleon caught word. He left his army and joined Abbe, but instead of Abbe using him and throwing him away, he took Sieyes' part away from him.

The factors that led to the decline in Witch Trials

Absolutism & Central Control, the growth of "religious compromise," the rise of "rationalism"

The Act of Supremacy (1534)

Act of Parliament passed during the reign of Henry VIII that declared Henry to be the supreme head of the Church of England.

The Sugar Act (1764)

Act that enforced rigorous collection of a lower tax on imports into NA colonies; Beginning of drive for revenue by British to pay off war debts

"Active" v. "Passive" Citizens

Active citizens were were wealthier land-owning males who were given the ability to vote. These men supposedly were the only ones who could use reason and so they were best for electing officials. Passive citizens included non-educated poor men and all women.

"Protestant Resistance Theory"

Active political resistance against order to return to Catholicism by emperor of France; strategy unused until facing defeat; theories of resistance through three major works/writings (Franco-Gallia, Magistrates over their Subjects, Defense of Liberty against Tyrants)

Raphael

An artist with a great character and even greater works. Raphael is most known for his madonnas and the fresco The School of Athens, a perfect depiction of Renaissance techniques, depicting the heads of his contemporaries on philosophers' bodies. He, like the other TMNT, focused on a realistic but glorified human form(i.e. his "David" bronze sculpture).

"Dizzy Corn"

An herbal food which knights were known to give to their "damsel in distress" which had a narcotic effect.

The Spanish Inquisition (John F.)

An institution created under Ferdinand and Isabella; est. 1479 to monitor the activity of converted Jews and Muslims in Spain

"Platonism"

An intense concern for the quality of human life—always ethical, often religious, and sometimes political, based on a belief in unchanging and eternal realities, which Plato called 'forms' independent of the changing things of the world. Plato saw this as part of the eternal world, which was a prerequisite to real- life experience.

The German Peasants Revolt of 1524-25

An uprising led by Anabaptists and peasant groups in German states unhappy at high taxes and rents imposed by the Church and nobles. Raised an army of 300,000+ at its peak, but brutally crushed by an alliance of Catholics & Lutherans.

Archbishop William Laud

Andrew

The Edict of Nantes (1598)

Andrew

Bernini

Architect whose work was the most famous of baroque decoration; he designed the St. Peter's Basilica & He and oversaw construction the great tabernacle and a monument to papal authority within the Basilica. He also created the dramatic sculpture of the Spanish mystic St. Teresa of Avila depicting her in religious ecstasy.

Chiaroscuro & "Linear Perspective"

Art skill that developed during the 15th century, chiaroscuro: the use of shading to enhance naturalness in painting and drawing, Linear Perspective: adjustment of size of figures to give viewer a feeling of continuity with the painting. These two techniques gave canvas energy and life

Atheism v. Deism

Atheists denied religion altogether, and deists conformed the belief to reason.

Audiencias and Corregiodores

Audiencias: Viceroys who served as chief executives in the new world and were divided into several subordinate judicial councils known as audiencias. Corregiodores: Local offices who presided over municipal councils

The Fuggers of Augsburg (Brett)

Bankrolled Habsburg rulers; lent Charles I of Spain 50,000 florins to buy election as Holy Roman Empire in 1519 and therefore boasted that they had created the empire

Le Chapelier Law

Bans all "trade organizations," including unions & guilds; no regulation of wages or prices; meant to implement Enlightenment Economics and 'modernize' the economy; to protect the economic interests of the middle-class; further fuels workers' suspicions of the National Assembly; government left without means to handle either inflation or unemployment

The Duke of Orleans (1720s)

Became regent in France due to his nephew's (Louis XV) young age. Undermined the faltering prestige of the monarchy with scandals.

William Pitt, the Elder

Became the secretary of the state in charge of the War for England. He distracted the French in Europe, so he was more easily able to take the French territories in the America's. He sent a ton of troops over to the New World and took all land East of the Mississippi River, most to all of Canada, and even some of the sugar isalnds.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man

Before writing a Consitution, the National Constituent Assembly wrote out some basic principles based on Enlightenment ideas and the American declaration of independence; "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression"; ultimately applicable to all of Europe in the universality of its ideas #copycats

The "Great Northern War" (1700-21)

Beginning in 1700 after Charles XII took over the Swedish throne, Russia and Sweden fought for 21 years. Sweden statted off dominating, but eventually Russia overtook them. This war ended in 1721 by the Peace of Nystad, which confirmed Russia's control of Estonia, Livonia, and part of Finland.

Pascal's Wager

Blaise Pascal made a wager with the skeptics in which he said that it is a better bet to believe God exists and to stake everything on his promised mercy than not to do so.

Crown Prince Aleksei of Russia (d. 1718)

Born in 1698, he was the son of Czar Peter the Great. Many of Peter;'s political opponents saw the boy as a source for sedition. Aleksei eventually forms an alliance with Habsburg emperor Charles VI. Peter discovers the plot, places his son under investigation, and condemns him to death. He dies on June 26, 1718.

Luther & Calvin's view of Women

Both Luther & Calvin saw women as being an important part of the demostic/home life and being companions to them with their work within the church. Also both note the necessity of women within society

Nobles "of the Sword" v. Nobles "of the Robe"

Both groups were part of the French Nobility, but the "Nobles of the Sword" gained their power based on inheritance and passing power down generations or possibly helping the king, whereas the "Nobles of the Robe" power came from holding positions in government and places of power.

Physico-Theology

Brad

Thomas Hobbes

Brad

Johannes Kepler

Brahe's assistant. German astronomer who took over control of Brahe's statistics. In order to prove the sun being the center, he moved away from the circular motion of the planets and portrayed the real orbits of the planets.

Bread Prices & Their Impact (1700s)

Bread prices were important particularly for the artisan class because if the prices went up too much, it affected their business, so the artisans implemented just prices if they increased too much. Bread prices went way up due to agricultural advancements.

The Association Movement

British middled-class protest movement calling for an end to bribery in Parliament, abolition of rotten boroughs & (eventually) withdrawal of British troops from North America The method proposed for changing the system was this extralegal movement. #MBABoutToDestroyChristianBrothers #ThenFCDallasWillCrushPortland #RollRed #GoHoops

The "Commonwealthmen"

British political writers whose radical republican ideas influenced the American revolutionaries, i.e. John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon - "Cato's Letters," which criticized the government patronage and parliamentary management of Walpole.

The Reuchlin Affair (Noah)

Brought Van Hutten on the stage and unified reform minded German humanists, Pfeffer Korn attacked Hutten on his works about the Jews and the humanists rushed to his aid

Cardinal Fleury

By 1726, the general political direction of France came under the authority of this man. He worked to maintain the authority of the monarchy, including ongoing repression of the Jansenists, while continuing to preserve the local interests of the French nobility. He pursued economic prosperity at home and peace abroad. But after 1740, he could not prevent France from entering a worldwide colonial conflict.

Jean Calas

Calas was a Huguenot convicted of killing his son to prevent the son's becoming Catholic despite a lack of evidence that this was the son's cause of death; Voltaire made it a cause celebre for Enlightenment criticism of organized religion as being too extreme

The Elector Palatine, Frederick III

Calvinist convert through whom Calvinism gained a strong foothold in society; became Elector Palatine and made it official religion; 1609 began protestant defensive alliance supported by England France and Netherland

Miguel de Cervantes

Cervantes was the writer of Don Quixote, and he was considered to be one key writers during the Spanish Golden Age. He had only a small amount of formal education, and he claimed he educated himself with wide reading in popular literature and immersion in the "school of life." He worked in Rome for a Spanish cardinal, was a decorated soldier in the Battle of Lepanto, and also spent time as a slave and a tax collector. He began Don Quixote in prison in 1605, when he was arrest for padding his accounts.

"Time of Troubles" (Russia)

Chaotic period of time after Ivan the Terrible's death. Ended in 1613 by the election of Michael Romanov by an assembly of nobles.

Don Quixote & Sancho Panza

Character of book written byCervantes, begun in 1603 while he was imprisoned; intent of work to satirize the chivalric romances in Spain; centered around life of none-too-stable middle aged man who wants to be a knight so he begins doing deeds he believes are brave; old fashioned religious idealism; other man his the foil of the main character: he serves as his squire and watches in amusement when he tries to fight a windmill; eventually defeats Don Quixote to end Don's quest for knighthood; Down to earth realism

The War of Spanish Succession (causes)

Charles II, Habsburg Kind of Spain, dies without heir; leaves other nations to decide and fortune goes to Louis's grandson Phillip of Anjou

Crop Rotation

Charles Townsend encourages other important innovations; instituted crop rotation, using wheat, barley, turnips, clover; helped restore nutrients to soil; supplied animal fodder which led to more nutrient rich manure; so more food for man and animals

The Russian Charter of Nobility (1785)

Charter crafted by Catherine II that stated the particular rights and privileges that the nobles held in each of their respective territories.

