Brain and Behavior FINAL

Hormones are produced and secreted by glands, known as endocrine glands, into the ______. SYNAPTIC CLEFT NEUROTRANSMITTERS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BLOODSTREAM

BLOODSTREAM

The activity of mirror neurons is observed when experimental subjects are observing the action of others and when subjects are planning and performing their own actions; indicating mirror neurons are ______ generated. BOTH INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY ONLY VISUALLY ONLY INTERNALLY INTERNALLY, EXTERNALLY AND VISUALLY

BOTH INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY

What social and neuroethical concerns did Akram and Giordano (2017) identify as potential implications of an RDoC-based psychiatric nosology? (Check all that apply.) STIGMATIZATION BIAS

BOTH LISTED

The James-Lange theory contends that emotional experience is a consequence of the ______ of physiological responses to stimuli. MATCH TO PRIOR EXPERIENCE RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS BRAIN'S INTERPRETATION EMOTIONAL FEELING ASSOCIATIONS

BRAIN'S INTERPRETATION

Many studies have found that the hippocampus of people with MDD is reduced in volume because of loss of gray matter. Treatment with antidepressants and remission of the depressive symptoms results in restoration via ______. INCREASED NERVE GROWTH REGULATION OF PROTEINGS NEUROGENESIS NEUROTROPHIC PROTEIN SYNTHESUS

INCREASED NERVE GROWTH

In dopamine ramping dopamine is released in ______ as the steps required to get rewarded are completed. INCREASING AMOUNTS CONSISTENT AMOUNTS DECREASING AMOUNTS UNPREDICTABLE AMOUNTS

INCREASING AMOUNTS

You encounter a customer in careful review of the pastry counter display in a coffee café standing apart from the drink order line, where you nod and proceed to make your drink order. You have presumed to know the customer is not ready to order or already ordered a drink and is considering a food choice item; thus, you are not usurping yourself by ordering. This is an example of your ability to use and understand the concept of ______. THEORY OF MIND SOCIAL EXPECTATION QUEUING MANNERLY BUSINESS

THEORY OF MIND

The hormone ______ is important for maintaining the body's metabolic rate. THYROXINE CORTISOL OCYTOCIN PROLACTIN

THYROXINE

According to the somatic marker hypothesis, images such as product logos can even bias individuals in the decision-making process. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Differences in brain structures between homosexual and heterosexual men have been found. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Early life adversity (e.g., maltreatment) affects explicit, but not implicit, emotion regulation. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Emotional empathy and cognitive empathy were found to depend on separate systems within the brain that differ in their basic mechanisms and processes. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Females with a CHA genetic disorder that affects the adrenal gland's ability to produce cortisol display masculinized genitals and behavior. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

From brain imaging studies, the sense of body ownership, which is the perception that one's body to belong to the self, involves the right temporoparietal cortex. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Hormones interact with the expression of genes on the "Y" and "X" chromosomes in determining the differences between males and females. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Hyperactivity in the amygdala may account for exaggerated fear reactions. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Implicit emotion regulation is a reflexive process that does not require conscious awareness. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Neuroimaging studies found that different parts of the medial prefrontal cortex were activated depending on whether the simulation was directed toward a person perceived as being similar or dissimilar to the participants. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Proponents of executive theory propose that theory of mind depends on the development of executive functions of which inhibitory control is one. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Psychopaths are people who generally show disregard for the well-being of others as well as a lack of guilt, empathy, and remorse. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Synaptic plasticity is the biological process by which specific patterns of synaptic activity result in changes in synaptic strength and is thought to contribute to learning and memory. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

The brain area most associated with working memory is the prefrontal cortex. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Research data indicates basal levels of physiological arousal may be ______ with some individuals' levels of arousal higher than others. INHERITED FAMILIAL LEARNED TAUGHT MODIFIED

TAUGHT

Arousal theory of motivation based on psychology activity is also called ______ ACTIVATION THEORY PSYCHOLOGY NEED THEORY REWARD-INCENTIVE DRIVE-REDUCTION

ACTIVATION THEORY

Early research by physiologist Berthold produced data evidence that indicated male species testicles produced substance that influenced physical and ______ development. THYROID GLAND PITUITARY GLAND PINEAL GLAND ADRENAL GLAND

ADRENAL GLAND

The steroids hormone cortisol are produced in the ______. THYROID GLAND PITUITARY GLAND PINEAL GLAND ADRENAL GLAND

