Brain and Behavior Chapter 6 Review
What occurs to a tone as the frequency increases? a. Pitch gets higher. b. Pitch gets lower. c. Loudness increases. d. Loudness decreases.
a. Pitch gets higher.
Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as ____. a. across-fiber b. labeled-line c. hierarchical d. reciprocal-excitatory
a. across-fiber
What is a dermatome? a. an area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve b. an instrument used to record impulses in the spinal cord c. the point at which sensory nerves make contact with motor nerves d. an area of the skin that has no touch receptors
a. an area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve
A tonotopic map refers to a(n) ____. a. auditory cortex map of sounds b. diagram of which kinds of sounds are most common in different parts of the world c. diagram comparing the different tones to which different species are sensitive d. map showing connections between the auditory cortex and the visual cortex
a. auditory cortex map of sounds
Large-diameter pain axons ____. a. carry sharp pain information b. carry dull pain information c. readily respond to endorphins d. are associated with small cell bodies
a. carry sharp pain information
Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in ____. a. difficulty in responding to sequences of sounds b. complete deafness c. tone deafness d. inability to hear sounds other than one's own voice
a. difficulty in responding to sequences of sounds
Meissner's corpuscles are ____. a. elaborate neuron endings for touch b. simple, bare neuron endings c. bare endings surrounded by non-neural cells d. important components of the blood
a. elaborate neuron endings for touch
Ruffini's endings are ____. a. elaborate neuron endings for touch b. simple, bare neuron endings c. bare endings surrounded by non-neural cells d. important components of the blood
a. elaborate neuron endings for touch
Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the ____. a. emotion areas of the brain sing b. hypothalamus c. spinal cord d. somatosensory areas of the cortex
a. emotion areas of the brain sing
The fact that the refractory period limits the firing rate of a neuron is problematic for which of the following? a. frequency theory only b. place theory only c. volley theory only d. both the frequency theory and the place theory
a. frequency theory only
A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter ____. A more intense pain also releases ____. a. glutamate; substance P b. GABA; substance P c. glutamate; dopamine d. GABA; dopamine
a. glutamate; substance P
. In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to ____. a. mechanical displacement b. electromagnetic energy c. chemicals d. vestibular input
a. mechanical displacement
Repeated exposure to male pheromones may be associated with ____ in young women who are not sexually active. a. more regular menstrual cycles b. sweating c. increased olfactory capabilities d. increased appetite
a. more regular menstrual cycles
The taste nerves initially project to the ____. a. nucleus of the tractus solitarius b. cerebral cortex c. hypothalamus d. orbital prefrontal cortex
a. nucleus of the tractus solitarius
Somatosensory information travels from the thalamus to which area of the cortex? a. parietal lobe b. frontal lobe c. hippocampus d. limbic cortex
a. parietal lobe
In the otolith organs, the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that ____. a. push against hair cells when moved b. vibrate with different frequencies c. stabilize the semicircular canals d. enhance sound localization
a. push against hair cells when moved
Pacinian corpuscles respond best to ____. a. rapid mechanical pressure b. low frequency sounds c. horizontal head movements d. slow mechanical movements
a. rapid mechanical pressure
Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, relieve pain by ____. a. reducing the release of chemicals from damaged tissues b. dulling the pain information c. blocking synapses d. numbing the damaged tissue
a. reducing the release of chemicals from damaged tissues
Taste perception in the brain depends on ____. a. relative activity of different taste neurons b. absolute frequency of action potentials c. only taste receptors on the anterior part of the tongue d. the angular gyrus
a. relative activity of different taste neurons
Timing differences can be used most accurately for localizing ____. a. sudden-onset sounds b. gradual-onset sounds c. loud sounds d. bird alarm calls
a. sudden-onset sounds
A person who "sees" spoken language or music may be experiencing ____. a. synesthesia b. amnesia c. anesthesia d. aphasia
a. synesthesia
The current view of how we perceive sounds less than 100 Hz is based on ____. a. the frequency of action potentials b. the area along the basilar membrane that responds most strongly c. volleys of responses d. the asymmetrical positioning of an individual's ears
a. the frequency of action potentials
We can identify a wide variety of bitter substances because ____. a. we have many different bitter receptors b. we have only one bitter receptor that responds to all bitter substances c. we can combine the activity of the sour and salty receptors d. even Pacinian corpuscles respond to bitter substances
a. we have many different bitter receptors
Why is it important for sound vibrations to be amplified as they pass through the ear? a. The inner membrane gets less sensitive with age. b. More force is needed to create waves in fluid. c. Much of the vibration is lost in the eardrum. d. Too much is lost through friction.
b. More force is needed to create waves in fluid.