Anabaptists

Christian faith sparked by the reformation. Meant to be the perfect spin off of Lutheran scripture, however, Luther did not support their ideas of separation of church and state because he needed the protection of the German princes. Had circumstances been different, he may have supported their cause. Anabaptists changed baptism to a conscious decision made by adults, and led to many variations of the baptist denomination.

Penance

Christian sacrament in which a member of the Church confesses sins to a priest and is given absolution.

Mercantilism

Close government control of the economy that sought to maximize exports and accumulate as much precious metals as possible to enable the state to defend its economic and political interests.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Confirms state control of church lands; priests and bishops now elected and paid by the state; all clergy must swear loyalty to the state

The "Popish Plots" (1670s/1680s)

Conspiracies which led to anti-Catholic hysteria in England and Scotland

Childbirth (1700s)

Contagious diseases endangered both the mother and the child. The child might represent an economic burden on an already impoverished household, or it might be illegitimate.

Cosimo & Lorenzo de Medici

Cosimo - One of the Wealthiest Florentines who was a banker and statesman. He rose to power after the Ciompi Revolt in 1434 - he controlled the city from behind the scenes - an example of a despot. Lorenzo was a totalitarian ruler who ruled 1478-1492. His brother was assassinated by a man associated with the pope - this made him more cautious as a ruler.

The Court of Star Chamber

Court of the common people appointed by King Henry of England. Very advantageous for merchant class who previously was restricted by the nobles. Now these judges appointed by the king make sure the merchants are protected against the Nobles

Departements (France)

Created by National Assembly as part of the new constitutional monarchy; Parlements and feudal provinces were abolished, allowing for equal-sized ____________

The Council of Trent - Church Practice

Curtailing the selling of church offices, bishops forced from Rome to their dioceses, local authority of bishops strengthened, bishops forced to preach regularly. Parish preists were required to neatly dress, be better educated, be strictly celibate, and active among parishioners.

Elizabeth I of England

Daughter of Henry VIII, protestant, and her goals: prevent Spanish control of Netherlands Secure access to gold and silver from new world Maintain Prot. in England

The Declaration of Pillnitz

Declaration made by rulers of Austria and Prussia stating that if any harm came to the king and queen they would invade France.

"Discourse on Method"

Descartes' book about how personal existence was definite ("I think therefore I am), therefore the human mind could comprehend and figure out everything else that was out there

Galileo & The Catholic Church

Disagreed on interpretations of scripture considering new scientific discoveries; Catholic Church censored his book Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres; Galileo tried in 1633 for breaking mandate of 1616 and put under house arrest for 9 remaining years of his life

The Petition of Right (1628)

Document by Parliament to control Charles I; Charles could get funds if Parliament gives consent for forced loans and taxation.

"The Donation of Constantine"

Document written in the 8th century that was said to be a good faith grant of vast territories to the Pope and the Church by the roman emperor Constantine. Valle wrote an exposé that proved the document to be a fraud. He became immensely popular amongst protestants because of it.

Girolamo Savonarola

Dominican preacher that led a radical revolution among the citizenry of Florence; exiled Piero de' Medici and ruled for 4 years -->eventually overthrown which led to his imprisonment and execution

"Institutions of Sharing" (Science)

Drew

Link between Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment

Drew

The 95 Theses (1517)

Drew- is a failure

William III of Orange

Dutch Stadtholder who took charge in times of war and turmoil. Besides that, he didn't have any real dominant authority over anyone else. He was the Stadtholder during the Dutch days of prosperity and economic domination.

Erasmus

Dutch renaissance humanist and priest who was very influential to the Reformation

William of Nassau, "The Silent"

Dutchman and important member of the Dutch Revolt; switched denominations between Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism to maintain political popularity and power.

"Benefices"

Ecclesiastical posts that could be bought or sold and often those who occupied the posts would not live or be active in their parish and were known as "absentees"

The "Aristocratic Resurgence" (1700s)

Effort across Europe in the 1700's by nobles to reclaim power from monarchs

Napoleon in Italy (1796-97)

Effort to deprive Austria of its rich province of Lombardi in Northern Italy; Lots of huge victories, pushing Austria out of the war and making France dominate all of the Italian Peninsula and Switzerland

The Treaty of Utrecht (1713)

Ended the War of Spanish Succession. Phillip V remained the king of Spain, but England got the island of Gibraltar and the island of Minorca.

William Tyndale

English Protestant reformer in the early 1500s. Translated the Bible into English but exiled by Henry VIII for his theological radicalism.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English philosopher and supporter of women's rights; she argued that women are not and should not be regarded as subservient to men.

William Shakespeare

English poet and playwright, coined many modern english terms

John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough

English were better equipped; John bested Louis's soldiers in every major engagement, although French triumphed in Spain; eventually war became a bloody stalemate (1709)

Francis Bacon

Englishman, lawyer, royal official, author -- attacked scholastic belief that most truth had already been discovered only required an explanation; had a reverence for the authority of intellectuals -- FATHER OF EMPIRICISM+EXPERIMENTATION

Montesquieu & the "Division of Power"

Enlightenment thinker who proposed the logic that centralized power threatens the liberty of everyone because no matter who holds the power will be irresistibly tempted to abuse it. He believed that the only way to fix this was to make the three government bodies have a system of checks/balances in GBR. This could not work however because the balance of power was not even to begin with.

The Committee of Public Safety

Established by the Convention in April 1793 to carry out the executive duties of the government. Eventually the Committee of Public Safety enjoyed almost dictatorial power. The leaders on the committee were convinced republicans who opposed the more vacillating policies of the Girondists. Their goal was to save the revolution from mortal enemies at home and abroad. They cooperated with the sans-culottes of Paris.

Martin Luther

Ex-Lawyer who posted the 95 theses: 95 things the Catholic Church was doing incorrectly. Posting of the theses sparked the Protestant Reformation.

Impositions (1600s)

Extra tax on imports and exports that helped James I raise more money, straining ties and increasing tension between him and Parliament

The "Mountain"

Extreme Jacobins began to cooperate with leaders of the Parisian sans-culottes and the Paris Commune to overthrow the monarchy. These Jacobins were known as the "Mountain" because their seats were high up in the assembly hall. Eventually, the Mountain and its sans-culottes allies dominated the Convention and revolution. Louis XVI was put on trial and beheaded thanks to the efforts of the Mountain to block the Girondists attempts to spare his life.

John Calvin

Father of Calvinism; born into wealthy French Family; at age twelve he received church benefices that financed his education at Parisian Colleges; 1534 he was converted to protestantism which made his "long stubborn heart was made teachable" by God. Own personal experience became a model for his reform

Empiricism

Fathered by Francis Bacon, this mode of thought focuses on the observation of empirical evidence for new theories, rather than the method of the time: collective truths and antiquity.

Political Divisions within the HRE (1600s)

Ferdinand(HRE) trying to centralize while the nobles of Germany and more wanted more local power

The Berlin Decrees (1806)

Forbade countries allied with France to import any goods into Great Britain. Issued in Berlin by Napoleon in 1806. It also installed the Continental System in Europe.

The Jesuits

Formally known as the Society of Jesus, was founded by Ignatius of Loyola in the 1530s, was recognized by the Church in 1540, members were faithful to the Church and would go on missions to convert non-Catholics and strengthen current members faith in the Church

The University of Geneva

Founded by John Calvin and Theodore Beza. Calvinist refugees who studied there later carried Protestant educational reforms to France, Scotland, England, and the New World.

French Strategy in the War of Austrian Succession

France decides to give aid to its ally at the time, Prussia, but regret the decision long term. It splits their funds between fighting the British and claiming oversees territory as well as helping defend a country that will soon become their enemy (Prussia in 7 years war). By dividing funds the weaken themselves which results in the stalemate that creates great loss for France.

Frederick II of Prussia, "The Great"

Frederick II was one biggest supporters of Enlightened among other European monarchs. He gave jobs of the "well-paid" bureaucracy" to nobles through their "merit." He gave full religious toleration to people in Prussia. He abolished torture, invested in new agriculture techniques, and "established a land-mortgage credit." He also was an impressive composer. All of these qualities are aspect of Enlightenment ideas.

The War of Austrian Succession

Fredrick II of Prussia seizes Silesia from Austria in Eastern Germany; Maria Theresa was the new Habsburg ruler; the invasion shattered the Pragmatic Sanction allowed Charles VI's daughter to inherit the throne with no make heirs, and getting all European powers to agree to not take the Austrian kingdom; creates a series of territory swaps, most of which end up being reverted except Silesia

Jacques-Louis David

French Neoclassical painter; used ancient republican themes in the 1780s to emphasize the corruption of French monarchical government - painted the Oath of the Horatii

The Oath of the Horatii (painting)

French Neoclassical painting by Jacques-Louis David depicting a classical scene of the Horatii brothers pledging themselves in service of Rome; not only demonstrated women's separate spheres of the era but was also a comment on the French aristocracy and government

Huguenots

French Protestants. The most powerful family of this religion was the Bourbon family.