ADRENAL GLAND

In their article about the role of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic disparities on sleep, Grandner and colleagues (2016) asserted that assessments of challenges to achieving healthy sleep should ALSO include questions about: (check all that apply) OCCUPATIONAL AND/OR HOME DEMANDS NEIGHBORHOOD STRESS SOCIAL FACTORS RACISM

ALL ANSWERS NOT INCLUDING SCREEN VIEWING TIME

Vasopressin and oxytocin have been shown to be important for the development of ______. PARENTAL GUARDING CAREGIVING BEHAVIOR PAIR BONDS ALL OF THE ABOVE

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Memories are thought to be stored in three registers based on capacities for storing information, in terms ______ of information and storage ______. IMPORTANCE; LENGTH AMOUNT; TIME RECENCY; INTERVAL COMPLEXITY; AMOUNT

AMOUNT; TIME

Social neuroscientist Abigail Marsh, and colleagues' investigative study of brain regions activated or effected by altruism found the ______ to be significantly different in identified altruist. CEREBELLUM PREFRONTAL CORTEX HIPPOCAMPUS AMYGDALA

AMYGDALA

______ are a group of hormones that play a role in male traits and reproductive activity. ANDROGENS PEPTIDES NON-STEROIDS TSH

ANDROGENS

Data imaging studies review indicates in lab tests structured to stimulate controlled top-down cognitive processing of emotional conflict regulation and resolution that the ______ cortical brain area is activated. ORBITOMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (OMPFC) DORSOMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (DMPFC) ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX (ACC) POSTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX (PC)

ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX (ACC)

The amygdala's sensory information analysis and discrimination yields a response to a potential danger based on the analysis. If not an immediate threat the emotional response is ______. REROUTED ATTENUATED ACCENUATED CATEGORIZED

ATTENUATED

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include diminished emotional expressions of ______. AVOLITION AND ANHEDONIA PARANOIA AND WITHDRAWAL DELUSIONS AND HALLUCINATIONS AVOIDANCE AND ANXIETY

AVOLITION AND ANHEDONIA

The SDN-POA is ______ times larger in males than it is in females. 3 2 4 6

3

On average humans typical spend about ______ of sleep in nREM and about ______ in REM. 60%; 40% 80%; 20% 75%; 25% 70%; 30%

75%; 25%

The ______ theory proposed different stimuli create patterns of activity in different parts of the subcortical activity. DISCRETE EMOTIONS SCHACTER AND SINGER'S TWO-FACTOR JAMES-LANGE CANNON-BARD

CANNON-BARD

The ______ theory proposes that a combination of physiological arousal plus cognitive label dictates the type of emotion experienced. DISCRETE EMOTIONS SCHACTER AND SINGER'S TWO-FACTOR JAMES-LANGE CANNON-BARD

CANNON-BARD

To answer the question as to whether all medial temporal lobe regions participate equally in the formation of ______ Elizabeth Murray and colleagues studied the performance of monkeys with either damage to the hippocampus or to the perirhinal cortex in different types of tasks, one that assesses object-recognition memory and the other that assesses spatial memory. DECLARATIVE MEMORIES SEMANTIC MEMORIES PROCEDUAL MEMORIES EPISODIC MEMORIES

DECLARATIVE MEMORIES

Based on brain imaging studies, the cortical areas related to evaluating stimuli on the basis of whether it is internally generated, such as one's internal voice or generated by an external source, such as the voice of another person calling you is primarily the ______. ORBITOMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (OMPFC) DORSOMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (DMPFC ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX (ACC) POSTERIOR CINGULATE COTREX (PC)

DORSOMEDIAL PREFRONTAL COTREX (DMPFC)

REM sleep is the type of sleep mostly associated with ______. ANXIETY DREAMING NON-DREAMING RESTORATION

DREAMING

Two other components are believed to be necessary for emotional empathy, emotional recognition, and ______. FEELING OF SHARED PAIN EMOTIONAL DEFINITIONS SHARED ATTITUDE UNDERSTANDING

FEELING OF SHARED PAIN

Individuals with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC) are impaired in the decision-making process and reflect their inability to use their ______ to help them make choices. LONG TERM MEMORY EXECUTIVE REASONING GUT FEELINGS PHYSIOLOGICAL FEEDBACK

GUT FEELINGS

______ memories persist the least amount of time but are important in detection and perception of movement. ECHOIC ICONIC HAPTIC CODIFIED

ICONIC

Anxiety is an emotional state characterized by worry or nervousness regarding a future event and in the worst cases often described as a feeling of ______. APPREHENSION UNEASE SUFFOCATION IMPENDING DOOM