What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain? a. Pain information grows more intense as it passes each synapse on its way to the brain. b. Non-pain information can inhibit pain information. c. Intense pain can shut out all other sensory information. d. The intensity of pain experience depends entirely on the excitability of pain receptors.
b. Non-pain information can inhibit pain information.
Three small bones connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window. What is the function of these bones? a. They hold the tympanic membrane in place. b. They convert airwaves into waves of greater pressure. c. They spread out the air waves over an area of larger diameter. d. They change the frequency of air waves into lower frequencies that can be heard.
b. They convert airwaves into waves of greater pressure.
Loudness is to ____ as pitch is to ____. a. frequency; intensity b. amplitude; frequency c. pitch; tone d. amplitude; intensity
b. amplitude; frequency
Areas bordering the primary auditory cortex are important for ____. a. detecting loudness of sounds b. analyzing the meaning of sounds c. determining location of sounds d. detecting pitch of sounds
b. analyzing the meaning of sounds
Each spinal nerve has ____. a. either a sensory or a motor component b. both a sensory and a motor component c. connections to most parts of the body d. connections to each of the major internal organs
b. both a sensory and a motor component
The scala vestibuli makes up part of the ____. a. tympanic membrane b. cochlea c. middle ear d. ossicles
b. cochlea
Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as ____. a. adaptation b. cross-adaptation c. umami d. PTC
b. cross-adaptation
Along each strip of somatosensory cortex, different sub-areas respond to ____. a. different types of receptors b. different areas of the body c. different parts of the cortex d. different types of transmitters
b. different areas of the body
Pitch is a perception related to which aspect of sound? a. amplitude b. frequency c. intensity d. across-fiber pattern coding
b. frequency
The ____ of a sound is the number of compressions per second. a. pitch b. frequency c. amplitude d. loudness
b. frequency
Perception of a low tone is to ____ as perception of a high tone is to ____. a. volley principle; frequency theory b. frequency theory; place theory c. place theory; volley principle d. gate theory; frequency theory
b. frequency theory; place theory
Vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea causes ____. a. movement of the pinna b. hair cells to displace c. vibrations of the eardrum d. vestibular input
b. hair cells to displace
Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of coding is referred to as ____. a. across-fiber b. labeled-line c. vestibular d. hierarchical
b. labeled-line
One difference between labeled-line coding and across-fiber pattern coding is that labeled-line is ____. a. only found in vertebrates b. less versatile c. more complicated d. slower
b. less versatile
Conductive deafness is also known as ____. a. nerve deafness b. middle ear deafness c. inner ear deafness d. outer ear deafness
b. middle ear deafness
Morphine and other opiate drugs decrease sensitivity to pain by ____. a. depleting substance P from parts of the nervous system b. mimicking the effects of endorphins at the synapses c. preventing sodium from crossing the membrane d. altering blood flow to various parts of the nervous system
b. mimicking the effects of endorphins at the synapses
The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a set of receptors located ____. a. in the inner ear b. near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors c. in the throat d. behind the cerebral ventricles
b. near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors
What kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or the hair cells? a. conductive b. nerve c. temporary d. hysterical
b. nerve
The fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following? a. frequency theory only b. place theory only c. volley theory only d. both the frequency theory and the place theory
b. place theory only
Olfaction also plays a subtle role in ____. a. sleeping b. social behavior c. touch sensation d. vestibular sensation
b. social behavior
The sensory aspect of pain activates the ____ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the ____ cortex. a. cingulate; somatosensory b. somatosensory; cingulate c. fusiform; premotor d. premotor; fusiform
b. somatosensory; cingulate
To what lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information sent? a. occipital b. temporal c. parietal d. frontal
b. temporal
Most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain? a. the ipsilateral side b. the contralateral side c. the left hemisphere d. It depends on whether the individual is dominant for audition in the right or the left hemisphere
b. the contralateral side
An acceleration of the head at any angle causes ____. a. the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to move to another canal b. the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells c. fluid to spill out from the otolith organs into the semicircular canals d. hair cells to become stiff and straight
b. the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells
When mechanical pressure bends the membrane of a Pacinian corpuscle, ____. a. the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions increases b. the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions decreases c. the membrane becomes hyperpolarized d. there is a sustained, long-term response to this pressure
b. the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions decreases
. How do sound waves ultimately result in the production of receptor potentials? a. The tectorial membrane squeezes the auditory nerve. b. The basilar membrane releases neurotransmitters. c. Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane. d. The scala vestibuli has receptors that create action potentials.
c. Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane.