Maupeou and the Parlements

French chancellor who attempted to destroy these regional courts

Banalities

French feudal dues that French peasants were subject to. For example, the peasants had to pay to use the noble's mill to grind grain and his oven to bake bread

The Consulate

French government dominated by Napoleon from 1799 to 1804. With this came the achievement of the goals of the Third Estate. They abolished hereditary privilege, and the careers thus opened to talent allowed them to achieve wealth, status, and security for their property. The peasants were also happy because they had gained the they they always wanted and destroyed feudal privileges. Bonaparte also gave a sense of security.

Blaise Pascal

French mathematician and a physical scientist who heavily influenced the reconciliation of new science and faith through his book Pensées; sided with Jansenists; believes there was a god and humans are unworthy of him

Physiocrats

French people characterized chiefly by a belief that government policy should not interfere with the operation of natural economic laws and that land is the source of all wealth

Parlements (France)

French regional courts that were dominated by hereditary nobility. Most important one was the Parlement of Paris, which claimed right to register royal decrees before they could become law

The "Great Fear"

From July to August in 1789, the peasants feared that they weren't going to eat and that the rich were hoarding all of the food. So they revolted by burning down chateaus and legal documents and strip searching homes of the nobility in search of food. This showed the present deterioration of the French government.

Locke & The Justification for the American Revolution

G3 and Parliament are not honoring the right of liberty of the colonies, destroying bonds of political alliance—colonists looked to Locke and revolution in 1688 for similar statements and examples

Christine de Pisan

Gabriel

Dias and Da Gama (Gabriel)

Gabriel

Contrasts between Religious Practices, 1400s v. 1500s

Gabriel seriously

Galileo

Galileo Galilei, was an Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician who played a major role in the scientific revolution during the Renaissance

The Consistory

Geneva's regulatory court - becomes calvins main source of power. Because it was made of mainly elders and clergymen that presided over the cities magistrates, he was able to enforce strict moral discipline.

Christopher Columbus (William H.)

Genoese adventurer who sailed for Spain and arrived in the islands of the Caribbean in 1492 while sailing west in search of a shorter route to the spice markets of the Far East.

Philip Melanchton

German theologian and contemporary of Martin Luther; protestant reformer who helped mold protestantism (he himself was a Lutheran)

The "Divine Watchmaker"

God set up the universe perfectly and now just sits back and watches is creation. God is not involved in everyday activities. The world can be understood scientifically. #GarryMonkintheSky

Assignats

Gov't "bonds" issued by National Assembly-sold to French population, function as paper; Backed up by the value of church lands now "claimed" by the state and sold off

The "Marian Exiles"

Group of Protestants who fled from England (Queen Mary) in order to avoid political and religious persecution. They fled to other Protestant European countries such as The Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland.

The Assembly of Notables (1787)

Group of nobles and church leaders elected by royal ministry with whom Colonne met to seek support for his plan; They refused to give it, wanting to call taxes through the Estates-General and at the expense of the monarchy

Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony

He worked for constitutional reform of the Holy Roman Empire. He also kept Martin Luther safe after he was declared an outlaw.

The three types of women likely to be accused of witchcraft

Healers, widowed women, and midwives

Philip II of Spain

Heir to to intensively Catholic and military supreme Spain with western Habsburg Kingdom and all the Spanish Empire in the Americas; he was married to Mary I of England; with all this inherited power and a vision for a predominantly Catholic Europe, he becomes a super power in Europe and intervenes in many of the Religious wars; he is also responsible for the efforts of the Spanish Armada to attack England

Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

Henry VIII's chief adviser in the 1520s. He was charged with getting Henry's marriage annulled, even though Wolsey felt that was not possible. Wolsey's failure led to his disgrace and he was arrested for treason before dying in prison.

Jacob Burckhardt

Historian in the 19th century that became famous for his study of the Renaissance

"Leviathan"

Hobbes' work written after the English Civil War. In writing this work, his aim was to provide a rigorous philosophical justification for a strong political authority. He portrayed human beings and society as materialistic and mechanical. He connected all human motivations to being driven by an intention to increase pleasure and minimize pain.

The Holy Synod & Procurator General (Russia)

Holy Synod costed of several bishops headed by a layman, called the procurator general; replaced the patriarch/head of Russia Orthodox Church; this body would govern the church in accordance with the tsar's secular requirements. this ecclesiastical reorganization was the most radical transformation of a traditional institution in Peter's reign

The "Natural State"/The "State of Nature"

Human beings in their natural state are inclined to a perpetual restless desire for power. Hobbes explained that the natural state involved perpetual fighting and constant power struggles. Hobbes saw the original state of nature as natural, inevitable conflict in which neither safety nor final authority existed. Human beings lived in the constant state of fearing death.

Leonardo da Vinci

Ideal renaissance man- artist, advisor to French and Italian royalty, engineer- a jack of all trades. Skilled in illustrating a person's mood through his face and paintings. (Mona Lisa and his portrait)

The War of Jenkins Ear

In 1731, A Spanish boat boarded an English Vessel in the Caribbean and they cut off the ear of the captain named Robert Jenkins; He carried the ear preserved in a jar of brandy; In 1738 he appeared in front of Parliament with his severed jar; in late 1739 England went to war with Spain to try to save their islands in the West Indies from Spain's intervention; France entered the war on Spain's side

The Seven Years War

In 1756, GBR signs an alliance with Prussia to protect its North German possessions. Austria and France respond by signing a defensive alliance. #paradigmshift

The Intolerable Acts (1774)

In 1774 British Parliament came to pass what is known as The Intolerable Acts. These were passed after the Boston Tea Party. These Acts restricted the rights of the colonists and also were more lenient to officials of GB, in that if these officials broke the law they would then be sent to Britain to await trial.

William Pitt, the Younger

In 1783, the king approached William Pitt the Younger, son of victorious war minister, to manage the House of Commons. During the election of 1784, Pitt received immense patronage support form the crown and constructed a House of Commons favorable to the monarch. Thereafter, Pitt sought to formulate trade policies that would give his ministry broad popularity. In 1785, he attempted one measure of modest parliamentary reform. When it failed, the young prime minister, who had been only twenty-four at the time of his appointment, abandoned the cause of reform.

The Duke of Enghien

In 1804 Bonaparte violated the sovereignty of the German state of Baden to seize and execute the Bourbon duke of Enghien in 1804. He accused the duke of participation in a royalist plot, but Napoleon knew that he was innocent. Charles Maurice, Bonaparte's foreign minister, later termed it the act "worse than a crime - a blunder" because it provoked foreign opposition. It was supported by the Jacobins because it was the execution of a Bourbon, although the man was unlikely to restore the royal family. It did put an end to royalist plots too.

The "Coup of Brumaire" (1799)

In November 1799, when Napolean takes over the Directory using military force.

The Corvee

In Western Europe peasant's obligation to higher classes consisted of corvee, which was unpaid labor.

Johann Gutenberg (Ben)

In response to expansion of education and demand for literature he invents the Printing Press with movable type in 1468- leads to rapid expansion of books and advertisement and labeling.

"First & Second Treatise of Government"

In the first he rejects arguments for absolute governments that based political authority on the patriarchal model of fathers ruling over a family; Proved enormously important by clearing the philosophical decks of a long-standing traditional argument that could not stand up to rigorous analysis. In the second he argues that government should be both responsible for and responsive to the concerns of the governed - natural state = everyone enjoys the natural rights of life, liberty, and property

Lay Religious Movements of the 1300s & 1400s

Increase in communication through travel, post, and printing press and increased awareness of ideas permitted lay people to attempt to exercise control over the church; precursor to Reformation

The Church & The "Don Gratuit"

Instead of funding the requested large subsidy to help pay off French debt, Church actually gave less money by lowering the don gratuit, the amount the church had to give to the monarchy in lieu of taxes

The Russian Legislative Commission of 1767-68

Intended to be a committee to prepare new code of laws. But, as it really didn't pass any new code of laws, its only significance was giving Catherine II insight into the concerns of different social groups.

England as inspiration for Enlightenment Thought

Isaac Newton and John Locke were great intellectual forerunners of the Enlightenment; Newton's physics and Locke's psychology provided the theoretical basis for a reformist approach to society; Great Britain became example of a society in which enlightened reforms appeared to benefit everyone: religious toleration, relative freedom of press and speech; authority of monarchy limited and political sovereignty resided in parliament; many compared ways and freedoms of England to those of other monarchies such as FRA

The Table of Ranks

It is formed in 1722 by Peter the Great. Its purpose is to draw the nobility into military service by equating one's social rank with his position in the military or bureaucracy. This reform keeps loyal nobles close to the throne and more powerful.