IMPENDING DOOM

On what end of the scale would a person with a serious brain injury who had no higher brain functioning score on the Peturbational Complexity Index? LOW NO ANSWERS ARE CORRECT INTERMEDIATE HIGH

LOW

Cognitive empathy refers to a cognitive process of by which one adopts another person's point of view by ______ about that person's emotional state. HEARING THE STORY ASKING MAKING INFERENCES OBSERVING ACTIONS

MAKING INFERENCES

Sensory information to the amygdala in the direct pathway gives rise to a ______ response to potential threats. SLOW AND COGNITIVE SLOW AND DELIBERATE QUICK AND REFLEXIVE QUICK AND DELIBERATE

QUICK AND REFLEXIVE

Motivation science includes the study of behaviors such as ______ that are not required for survival. EATING ARGUING RECREATION CAREER CHOICE

RECREATION

Perception-action model (PAM) that states that when perceiving another person's emotional state, one's own brain forms ______ related to the state perceived. REPRESENTATIONS AND ACTIONS REPRESENTATIONS ACTIONS

REPRESENTATIONS AND ACTIONS

Motivation refers to the processes that determine the initiation, maintenance, direction, and ______ of behavior. ACHIEVEMENT LONGEVITY TERMINATION MASTERY

TERMINATION

In the prisoner's dilemma, it was shown that the level of activation in brain areas associated with processing rewards was higher when the participants cooperated. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

The most frequent type of congenital chromosomal disorder in males is Klinefelters syndrome (KS). TRUE FALSE

TRUE

When people perceive that they are alleviating the suffering of others through giving, the same brain areas associated with obtaining rewards are activated. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Research studies findings data using psychologists Heinz Wimmer and Josef Perner false-belief task suggests that human children develop the theory of mind precept around ______ of age. 18 MONTHS 2 YEARS 4 YEARS 5 YEARS

4 YEARS

In the article by Duarte et al. (2017), the authors indicated that... (choose the BEST answer). ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT FOOD-RELATED BINGE-LIKE AND CRAVING BEHAVIOR MAY BE INDUCED WHEN HEDONIC DRIVE OVERRIDES HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEMS BEHAVIORAL CRITERIA CURRENTLY USED TO DEFINE DRUG ADDICTION IS VERY SIMILAR TO EATING DISORDERS AT THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL LEVEL, SIMILAR UNDERLYING NEURAL PATHWAYS ARE ACTIVATED AND/OR ALTERED BY COMPULSIVE-LIKE DRUG AND FOOD INTAKE

ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT

What three clinical scenarios involving seriously brain-injured individuals did Peterson et al. (2015) discuss in reference to the seriousness of positive and false negative diagnoses? (Check the three correct answers.) DISCLOSURE OF RESULTS TO FAMILIES WITHDRAWAL OF LIFE SUSTAINING THERAPIES EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF MEDICAL RESOURCES

ALL LISTED

fMRI imaging results from a cyberball game simulation study showed excluded participants had significantly greater amounts of activation in the same brain area that processes the affective component of physical pain, the ______ brain area. RIGHT VENTRAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (RVPFC) DORSOMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (DMPFC) ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX (ACC) RIGHT TEMPOROPARIETAL JUNCTION (TPJ)

ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX (ACC)

What point did Dr. Fatima Cody Stanford NOT make when she summarized her video presentation, "Obesity: It's more complex than you think?" MATERNAL/PATERNAL ANTI-FAT BIAS AFFECTS INFANTS AND CHILDREN OBESITY IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDER DIET AND EXERCISE ARE THE FIRST LINE TREATMENTS FOR OBESITY OBESITY IS A CHRONIC CONDITION THAT REQUIRES LIFELONG TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT BARIACTRIC SURGERY SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS A FIRST LINE TREATMENT FOR OBESITY WEIGHT STIGMA HAS A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH

BARIATRIC SURGERY SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS A FIRST LINE TREATMENT FOR OBESITY

Early research by physiologist Berthold produced data evidence that indicated male species testicles produced substance that influenced physical and ______ development. MENTAL COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL HORMONAL

BEHAVIORAL

King-Casas and colleagues trust-game experiment found that in the ______ condition the investors reduced the amount invested despite increased repayments by the trustees. BENEVOLENT NEURTAL MALEVOLENT ALTRUISTIC

BENELOVENT

If cognitive effort is required to decipher another person's mental states to empathize this involves ______. COGNITIVE EMATHY AND EXECUTIVE THEORY EMOTIONAL EMPATHY AND SIMULATION THEORY COGNITIVE EMPATHY AND MODULARITY EMOTIONAL EMPATHY AND SOCIAL/PHYSICAL PAIN OVERLAP THEORY