. What is unusual about olfactory receptors compared to most other mature mammalian neurons? a. They have more than one axon each. b. They have no axons. c. They are replaceable when old neurons die. d. They use more than one neurotransmitter.
c. They are replaceable when old neurons die.
An individual with damage to the primary somatosensory cortex would most have problems with ____. a. memory b. hearing c. ability to locate where they are being touched d. balance
c. ability to locate where they are being touched
What is the intensity of a sound wave called? a. frequency b. loudness c. amplitude d. tone
c. amplitude
According to the frequency theory, the ____. a. tectorial membrane vibrates in synchrony with the auditory nerve b. auditory nerve is responsible for perception of sound but not loudness c. basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at the same frequency d. basilar membrane is tuned to a specific frequency and vibrates whenever that frequency is present
c. basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at the same frequency
Damage to V1 produces ____ and damage to A1 produces ____. a. blindness; complete deafness b. complete deafness; blindness c. blindness; deafness to complex sounds d. blindness; ringing in the ears
c. blindness; deafness to complex sounds
The scala media makes up part of the ____. a. tympanic membrane b. middle ear c. cochlea d. ossicles
c. cochlea
Tinnitus may be ____. a. suffered by those with conductive deafness b. seen in the very young c. due to a phenomenon like the phantom limb d. due to differential loudness
c. due to a phenomenon like the phantom limb
A mild pain stimulus is associated with a release of ____. a. substance P b. substance P and glutamate c. glutamate d. neuromodulators
c. glutamate
Itching is primarily the result of ____. a. bad circulation b. baby powder c. histamine release d. substance P release
c. histamine release
Olfactory information is coded in receptor cells through ____. a. a different ratio of firing across three types of olfactory cells b. a different ratio of firing across six types of olfactory cells c. hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical d. chemicals in the air that are transported to the olfactory cortex
c. hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical
What sound characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound? a. sound shadows and frequency b. frequency and amplitude c. loudness and timing d. timbre and rhythm
c. loudness and timing
The receptors for taste are ____. a. true neurons b. covered in myelin c. modified skin cells d. modified blood cells
c. modified skin cells
Patients with damage in area MT have problems with perception of ____. a. location of sounds b. location of objects c. movement of objects and sounds d. high frequency sounds
c. movement of objects and sounds
Where are the auditory receptor cells located? a. in the semicircular canal b. on the tympanic membrane c. on the basilar membrane d. in the malleus
c. on the basilar membrane
The brain chemicals known as endorphins produce effects similar to which substance? a. vitamin B-1 (thiamine) b. substance P c. opiates d. amphetamines
c. opiates
The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the ____. a. cochlea b. pinna c. oval window d. hair cells
c. oval window
Many women living in a college dormitory will gradually begin to synchronize their menstrual cycles. The research indicates that this is, at least in part, based on ____. a. sound b. sight c. pheromones d. other daily rituals
c. pheromones
The structure that we commonly refer to as the ear (on the outside of the head) is formally known as the ____. a. tympanic membrane b. stapes c. pinna d. malleus
c. pinna
Chemicals that prevent sodium from crossing the membrane ____. a. intensify the salty taste b. do not affect taste c. reduce the intensity of salty tastes d. cause an increase in sensitivity to other primary tastes
c. reduce the intensity of salty tastes
Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation? a. cochlea and otolith organs b. semicircular canals and cochlea c. semicircular canals and otolith organs d. cerebellum and sinuses
c. semicircular canals and otolith organs
Pain receptors of the skin are ____. a. elaborate neuron endings b. also known as Ruffini endings c. simple, bare neuron endings d. also known as Meissner's corpuscles
c. simple, bare neuron endings
Morphine is effective in relieving ____. a. pain on the skin b. sharp pain c. slow, dull pain d. pain in the interior of the body
c. slow, dull pain
Stimulation of a touch receptor opens ____ channels in the axon. a. choline b. potassium c. sodium d. calcium
c. sodium
One hypothesis of synesthesia is that ____. a. all of the axons from one cortical area have more branches into that cortical area. b. all of the axons from one cortical area have branches into another cortical area. c. some of the axons from one cortical area have branches into another cortical area. d. some of the axons from one cortical area have more branches into that cortical area.
c. some of the axons from one cortical area have branches into another cortical area.