The Bourbon Family

It was one of the most powerful Huguenot families in France. Led by Antoine de Bourbon and his wife Jeanne, it was a Calvinist family seeking both religious toleration from the Catholic majority and royal power. During the French Wars of Religion, it is supported by both Holland and England. It gains claim to the throne through the marriage of Antoine's son Henry and Margaret of the Valois family.

Machiavelli

Italian politician who ruled ruthlessly according to his philosophy of leadership; in his book The Prince, he famously declared that it is better to be feared than loved as a ruler as greedy selfish people are more likely to respond and subjugate that way.

Puritans

Jack B.

Junkers

John G.

Mary, Queen of Scots

John G.

Joseph DuPleix and Robert Clive

Joseph DuPleix: Part of French government in the 1700s, and he was behind France's taking control over the government of some regions in India......Robert Clive: Did the same thing as Joseph DuPleix except worked for British government

The Fall of the Bastille

July 14, 1789; Bastille was a prison being used mainly as an armory and was raided by the citizens of Paris. The citizens knew that an army was going to Versailles to remove the peoples' representatives, which led them to believe that the army would be coming to them next. This was the first violent act of the French Revolution and led to the creation of a citizen's army called the "National Guard"

Death of Henry II of France (1559)

King Henry II died while jousting. He took a fragment of his stick to the eye. He lay dying for 3 three days and died of blood poisoning. His was suceded by his son Francis II.

The "Flight to Varennes"

King Louis XVI of France and Marie Antoinette attempted to flee Paris in hopes of a counter-revolution. Failed.

El Escorial

King Phillip II of Spain's main palace that also served as a church, tomb, and monastery. Phillip ruled the Spanish empire from this palace and rarely ventured out of it

Peter I of Russia, "The Great"

King of Russia. Ascended the throne as co-ruler with Ivan IV when he was 10 after overthrowing his sister Sophia. His two main objectives were to maintain his power by securing it from the jealousy of the Boyars and the greed of the Streltsi, and he wanted to increase Russian Military. Wanted assert Russia's presence within western Europe.

Louis XI of France (Thomas)

Known as "The Spider" for his cunning and plotting, he was the son of Charles VII and heir to the Valois throne. A rebel to his father's rule, he became king of France in 1461 after his death. He passed the taille (a personal royal tax) and the gabelle (a tax on salt) in the Estates-Generals by convincing the assembly that the personal revenue would be funded to French expansion. He made good on his promise by doubling the size of France (1423-1483)

Moses Mendelsson

Known as the "jewish Socrates", this man was one of the great jewish philosophers os his time. He wrote "On Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism," where he argued for religión toleraron and maintaining discitionion in Jewish communities.

Hernan Cortés (Jacob)

Landed in Mexico in 1519 with 500 men and a few horses. Forged alliances with Moctezuma and the Aztecs, who thought that he was the god Quetzalcoatl returning. The Aztecs welcomed him and his men with gifts, but the Spaniards attacked Tenochtitlán and captured Moctezuma soon after. He finally defeated the resistance of the Aztecs in 1521

The Financial Struggles of the French Monarchy after 1763

Large debt due to Seven Years War and support of the American revolution; However, the government was unable to tap into the wealth of the country because of inefficient taxing, leading to an impoverished government; Louis XV and XVI were not strong enough leaders deal with this situation, particularly as they vied for power with the parlements, who attempted to block their taxing power.

The Battle of Lepanto (1571)

Large naval battle started by the Holy League of Spain, Genoa, Venice and the Pope to check Turkish belligerence in the Mediterranean. Don Jon leads attacking fleet which engages the Ottoman navy off the coast of Lepanto. Over 30,000 Turks die. Leads to Spanish temporary control over the Medit. sea and a powerful naval alliance with portugal

The Hacienda (Jack)

Large, landed estate owned by people originally born in Spain or people born in America of Spanish descent.

The British Game Laws

Laws that applied to nobility in that only landed people could hunt certain game. This lead to black markets for meat and a profit for it. It was also a capital punishment to break these laws. It was a way the nobles could assert their authority over the middle class(non-landed wealthy peoples)

The "Conspiracy of Equals"

Lead by Gracchus Babeuf it was a a uprising that called for more radical democracy and for more equality of property. They claimed the French Revolution was never completed. Crushed by the French army. Symbolized the reliance of the Directory of the army. #MerryChristmas #HappyHanukkahIfYou'reJewishOrJustCelebrateHanukkahForSomeReason #HappyFestivusForTheRestOfUs

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the "New Model Army" and Roundheads that defeated the royal cavilers; a country squire of iron discipline and strong independent religious sentiment, he and his "Godly Men" willing to tolerate an established majority church, ruled for several years after Charles I defeat; lord protector (1649-1660)

Gustavus Adolphus

Leader of the Swedish army that fought in the Thirty Years war on the side of the Lutherans / Calvinists; Brilliant military strategist, and in five years (1630-1635), he had brought back all the Catholic HRE's gains to the Protestants since to 1620; lead to an agreement for the peace of Prague

Charles the Bold of Burgundy (Drew)

Leader of the strongest political power in Europe in the mid-15th century... Aspired to dwarf France & HRE, but continental powers prevented it. Died in battle of Nancy of 1477, and with him to his grave went the dreams of his empire

Locke - "Letter concerning Toleration" (1689)

Locke's work that used the ideas from his 2nd Treatise to declare that there should be "extensive religious toleration among Christianity." This toleration would stop most of the religious conflicts that had been occurring for a long time according to Locke

The Public Image of Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette

Louis XVI was considered detached and ineffective, and Marie Antoinette was always suspect, because of her Austrian background. She was also accused of sexual misconduct and personal extravagance in the underground pamphlet campaign. The royal family remained very distant form the population.

The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

Louis revoked Edict; extensive religious oppression followed; first took away political positions and benefits of the protestants/Huguenots; then began religious oppression that drove 1000s out of France; France became symbol of religious repression in contrast to England's reputation for moderate religious toleration

"Justification by Faith Alone"

Luther's idea that good works do not save your soul, only aceptante of God's grace can. Those who acccept God's grace will perform good works naturally.

The Family Economy (Urban)

Made the household the basic unit of production and consumption. Fathers mostly worked as urban artisans with sons and servants working for him and the mother working as a merchant.

"Maleficium" & "Sabbats"

Maleficium - Technical name for the crime of casting harmful magic (being a witch [Kaplan]) that resulted in 100,000 executions between 1400 and 1700 Sabbats - name for meeting witches attended together where they flew around and worshiped the devil

Ferdinand & Isabella (Matthew)

Marriage between these two combines Castile and Aragon into what would ultimately become Spain. They expelled Jews and Muslims to centralize power and authorized The Spanish Inquisition.

The "Diet of Worms" (1521)

Martin Luther is called before the HRE to recant, but he refuses, thus becoming an outlaw. The Elector of Saxony then kidnapped Luther and his him in his castle.

Rene Descartes

Mathemetician who believed in deduction and general intuition over empirical observation

The Independence of the Netherlands

Maurice, son of William of Orange, continued Dutch resistance after his father's death. Spain's resources were overextended when Phillip II became involved in English and French affairs, which strengthened the Netherlands. In 1596 France and England recognized as independent, and in 1609 Spain recognized it as independent through the Peace of Westphalia .

The "Sans-Culottes"

Meaning "without kneebreeches." The lower-middle classes and artisans of Paris during the French Revolution. They had large sway and influence because they had similar goals and policies with the Jacobins, making them very useful in the government, since they were very large in number. They didn't despised the aristocracy and wealth like the Jacobins, but they had common goals.

Cardinal Richelieu

Minister who handled French government after Henry IV's death before Louis XIV; Educated, ruthless (Machiavelli 2.0), and dedicated to strengthening royal power, he became a powerful figure of central authority; Stripped Huguenots of political rights after a rebellion and created a spy network among nobles to undermine noble rebellions

The Tea Act (1773)

Monopoly for East India COmpany on tea ->boycotts; tea was actually cheaper

Humanism

Movement during the Renaissance Period that stressed the idea of human dignity and individualism. Also stressed the idea that the individual was capable of becoming more.