COGNITIVE EMPATH AND EXECUTIVE THEORY

Rilling and colleagues using the prisoner-dilemma game and fMRI imaging found that the brain activation area associated with rewards indicated that the decision to ______ was the most rewarding, even though it was not the best financial payoff. COOPERATE DEFECT ACTIVATE DEFEND

COOPERATE

In the body's stress response, the hormone ______ is released and it provides the body with a burst of energy by preventing glucose from being stored, thus making more of it available to the muscles, while shutting down processes that are not essential for immediate survival. ADRENALINE CORTISOL THYROXINE OXYTOCIN

CORTISOL

Animals that have no internal mechanisms to regulate their body temperature are ______. ENDOTHERMS ECTOTHERMS MESOTHERMS HOMEOTHERM

ECTOTHERMS

In animal studies investigating the existence of a neural alarm system similar to humans, it was found that ground squirrels emit a whistle signal on the approach of a terrestrial predator to alert their kin group of the presence of predators. TRUE FALSE

FALSE

Research data indicates serotonin is involved in the inhibition of impulsive behavior through its actions in the thalamus. TRUE FALSE

FALSE

The cognitive symptoms observed in PTSD such as difficulties in concentration and attention may have hyperactivity in the prefrontal cortex. TRUE FALSE

FALSE

Theory of mind is thought to develop at around four years of age based on findings from studies that assessed children using what are known as fantasy-reality tasks TRUE FALSE

FALSE

The myth that the amygdala is fear dedicated obscures its extremely important role in ______. GENERAL SURVIVAL MATING PROTECTIVE BEHAVIOR PARENTING BEHAVIOR

GENERAL SURVIVAL

The ______ of sleep regulation posits the idea that sleep-inducing chemicals accumulate in the body during wakefulness. SECOND-WIND EFFECT ENTRAINED RYTHM CIRCADIAN RYTHM HUMORAL THEORY

HUMORAL THEORY

Hormones that inhibit pituitary hormone release are ______ inhibiting hormones INTRACRINE PARACRINE HYPOTHALAMIC EXOCRINE

HYPOTHALAMIC

Hunger and satiety depend on the actions of hormones released from the gut, adipose cells (fat cells) and ______. PITUITARY GLAND HIPPOCAMPUS THALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS

HYPOTHALAMUS

The most obvious difference in brain structures between males and females is the size of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the pre-optic area (SDN-POA) of the ______. THALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS HIPPOCAMPUS SUBCORTICAL

HYPOTHALAMUS

The ascending arousal system (AAS) promotes wakefulness by exciting the cortex and it is stimulated by the input from orexinergic neurons in the ______. HIPPOCAMPUS BASAL FOREBRAIN LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS THALAMUS

LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS

The characteristic EEG rhythm of the waking state are beta waves of ______. HIGH AMPLITUDE; LOW FREQUENCY HIGH AMPLITUDE; HIGH FREQUENCY LOW AMPLITUDE; LOW FREQUENCY LOW AMPLITUDE; HIGH FREQUENCY

LOW AMPLITUDE; HIGH FREQUENCY

Blum's proposed reward deficiency syndrome states that sensation seekers, because of their lower numbers of inherited D2 receptors, are constantly motivated by the search for ______ sources of rewards. LESS PUBLIC MORE SECRETIVE LESS INTENSE MORE INTENSE

MORE INTENSE

In REM sleep there is rapid eye movement and via EOG recordings it appears there is a loss of ______. MUSCLE TONE HEARING COGNITIVE ACTIVITY DIGESTION

MUSCLE TONE

Game theory was devised to explain the behavior of animals in ______ and of people in ______ contexts. FOOD SEEKING; SELF-AWARENESS NATURE; SOCIAL MATING; COMPETITION SURVIVAL; THREAT

NATURE SEEKING; SELF-AWARENESS

Several models exist to explain why we help others. According to the ______, we help others to alleviate the negative feelings that come while observing others in distress. RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM KIN-SELECTION COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS MODEL NEGATIVE-STATE RELEASE MODEL

NEGATIVE-STATE MODEL

The ______ model explaining why we help others refers to the idea that we more readily choose to help others that are related to us than those that are unrelated. RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM KIN-SELECTION COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS MODEL NEGATIVE-STATE RELEASE MODEL

NEGATIVE-STATE RELEASE MODEL

The lordosis pathway comprises a set of ______ that when activated result in contraction of the appropriate set of muscles to result in mating. LORDOSIS PATHWAY REGIONS AMYGDALA REGIONS NEUROANATOMICAL REGIONS GONADOTROPIC REGIONS