What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain? a. dopamine b. serotonin c. substance P d. encephalin
c. substance P
The somatosensory system involves sensation of ____. a. sight and sound b. sound and touch c. the body and its movements d. the head and movements of the eyes
c. the body and its movements
. The eardrum vibrates at ____. a. a much higher frequency than the sound waves that hit it b. half the frequency of the sound waves that hit it c. the same frequency as the sound waves that hit it d. a constant frequency regardless of the frequency of the sound
c. the same frequency as the sound waves that hit it
The eardrum is also known as the ____. a. pinna b. ossicle c. tympanic membrane d. cochlea
c. tympanic membrane
The ____ nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body. a. anterior b. posterior c. ventral posterior d. ventral lateral
c. ventral posterior
Which ability would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses? a. writing b. hearing c. visually tracking an object while dancing d. discriminating salt from sugar
c. visually tracking an object while dancing
The current view of how we perceive high frequencies is based on ____. a. the frequency of responses by each auditory neuron b. volleys of responses by many auditory neurons c. where along the basilar membrane neurons fire most rapidly d. the ratio of firing among three types of receptors
c. where along the basilar membrane neurons fire most rapidly
If you are a supertaster, then ____. a. you require high concentrations of a particular taste to be able to identify it b. you have more fungiform papillae in the center of your tongue c. you are more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes d. your ability to taste makes up for your lack of ability to identify odors by smell
c. you are more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes
Which of the following is true for nerve deafness? a. It is usually temporary. b. It often can be corrected by surgery. c. It will involve a normal cochlea and auditory nerve. d. It can result from damage to the cochlea.
d. It can result from damage to the cochlea.
What is the major problem for the frequency theory of sound perception? a. It cannot account for perception of low pitch sounds. b. It cannot account for perception of low amplitude sounds. c. It requires the cochlea to vibrate, and it does not. d. It requires that neurons respond as quickly than they are able to do.
d. It requires that neurons respond as quickly than they are able to do.
Which statement is TRUE of various types of somatosensation? a. They are produced by varied responses by a single type of receptor. b. They involve different receptors, but the spinal cord integrates the information c. They remain separate through the spinal cord, but are interpreted by a single set of cortical neurons. d. They are at least partly distinct all the way from the receptors to the cerebral cortex.
d. They are at least partly distinct all the way from the receptors to the cerebral cortex.
Visual imagery is to ____ as auditory imagery is to ____. a. A1; A1 b. V1; V1 c. area MT; A1 d. V1; A1
d. V1; A1
The ability to hear a note and identify it perfectly is called ____. a. ultimate pitch b. sharp pitch c. tonal pitch d. absolute pitch
d. absolute pitch
The eighth cranial nerve contains both a(n) ____ component and a ____ component. a. vestibular; somatosensory b. visual; vestibular c. auditory; taste d. auditory; vestibular
d. auditory; vestibular
Most theorists believe that the first sensory system was ____. a. vision b. vestibular c. pain d. chemical
d. chemical
In adult humans, the taste buds are ____. a. evenly distributed across the front half of the tongue b. evenly distributed across the whole tongue c. concentrated near the center of the tongue d. concentrated along the outside edge of the tongue
d. concentrated along the outside edge of the tongue
Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in an area called the ____. a. frontal cortex b. striate cortex c. insular cortex d. endopiriform cortex
d. endopiriform cortex
A sound shadow refers to ____. a. out of phase sound waves b. in phase sound waves c. the time it takes sound waves to reach the ears d. how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound
d. how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound
How many kinds of olfactory receptors do we have? a. two or three b. seven c. twenty d. hundreds
d. hundreds
What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called? a. pitch b. frequency c. amplitude d. loudness
d. loudness
What does the vestibular system detect? a. the degree of stretch of muscles b. vibrations on the skin c. the location of sounds d. movement of the head
d. movement of the head
Olfactory receptors carry their message to the ____. a. cochlea b. NTS. c. insular cortex d. olfactory bulb
d. olfactory bulb
Humans localize low frequencies by ____ differences and high frequencies by ____ differences. a. timing; phase b. loudness; phase c. phase; timing d. phase; loudness
d. phase; loudness
In terms of sound localization, low frequencies are to ____ differences, as high frequencies are to ____ differences. a. timing; phase b. loudness; phase c. phase; timing d. phase; loudness
d. phase; loudness
What kind of receptors detect pain, warmth, and cold? a. cranial b. semicircular c. vestibular d. somatosensory
d. somatosensory
A distinctive feature of itch is that it relies on ____. a. axons that go directly from the skin to the cerebral cortex b. axons that make several synapses before reaching the spinal cord c. unusually fast axons d. unusually slow axons
d. unusually slow axons