Napoleon in Egypt (1798-99)

Napoleon chose to attack British interests through the eastern Mediterranean by capturing Egypt from the Ottoman Empire. He overran Egypt easily but the invasion was ultimately a failure, as he was defeated by Admiral Nelson at Abukir. This invasion also alarmed Russia who joined with Austria, the Ottomans and Britain to form the Second Coalition against France

The Continental System

Napoleon's plan to cut off Britain's trade with the European continent and cripple British commercial and financial power; back fired on Napoleon because it did not hurt British very much because they already had an embargo with France, could still trade with the rest of the world, and it badly hurt European economies; also very unpopular with the European middle class and merchants who wanted access to goods

The Napoleonic Code (1804)

Napoleon's reformed, universal law code that safeguarded property, abolished birth right privileges (including primogeniture), suppressed women's and laborer's movements, and made father the absolute head of the household

The "Golden Age" of Smuggling

Navigation acts and trade restrictions raise cost of desirable goods and thus smuggling becomes very lucrative, although it resulted in the death penalty. Famous pirates like Blackbeard, Cap. Morgan.

Parliament, Estates-General, Cortes

Nobility and towns acted as a unit by enacting various representative, governing assemblies. Some of these were the British Parliament, the French Estates-General, and the Spanish Cortes. These were used to diminish the power of the central royal power and to unite the nation. The assemblies were less popular after the Hundred Years' War and the Great Schism.

The Tennis Court Oath

Oath of third estate, who break away from Estates-General, to not leave the king's tennis courts at Versailles till a french constitution is made; first truly revolutionary act

The Women's March to Versailles

October 5th and 6th, 1789; 7000 Parisian women marched to Versailles and demanded bread; women gathered in the markets of Paris and they were not able to buy bread or the prices were too high so they formed together an marched towards Versailles; the king is scared he might be overthrown so he agrees to return to Paris with the women; shows the revolution had spread to ordinary citizens in Paris that had made the king and his assembly return to Paris.

Feast Days & Fast Days

On Feast Days, nobility would gorge themselves with egregious quantities of food, as food was seen as a sign of wealth and power. Fast Days were days where one would eat bland fish and other depressing foods in order to religiously make up for the egregious feasting. Fish does not bleed, therefore it is not associated with the body of Christ. Meat is associated with blood and also its ability to make people very strong, which could affect sexual potency.

Girondists

One group of the Jacobin split. This group was less radical than The Mountains, and voted against the killing of the king. For this, they were seen as not revolutionary enough, and thereby executed by Robespierre (who was a Mountain member).

Population Growth in the 1700s (numbers)

Ottoman:100-120 million rose to 190; England: 6 to 10 million; FRA: 18 to 26 mill; Russia: 19-29 million;

Peninsulares

People that were born on the European continent that received all the high positions in government office and were commonly large land owners in South America. They had very easy, lucrative jobs.

Tsar Peter I's visit to western Europe

Peter the Great went to Europe. There, he talked to powerful people and looked at ships. He took many ideas back to Russia, like shaving all of the beards off of his nobles.

The Spanish Armada (1588)

Phillip II conspired to send an armada of Spanish ships ( 130 of those bad boys) to conquer England in 1588. All of the ships ended up being sunk due to a storm and British firepower. This victory cemented England's status as a world power for the time period.

The Seven Years War in the West Indies, North America, and India

Pitt also acquired major island of the French West Indies; income from sale of captured sugar helped finance war; secured bulk of the French slave trade for GBR; from '55-'60, value of French colonial trade dropped by 80%; In India British forces under Robert Clive, defeated France's Indian allies in 1757 at battle of Plassey; led to eventual conquest of Bengal and rest of India

Albrecht of Wallenstein

Powerful mercenary and oppurtunistic Protestant, Wallenstein gained a great deal of territory by joining Ferdinand during the conquest of Bohemia. A brilliant and ruthless military strategist, Wallenstein carried Ferdinand's campaign into Denmark. By 1628, he commanded an army of more than 100,000 men and became a law unto himself, completely outside of the emporer's control. Killed Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Lutzen. Ferdinand long resented Wallenstein's independence, although he was a major factor in imperial success= Wallenstein assadinated

Henry the Navigator (Davis)

Prince of Portugal who was very interested in exploration and he opened a navigation school in Portugal. He is one of the reasons Portugal became a strong sea power and explored and took over many new lands.

The Prussian Civil Service Commission (1770)

Program of the Prussian government that "oversaw the education and examinations required for all major government appointments. Frederick thus made it clear that merit rather than privilege of birth would determine who served the Prussian state."

The Act of Settlement (1701)

Provided for the English crown to go to the Protestant House of Hanover in Germany if Queen Anne, the second daughter of James II and heir to the childless William III, died without issue.

"Principia Mathematica"

Published in 1687, this work by Issac Newton reasons that all objects in reality move through a mutual attraction known as gravity. This reasoning stems from a mathematical relationship, but Newton fails to explain gravity's nature.

The "Council of Troubles"/"Council of Blood"

Put into place by the Duke of Alba; was used to make an example of the protestant revolt that was currently happening in the Netherlands, which failed to get off of the ground due to lack of support from any sort of Dutch nobility

"Paris is worth a Mass"

Quote from Henry IV after his announcement of re-conversion to Catholicism. This act was made solely to bring peace to France and successfully did so. The Catholic League and Spain ceased fighting, and despite the doubts of his sincerity, Henry IV gained the support of the people and the fighting was brought to a halt.

Henry VII of England (Andrew)

Real name Henry Tudor, ruled from 1485-1509. After being in exile, Henry returned to England to defeat Richard III in 1485. He was the first of the Tudor dynasty that would dominate England throughout the sixteenth century. He married Elizabeth of York in order to bring the rival royal families together and to make the hereditary claim of his offspring to the throne uncontestable. The Court of Star Chamber was created by Parliament under his leadership.

Voltaire

Real name is François-Marie Arouet. A philosophe whose famous novel was the Candide. Often at odds with high ranking nobles. Loved the English for some reason (believed they were open to intellectual ideas). Believed that the majority could not be trusted to protect minority rights & privileges His ideal government is "enlightened absolutism" — a strong ruler who protects individual liberty. #GomisIsaBetterFrenchman

The Book of Common Prayer (1549 & 1552)

Recognizably Protestant instructions for service introduced under Edward VI in England as part of an effort to make the Church of England a more Lutheran institution.

The Sumptuary Laws

Regulated the dress of classes. These laws forbade persons in class or occupation from wearing clothes like those worn by their social superiors. The laws sought to make social hierarchy more visible. Largely ineffective.

John Wilkes

Represented London in Parliament, he wanted to expand voting rights and he represented a radical challenge to Great Britain's system. He was arrested and thrown out of Parliament for insulting the king, was re-elected to Parliament 3 more times, but denied entry until 1774.

Maximilien Robespierre

Robespierre was a key leader of the French Revolution. Before the French Revolution he was a lawyer in France. He was head of what was known as The Reign of Terror in France. By 1793 he had emerged as the leading figure of the Committee of Public Safety. The Jacobin Club provided his primary forum and base of power. He ended up being executed in July of 1794.

Rococo & the image of the aristocracy

Rococo was a very decorative, ornamental and playful style. It was very popular among the nobles. Critics believed that Rococo architecture showed that the nobles were out of touch.

Rubens

Roman Catholic Baroque artist employed by Charles I of England to decorate the ceiling of the banquet hall at his London palace- paintings of Charles' father, James I ---This person was the leading religious painter of Catholic Reformation

Rousseau - The "General Will"

Rousseau suggested that society is more important than its individual members because they are what they are only by virtue of their relationship to the larger community; he defined freedom as obedience to the law that was created by the general will; envisioned a society where each person maintained personal freedom while behaving as a loyal member of the larger community

Emile - novel (1762)

Rousseau urged traditional and conservative role for women; set forth radical view that men and women occupy spectra spheres; to him, there was little else for women to do but make themselves pleasing to men

The Declaration of Indulgence (1670s)

Royal Declaration of Charles II in England 1672 - result of his being secretly Catholic - declares that all religions will have more broad political freedom. The Anglican-only parliament rejects this with the Test Acts

Versailles

Royal palace of Louis XIV- included hall of mirrors and statue of L14 at the front- very open

Henry VIII of England

Ruled 1509-1547. Broke with the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England to be able to divorce his wife. Went on to dissolve the monasteries, take their wealth, and generally kill a fair amount of people.

Mary I of England

Ruled 1553-1558. Succeeded her brother Edward and tried to restore the power of the Catholic Church in England. Presided over many executions, hence the nickname "Bloody Mary." Died without children and so the throne passed to her Protestant sister Elizabeth.

Joseph II of Austria

Ruler of Austria during Enlightenment, whose reign was characterized by centralized power and greater aristocratic independence. Was tolerant of many Christian sects, dissolved around 600 monasteries, and tried to bring the RCC to royal power. He reconstructed the legal system and abolished the practice of torture. He sought improved economic life, and tried and failed to expand his territory.

"Politiques"

Rulers or people in positions of power who put the success and well being of their states above all else, especially above religious unity.