NEUROANATOMICAL REGIONS

Learning can be defined as the mechanism or process by which ______ is acquired through experience. SURVIVAL INFORMAITON REWARDING INFORMATION SENSORY INFORMATION NEW INFORMATION

NEW INFORMATION

Steroid hormones have the ability to trigger the synthesis of ______ by DNA. NON-STEROID HORMONES NEW PROTEIN INCREASED GHRELIN PROGESTERONE

NEW PROTEIN

______ stage of sleep is subdivided into stages of progressively deeper sleep cycles. REM NON-REM PARADOXICAL ALPHA WAVE

NON-REM

Research findings from brain scan data of posttraumatic stress disorder indicates the over activity of the amygdala is not due to activated release of the fight or flight hormone cortisol, but maybe due to elevated levels of ______. NOREPINEPHRANE GLUTAMATE SERETONIN DOPAMINE

NOREPINEPHRANE

In a formulary development testing cycle, the researchers gave participants varying dosage levels of their study supplement claiming to improve sleep. All ingredients remained constant with the exception of the sleep aid component. This component was probably a(n) ______ blocker. INSULIN ADENOSINE OREXIN GLUTAMATE

OREXIN

The hormones most associated with social behavior are ______. ADRENALINE AND TESTOSTERONE OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) AND FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) CORTISOL AND PROLACTIN

OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN

In a psychological evaluation session, the war veteran client is having biofeedback recorded as they are viewing in a lab session video clips of various ordinary life scenes and sounds. When pictures of a downtown street in a peaceful town are presented with helicopter sound, the client biofeedback is intensely and negatively over-reactive. This is a potential indicator of ______. SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER POSTTRAUMATIC SYNDROME DISORDER PANIC DISORDER GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

POSTTRAUMATIC SYNDROME DISORDER

Rothmayr and colleagues research on brain areas activated in both a false-belief task and go/no-go task showed that a strong relationship exists between false-belief reasoning and inhibitory control. Among the areas activated during both the false belief and inhibitory-control tasks was the ______. INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS (IFG) DORSOMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (DMPFC) ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX (ACC) RIGHT TEMPOROPARIETAL JUNCTION (TPJ)

RIGHT TEMPOROPARIETAL JUNCTION (TPJ)

Eisenberger and colleagues extended the cyberball game to test the premise that if social and physical pain activate the same brain regions; then potentially drug or chemical treatments such as acetaminophen, a common pain reliever for physical pain, should be effective in relieving the social pain. Participant self-reports and fMRI imaging of the ______ brain region activity indicate successful effectiveness. RIGHT VENTRAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (RVPFC) DORSOMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (DMPFC) ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX (ACC) RIGHT TEMPOPARIETAL JUNCTION (TPJ)

RIGHT VENTRAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (RVPFC)

According to Husain et al. (2015), the most serious known risk of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is: SEIZURE STROKE HEART ATTACK NO SERIOUS RISKS HAVE YET BEEN IDENTIFIED

SEIZURE

Rob was gathering his tools, taking his supplements and feeding his dogs and reflectively answered yes to his roommate asking him to put garbage out. Rob walks out without putting out the garbage. This is an example of ______. SELECTIVE ATTENTION CONJUGATION SEARCH FEATURE SEARCH DICHOTIC-LISTENING

SELECTIVE ATTENTION

During a lecture, Meg takes careful notes when the speaker uses an example and expounds upon the career pathway related to the field of marine biology and conservation. This is an example of attention-related ______. ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI SOCIALLY GENERATED STIMULI SELF-REFERENTIAL STIMULI GENETIC CONSTRUCTS

SELF-REFERENTIAL STIMULI

The ______is meant to show how social behavior arises from interactions among several factors, which can be thought of as levels of analysis. These include, neural mechanisms, cognition and information processing, behavior, and experience as well as personal and social context. SOCIAL COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE PRISM SOCIAL INTERACTION PYRAMID SOCIAL COGNITIVE WHEEL SOCIAL COGNITIVE PARADIGM

SOCIAL COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE PRISM

In OCD, exaggerated error signals may continually give the person with OCD the feeling of ______, which may form the basis for obsessions, giving rise to high levels of anxiety. SOMETHING BEING WRONG SOMEONE CHASING THEM SOCIAL JUDGMENT NEEDING SLEEP

SOMETHING BEING WRONG

Short-term memory maintains and manipulates information for use related to present and small duration episodes and thus is also referred to as ______ memory. WORKING RANDOM ACCESS STEADY STATE MALIBLE

WORKING