John Law

Scottish mathematician and fellow gambler of the duke of Orleans. He believed an increase in paper money would stimulate the economy so he instituted a bank in Paris and made the Mississippi Company where they issued paper money and held a trade monopoly in the colony of Louisiana. The company also took over the national debt. They sold their stock for government bonds and everyone seemed to be getting rich until the bubble happened.

Anne Boleyn

Second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I. Henry married her with the hopes of gaining a son, but grew tired of her personality and failure to produce a male heir. She was charged with treason and executed in 1536.

Christopher Marlowe

Set a model for character, poetry , and style that only Shakespeare among the English playwrights of the period surpassed. Stabbed in the eye during a bar fight and died.

Richard III (Play)

Shakespeare wrote histories, comedies, and tragedies. "Richard III" (1593), an early play, stands out among the histories, although some scholars view the picture it presents of Richard as an unprincipled villain as "Tudor propaganda."

The Treaty of Nonsuch (1585)

Signed by Mary, Queen of Scots. Gave English soldiers and cavalry to the Netherlands following the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton PRS MP was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution

Renaissance Slavery

Slavery flourished, The Black Death provided a huge demand for slaves, the slaves were captured in war and sold to Italy by Spain

Household (NW Europe)

Small households, consisted of a married couple and their children; households rarely consisted of more than two generations of a family; high mortality and late marriage kept the family from having more than 3 generations at a time

Henry IV of France

Son of Antoine and Jeanne in the Huguenot Guise family. He married into the Catholic Valois family and was next in line to be King of France after all of the Valois boys died

Charles I of England

Son of James I of England. Forced new tariffs and duties to gain money that he could not get from parliament. Agreed to the Petition of Right but it was doubtful he would whether he would keep his word. He dissolved Parliament and did not recall it until 1640. Made peace with France and Spain arousing fears of his friendliness to Catholic powers. His religious policies sparked a war with Scotland after trying to impose Anglican prayerbook. Ultimately ended up needing Parliaments help for war.

Ferdinand Magellan (Dylan)

Spanish explorer after Columbus who travels around the coast of South America attempting to find a westward passage to the Indies and succeeds making it to the Philippines where he was killed by natives.

"Despots" and Condotierri

Strongmen hired to maintain law & order by the dominant groups to prevent internal social conflict. Military brokers who obtained mercenary armies.

"Subtleties" (as food)

Subtleties were food designed to make one laugh. Color helped with the visual appeal. Ginger bread is an example. Often these treats were luxuries

The Stamp Act Crisis (1765-66)

Tax on legal documents, newspapers et al.; "No tax w/out rep" etc.; Stamp act congress-->refused to import British goods--> repealed then declaratory act

Tenochtitlan (Sam)

Tenochtitlan was a famous Aztec city in Central America. Cortes, spanish explorer, came to this city, conquered this city in 1521. Moctezuma was the ruler of the city. Spaniards eventually laid siege to the city.

"Josephinism"

Term given to the Ecclesiastical Policies that Joesph II of Austria instituted; Gave public freedom to many Christians and private freedom to Jews; Brought the Roman Catholic Church under royal control;

The "Ancien Regime"

Term given to the pre-revolutionary French society; known as the old regime throughout the rest of Europe; referred to political, social, and economic relationships;

Petrarch

The "Father of Humanism", lived in Avignon (1304-1374), left the legal profession to write letters and poems, celebrated ancient Rome and even wrote personal letters to Cicero, Livy, Vergil, Horace, etc

The Four Humors

The "Four Humors" were four basic bodily fluids that served as a key to life and good health. The four were yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm. If the fluids were in balance, one was said to be healthy. The easiest way to balance the Humors was with one's diet.

Personal Rule (1629-1640)

The 11 year period when Charles I ruled without Parliament

Abbe Sieyes & The "Third Estate"

The Branch of the French Estates General that was not composed of clergy or nobilty i.e. everyone else; they didn't want the aristocrats or monarchy to decide the nation's future; Sieyes captured the spirit of the Third Estate by calling it "everything that has been nothing that wants to become something"

The National Convention (France, 1790s)

The Convention that the Paris Commune compelled the Legislative Assembly to make by calling for an election by universal male suffrage. It's duty was to write a democratic constitution for France, and it was named after the American Constitutional Convention of 1787. As a first act, it declared France as a republic - a nation governed by an elected assembly without a monarch.

The Council of Trent - Church Doctrine

The Council of Trent decided not to change the doctrine used in the Catholic faith. They still used the Bible and teachings of the leaders of the Church

Tyco Brahe

The Danish astronomer who took major steps toward the sun centered universe. He created many scientific instruments in order to aid in seeing the planets.

The Guise Family

The House of Guise was a French ducal family, partly responsible for the French Wars of Religion. The House of Guise claimed descent from Charlemagne, and harbored pretensions to the French crown. In the reign of Francis II they attained supreme power, and sought to convert it to true kingship by eradicating the House of Bourbon, the legal successors to the throne of France.

The Conquest of the Incas (JP)

The Incas were the second Native American civilization that the Spanish conquered. In 1532 Francisco Pizarro, inspired by Cortes's example in Mexico (as anybody would be by the mass killing of an entire race and culture), took two hundred men to take on the Inca Empire in Peru. Pizarro lured Atahualpa, the Inca ruler, out to a conference and seized and imprisoned him, killing hundreds of his followers in the process. When Atahualpa ransomed himself for a hoard of gold, the Spanish took the gold and executed him in 1533 (yes, indeed, very impressive). The Spaniards then captured Cuzco, the capital, and ruled over the Incans.

The Crowning of Napoleon as Emperor (1804)

The Man in the Mirror - In 1804, Bonaparte seized on a bomb attack on his life to make himself emperor. He argued establishing a dynasty would make the new regime secure and make further attempts on his life useless. Another new constitution declared Napoleon Emperor of the French, instead of First Consul of the Republic. A plebiscite approved of this constitution. Napoleon invited Pope Pius VII to Notre Dame to crown him, but Napoleon convinced the pope to agree that the new emperor should crown himself. He didn't want his power to depend upon anyone.

The "Golden Bull" of 1356 (Joe Mc.)

The agreement in 1356 to establish a seven-member electoral college of German Princes to choose the Holy Roman Emperor. It apprehend the internal power of the Holy Roman Emperor because it was not a hereditary position

The Schmalkaldic League

The alliance of Lutheran Princes from 1529-1555 that fought against Emperor Charles V for the recognition of their right to determine the religion within their territories.

The Peace of Augsburg (1555)

The arrangement that ended the German Princes Revolt. German princes within the HRE could choose whether to be Lutheran or Catholic and all their subjects would have to follow. Other faiths (e.g. Calvinists) were not given equivalent protection.

Wet Nursing

The church and doctors were against women paying other women to breastfeed their children- doing this reflected high social standing

Chivalry

The code of honor that held knights to act in way that were merciful, graceful, assist women in distress, and pray regularly

The Confederation of the Rhine

The collective name for the German States after Napoleon re-organized the territory of the Holy Roman Empire from 1804-1806. The new states were larger than before and there were fewer of them.

Laissez-Faire

The doctrine of minimal government interference in the working of the economy.

The restoration of the Parlements (1720s)

The duke of Orleans attempted to draw the French nobility into the decision-making process of the government and set up councils on which nobles were to serve along with bureaucrats. The experiment failed, but the French nobles still maintain an ambition to assert rights and privileges over the power of the monarchy. They attempted to limit the power of the monarchy. As a result, the duke of Orleans approved the reinstitution of the full power of the Parlement of Paris to allow or disallow laws. The parlements became natural centers for aristocratic and popular resistance to royal authority. The parlements, rather than the monarchy, came to be seen as more nearly representing the nation.

The Two "Dutch Wars" of Louis XIV

The first war was the War of Devolution in which he tried to support his wife's inheritance of the Spanish Netherlands. In the second war, he tried to invade the Netherlands again, but the Prince of Orange, Holy roman Emperor, Spain, Brandenburg, and Lorraine were against him. The war ended inconclusively with the Peace of Nijmwegen.

The Reichstag (1400s/1500s) (Joe Mox.)

The governing assembly of the Holy Roman Empire

The Streltsi

The guards of the Moscow garrison who threatened the government with mutiny. They helped Ivan IV and Peter to ascend the throne. They rebelled in 1698.

"Divine Right of Kings"

The idea that only God could judge a king, like only God could judge the pope. Although kings might be bound to reflect God's will in their rue, yet as God's regents on earth they could not be bound to the dictates of mere nobles and parliaments. For Louis, this idea mainly only applied to the making of war and peace.

Geocentrism

The idea that the earth was at the center of the universe

Charles de Colonne

The minister of finance for France. He proposed many reforms on taxes: the tax on salt and, most importantly, institute a new land tax to be paid regardless of your social class. He also wanted to reform internal trade, the peasant public works services, and reduce regulation of grain trade. However, in order to institute these reforms, the government needed time and money that they didn't have.

"De-Christianization"

The most dramatic step taken by the republic of virtue. In November 1793, the Convention created a new calendar that started on the first day of the French Republic. It had 30 days and a holiday every 10 days instead of every 7 with 12 months. At the same time, the Convention also declared that the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was a "Temple of Reason." Churches were desecrated and torn down, or turned into barns and warehouses. The attacking of both clergy and religious property roused much popular opposition and separated Europe from the revolution.

The West Indies (1700s)

The most valuable European colonies located in the North Atlantic Ocean in the region of the Caribbean Basin where tobacco, cotton, indigo, coffee, and the most important, sugar, were grown on large plantations. These colonies provided the large supply of sugar to the growing demand for it in Europe as it was used for almost everything in the 18th century.

Maria Theresa of Austria

The mother of Joseph II of Austria, who lived from 1717-1780 and was the only female Hapsburg ruler. Co-rules with her son for many years and was primarily focused on the life of peasants and serfs, who received increased welfare such as a limit to required labor, and avoids other social and political policies. She disagreed with her son and wanted to maintain a single dominant religion. Her policies set a precedent for the rest of Joseph's reign.

Boyars

The old nobility who largely controlled the bureaucracy before Peter the Great.

The Vulgate (Riley)

The original version of the Bible that was used by the Catholic Church before Erasmus translated it from Hebrew to Latin and Greek

"Cunning Folk"

The original witches who were well respected in their villages because of their ability to help common folk during times of natural disaster or illness

The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainardji (1774)

The peace treaty signed to end the first russo-turkish wars undertaken by Catherine II of Russia and Turkey

The "Diplomatic Revolution" of 1756

The period of time between the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War; it involved the dramatic alliances that formed between England-Prussia and France-Austria-Russia

The Scientific Revolution

The process that established the new view of the universe. Also the reexamination and rethinking of theories and data from the ancient world and the late Middle Ages. A complex movement with many false starts and brilliant people suggesting wrong as well as useful ideas. #CyriltheSwan

The Defenestration of Prague (1618)

The protestants nobility's response to Ferdinand's act in May 1618 was throwing his regents out the window of the royal palace. They survived falling in a pile of manure also known as Harry Kane.

The Thermidorian Reaction

The reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution that began in July 1794. Associated with the end of the terror and establishment of the Directory.

Epicycles

The small circular path about which a planet moved uniformly. Part of the Ptolemaic model of the solar system.

The Feudal System

The social system during the Medieval times. It was a system of hierarchy where the monarchy ruled everybody. The order of this was monarchy> nobility> commoners. Also, the church gave the monarchy legitmancy in the eyes of the people, giving the church an important role gro the monarchy.

The Union of Utrecht and the Union of Arras

The southern provinces of Netherlands formed the Union of Arras (pro-spanish) and made peace with Spain, these provinces later served the cause the counter-reformation. The northern provinces responded by forming the Union of Utrecht

The Six Articles of the Church of England (1539)

The theological principles of the new Anglican Church under Henry VIII. All very Catholic, except that the King was now the head of the Church.

The September Massacres

The time period when the Paris Commune summarily executed or murdered about 1,200 people who were in the city jails. Some of these people were aristocrats or priests, but most were common criminals. The crowd had mistakenly assumed the prisoners were all counterrevolutionaries, News of the event spread rapidly across Europe, creating more hostility towards the revolutionary government.

The "Treasury of Merit"

The treasury of merit or treasury of the Church consists, according to Catholic belief, of the merits of Jesus Christ and his faithful, a treasury that, because of the communion of saints benefits others too.

Philosophes

The writers and critics who flourished in expanding print culture and who championed reform and toleration. Not usually philosophers in a formal sense, but more frequently literary figures, economist or historians these figures sought to apply the rules of reason criticism and common sense policies of the day. #IdidThisLastNight #ButSomeoneMustHaveDeletedIt #Conspiracy #My#was #DylanThomas #HeWasFromSwansea

Religious Divisions within the HRE (1600s)

There was Calvinism(West), Catholicism(South), and Lutheran(NE) followers. The Catholics included, of course, those loyal to the Pope still after the Peace of Augsburg. The Calvinists and Lutherans were somewhat scattered. There was strong Protestantism in Bohemia, and Ferdinand II's attempt to revoke their rights, led to the defenestration of Prague occurred. The main fighting began to happen with the Lutherans and Catholics against the Calvinists, because of their radical fighting, but it constantly switched. These religious divisions was essentially the spark to start the 30 Years War.

Cahiers de Doleance (1789)

These were a list of grievances that were presented in the Estates General calling for more rights in May 1789. It is significant because everyone arrives at the Estates General agreeing on reform, but divisions arise from the process by which to go about this reform.

Hotels (1700s - France)

These were made for French Aristocrats and they were maxions that had small scale exterior, but elaborately decorated on inside

The Treaties of Amiens & Luneville

These were the treaties that essentially brought Europe into a period of peace. Since the conscription brought much chaos to France, Bonaparte decided to end the wars. Since the campaign in Italy brought another victory over Austria as Marengo in 1800, the Treaty of Luneville in early 1801 was made and took Austria out of the war. Britain was now alone and, in 1802, concluded the Treaty of Amiens, which finally brought peace to Europe.

Foundling Hospitals

They pretty much served the same purpose as orphanages and their goal was to preserve the lives of abandoned children and helped them to grow up. Founded by Thomas Coram.

Serfs

They were laborers/farmers who worked on a lord's land. Serfs owned no land themselves, as such was the feudal system at the time.

Creoles

They were the descendants of Europeans who were born in the New World. They felt second-class because of the Peninsulares, who always had better jobs and social positions than they did. This would later result in revolts.

The Peace of Nijmwegen

This ended the War of Devolution inconclusively, signed with different parties in successive years (1678-1679). France gained more territory including the Franche-Comté.

The Human Mind as a "Blank Tablet"

This idea came from Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Locke says that people's beliefs, moral compass, and actions come from their upbringing and not from instinctive behaviors.

The Paris Commune

This institution that was seen as an independent political force casting itself as the protector of the gains of the revolution against both internal and external enemies. This resulted when under radical working-class pressures, the government of Paris passed from the elected council to a committee, or commune, of representatives from the sections of the city. Its activities and forceful modes of intimidation largely accounted for the dominance of the city of Paris over many of the future directions of the revolutionary government for the next three years.

The Concordat of 1801

This stated that Catholicism was the majority religion in France, but it has no priority or privilege over the other religions.

The Treaty of Tilsit (1807)

This treaty was on July 7, 1807 and gave Napoleon's France half of Prussia territory. This treaty was an example of how Napoleon kept defeating European land powers and establishing Napoleonic code in these areas. He chose the leaders of these new countries that very heavily influenced by France.

The Duke of Buckingham (1600s)

Thomas

The "Coup of Fructidor" (1797)

To preserve the republic and prevent a peaceful restoration of the Bourbons, the antimonarchist Directory staged a coup d'etat on 18 Fructitor (September 4, 1797). They put their own supporters into the legislative seats of their enemies. At the request of the Directors, Napoleon Bonaparte, the general in charge of the French invasion of Italy, had sent a subordinate to Paris to guarantee the success of the coup. The army and Bonaparte saved the day for the government installed in the wake of the Thermidorian Reaction.

The Glorious Revolution (1688)

Took place in 1688; Parliament had been annoyed by the rule of James II after he had set into place several Catholic-favoring pieces of legislation; Parliament invited William of Orange and Mary to invade England and rule if they would recognize a Bill of Rights that had been written up by Parliament

Louis XIV of France

Took the crown at age 23 and didn't appoint a single chief minister but rather controlled his land himself through working with different councils of foreign affairs, the army, domestic administration, and economic regulations; limited the power of nobles but never tried to abolish their power; believed his power was given to him through divine right

Political Motives for the Reformation

Townspeople clinging to their local rulership saw the Reformation as an ally against centralization

The Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle (1748)

Treaty at the end of the Austrian War of Succession, where all territories except for Silesia were returned to their former owners.

The Treaty of Paris (1763)

Treaty that ended the 7 Years War between Great Britain and Prussia vs France, Austria, and Russia; most territory, which changed hands hands during the cost of the war reverted to its original owner, including Silesia (which the Prussians retained); the French colonial possessions of Louisburg, Trans-Mississippi America, and Quebec went to the Brits while the French got back the Indian port city of Ponicherry and Martinique/Guadalupe)

Jousting

Two armed knights ride on horseback towards each other using a lance to try to knock the other off their horse

Cavaliers & Roundheads

Two sides of the English Civil War. Cavaliers supported the king, and Roundheads supported Parliament.

The Battle of Trafalgar (1805)

Very decisive British naval victory over Napoleon and a combination of the French and Spanish naval fleets. Britain destroyed 22 of Napoleon's vessels without losing a single one. This loss for the French best displayed how Napoleon and the rest of the French were helpless off land and in the waters therefore unable to defeat the almighty British. When Napoleon fights in naval battles he seems like a fish out of water (See what I did there?)

Candide

Voltaire's reply to other contemporary writers questioning his pessimism - it attacks war, religious persecution, and unwanted optimism

Voltaire & "The Book of Nature"

Voltaire, the most influential of the philosophes, claimed that the only book that humans should follow was "the book of nature", declaring the universe and God rational. He was hopping on the Deist train of thought, saying that God had created a mechanical, rational universe.

The Peace of Nystad (1721)

War came to close in 1721 with Peace of Nystad, confirming Russia conquest of Estonia, Livonia, and part of Finland; now Russia possessed ice free ports and permanent influence on EU affairs

Catherine II of Russia, "The Great"

Was a German Princess that was married to a demented Russian king, she grew up in the shrewd political setting of the Russian court, allowed her husband to be killed, took power and befriended the nobles to strengthen her reform, Some consider her an Enlightened Monarch because she implemented some reform

Post-Reformation Marriage Patterns

Women married at later ages, also the people were allowed to divorce when they saw fit. More freedom in marriage

Dante

Writer of Vita Nuova and Divine Comedy forms of literature. He was far less secular than Petrarch.

Luther's 3 Pamphlets of 1520

Writings that challenge the infallibility of the pope and the inerrancy church councils; urged princes to make church reform, attacked traditional seven sacraments, summarized the teaching of salvation by faith alone

The Spectator (magazine)

Written by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, it fostered the value of polite conversation and the reading of books.

Castiglione

Wrote "Book of the Courtier" which said that the rediscovered knowledge of the past was both a model and a challenge to the present. The book also was a guide to wealthy men of the courts at the time and embodied the highest ideals of Italian Humanism. It said all men should be morally virtuous, wise, and physically healthy (Gentleman, Scholar, Athlete).

Indulgences (1500s)

______________ were sold by the church to erase one's own sin or get a relative out of purgatory. "Perfect storm" point for Reformation and attacked by Luther and reformers

Stadtholder (title)

a chief executive officer of the provinces that formed a union leading to establishment of the Netherlands

The Republic of Virtue

a republic in which people sacrificed one's self and one's interest for the good of the republic (civic virtue from Rousseau's Social Contract)

The "Black Legend" (Tom)

a result of Las Casas's criticism; said all spanish treatment of the Native Americans was unprincipled and inhumane; those who created this view drew from Las Casas; true but exaggerated case against spain as aztecs mistreated subjects themselves

Rococo (style)

an artistic style that embraced lavish, often lighthearted, decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light; a favorite of the nobility/aristocracy

Emigres (France)

aristocrats who left France and settled outside the border where they sought to foment counterrevolution

Charles III of Spain

attempted to reassert Spain's control of Europe- opened up more trading with coastal Americas from more Spanish cities- increase in tax collections- strength in royal ministers rather than councils

George III & The Whigs

believed he the king should choose his own ministers and that the Parliament should function under royal rather than aristocratic management; when Pitt Elder resigned in 1761, this king ignored great whig families that had run country since 1715 and appointed Earl of Brute as his first minister; eventually settled on lord North; whigs claimed he was trying to impose a tyranny but really he just sought a bit more royal influence in govt

Deists/Deism

believed in a "Newtonian" divine clockmaker God - no miracles

The Treaty & "Peace of" Lodi (1454-1494)

brought Milan and Naples, long traditional enemies, into the alliance with Florence. Joined the the Papal States to maintain an internal balance of power. Also, protected the states against foreign enemies. Ended in 1494 when Naples threatened Milan.

French-British colonial rivalry (1700s)

colonies quarreled over St. Lawrence River, Ohio River Valley, New England, fishing rights, fur trade, and alliances with Natives

The "War of Devolution"

conflict with Spain and Netherlands; Louis XIV supported the alleged right of his first wife, Marie Therese, to inherit the Spanish Netherlands; claimed that thru complex legal arrangement they should have devolved upon her; in 1667 he invaded Flanders and Franche-Comte; repulsed by Triple Alliance of GBR, United Provinces and Sweden; eventually in the treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle ('68) Louis gained control of certain towns bordering Spanish Netherlands

The Dutch East India Company

controlled technologically advanced fleet from Amsterdam; linked Netherlands economy with southeast Asia; helped cultivate overseas empire in Indonesia through cultivation of the spice trade

Population Growth in the 1700s (causes)

death rate declined; fewer wars; changes in food supply; cultivation of potatoes; greater birth rate

Neo-classicism (style)

embodied a return to figurative and architectural models drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world. It recalled ancient republican values that implicitly criticized the Old Regime and, toward the end of the century, was embraced by the French Revolution and Napoleon. #RococoforNewMBAMascot

The Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763)

ended the continental conflict with no significant changes in prewar borders, the balance of power however continued to tilt toward Prussia in the East.

The "White Terror"

execution of former terrorists after end of "reign of terror"; people who were associated with reign of terror were attacked and murdered; much w/o due process;

Encomienda v. Repartimiento (Hunt)

formal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians for a particular period of time. This eventually turned into a requirement of adult male Indians to devote a certain number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

hated politics and society of time—all seemed hopeless; Discourse on Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences: he contended process of civilization and enlightenment had corrupted human nature; in Discourse on the Origin of Inequality he blamed evil in man due to uneven distribution of property;

Household (Eastern Europe)

many generations lived together, formed a large house of 9-20 members, married before 20 to expand the current house, not to create a new one

St. Petersburg

on Gulf of Finland found new capital in 1703; encouraged boyars to construct townhouses there where he build govt structures; copied Louis by making a smaller version of Versailles; new west orientation of Russia; western architecture; central imperial court

The Encyclopedia (1700s)

one of greatest monuments of enlightenment; first volumed appeared in 1751 and completed with 17 volumes in 1772; best illustrated movements determination to probe life on earth rather than in religious realm; included most advanced critical ideas of the time on religion, govt, and physiology; also included articles that made it important to 18th century social and economic life; secularized learning and undermined intellectual assumptions that lingered from middle ages and reformation; focused on future welfare of mankind not by pleasing God or following divine commandments but rather in harnessing the power and resources of the earth and in living at peace with ones fellow beings

Queen Christina of Sweden

one of the few women who take part in scientific research, brought Descartes to Stockholm to provide the regulations for a new science academy

Margaret Cavendish

one of the few women who took part in scientific research, made significant contributions to scientific literature, became widely read as a child, married duke of Newcastle, understood new science and quarreled with ideas of Descartes, published multiple works, was the only woman to be allowed to visit a meeting of the Royal Society of London

Duke Maximilian of Bavaria (1600s)

organized a catholic league to counter a new protestant alliance, setting the stage for the 30 years war

The Toleration Act (1689)

permitted worship by all protestants and outlawed only Roman Catholics and those who denied the trinity, didn't extend full political rights to those outside the throne

Loyola - "The Spiritual Exercises"

program of religious and moral self-discipline, this psychologically perceptive devotional guide contained mental and emotional exercises designed to teach one absolute spiritual self-mastery over feelings

"Turkish Embassy Letters"

series of letters written by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu which praised Ottoman society and urged the English to copy Turkish vaccination practices

Maria Theresa of Austria

the Hapsburg ruler of Austria who was the first woman ruler of the nation and accomplished "the preservation of Hapsburg Empire" in vulnerable time in its history. To protect the nation, she had to give the nobility more rights.

Virtu

the ability to act decisively and heroically for the good of your country. A concept very important to the Romans and admired by Machiavelli

The Family Economy (Rural)

the basic structure of production and consumption in preindustrial EU, all goods went to benefit the household and not the individual

Enclosures (1700s)

the consolidation or fencing in of common lands by British landlords to increase production and achieve greater commercial profits. it also involved reclamation of waste land and consolidation of strips into block fields

"Civic Humanism"

the philosophy that education should promote individual virtue and self-sacrificing public service

The "Flota" System

the sending of Spanish ships to Atlantic coastal Americas and selling the Spanish goods and loading up on gold and silver (Bullion)

The "Just Price"

there is a fair price that must me maintained; the price which Artisan leaders believed to be a reasonable price for bread, which was a staple food of the poor; the leaders would confiscate bread and grain and sell it; the same kind of riot occurred with other foods and commercial items as well

The "Wealth of Nations" (1776)

written by Adam Smith and argued that the English mercantile system should be abolished because they were a hindrance to the expansion of wealth and production