Brain & Behavior Final

poikilothermic organisms

"cold blooded" ex.amphibians & reptils

kcal/day

2600

H2O % of mammals' body

70%

allostasis

ability to modify set points over time in order to respond to changes in the environment

Large intestine

absorbs water and minerals

hypothalamus, pituitary, adrena cortex (HPA axis)

activation during prolonged stress

serotonin turnover

amount serotonin that is released at synapses and resynthesizedc can be estimated by concentration of 5 HIAA in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine low turnover increases likelihood of violent behavior

Wolffian

androgens stimulate development of seminal vesicles and vas deferens

sex hormones

androgens, estrogens, progesterone

melanocortin

associated with paraventricular nucleus important for limiting food intake ex decreasing meal size

ghrelin

associated with stomach contractions and excitation of arcuate nucleus linked to Prader- Willi syndrome

natural killer cells

attach to types of tumor cells and cells infected with viruses

benzodiazepine

attaches to receptor increasing receptor response to GABA

leukocyte

attack invaders with foreign antigens of the body such as: bacteria, viruses, fungi identifies cells by surface proteins

benzodiazepines

bind to GABA receptors most commonly used anti-anxiety drugs

bulimia

binge and dieting some vomit, not all addicted to food

azlheimers

brain damage due to tangles and plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus accumulation of amyloid deposits damage to basal forebrain

parasympathetic nervous system

calms body

osmotic thirst

caused by increase in solute concentrations in body receptors around the 3rd venticle-not protected by bbb controlled by lateral preopitc area

sex region Y

causes primitive gonads to develop masculine structures

testicular feminization

cells insensitive to androgens genetically male although more female in appearance

cytokines

chemicals released by immune system that attack infections and communicate with brain to elicit anti illness behaviorsn relay info to hypothalamus

antibodies

circulate in blood specifically attaching to one kind of antigen

emotion

congnitions feelings actions

aldosterone

conservation of sodium triggers preference for salty taste

leptin

decreases eating monitors fat reserves indicator of whether meals are too big or small little effect on obese individuals unless they fail to produce leptin increases activity activates receptors in arcuate nucleus

hypovolemic thirst

due to low blood volume causes replenishing of not only water but electrolytes

left hemisphere

enables indentification of peoples' expressions behavioral activation

Renin

enzyme, produced by kidneys

panic attack

extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal extreme physiological arousal

Humans spend about one-third of their total energy maintaining body temperature T/F

false

Stomach distension is necessary to produce satiety T/F

false

melanocortin receptors

gene linked to some cases of obesity

tryptophan

helps brain produce melatonin which induces sleepiness enters brain via active transport protein phenylalanine precursor for synthesis of serotonin

orexin

in lateral hypothalamus increases persistence in seeking food responds to incentives motivation for eating under starvation

Behavioral Inhibition System

increased attention and arousal decreased action fear or disgust

Serotonin

increased phenyalanine interferes with synthesis

Vasopressin

increases blood pressure by constricting the blood vessels enables kidneys to reabsorb water released by posterior pituitary problems with the production or release can cause diabetes insipidus

sexually dimorphic nucleus

larger in males, control male sex behavior located in anterior hypothalamus

cholecystokinin (CCK)

limits meal size by causing stomach to fill more quickly

PTSD

low cortisol levels smaller hippocampus

Behavioral Activation System

low to moderate arousal tendency to approach new objects pleasant mood

small intestine

main site for absorption of digested food into blood stream (carbs, fats, proteins)

liver

maintains constancy of blood's glucose level converts stored nutrients to glucose

T- cell

matures in thymus gland

INAH-3

more adrogen receptors in hetero men

right hemisphere

more responsive to emotional stimuli (behavioral inhibition system)

inhibitory neurotransmitters of arcuate nucleus

neuropeptide Y (NPY) - overeating agouti related peptide (AgRP)

organizing effects

occur well before birth produces long-lasting effects

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

over-development of the adrenal glands- don't produce enough cortisol from birth causes tomboyishness in girls

associativity

pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later response to the weak input

corticomedial amydala

primes for fight

cytokine

protein released by leukocytes in response to infection

curcumin

reduced plaques

homeothermic

refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep the body variables within a fixed range

sphlanchnic nerves

relate nutrient content of food to brain

follicle stimulating hormone

released by anterior pituitary works on ovary releases increased estradiol in middle of menstrual cycle

activating effects

short term effects

cooperativity

simultaneous stimulation by tow or more axons produces LTP more strongly than one

aplysia

skin stimulation releases serotonin

specificity

some synapses on to a cell have been highly active and others have not only those active become strengthened

glucagon

stimulates liver to convert GLYCOGEN to GLUCOSE

medial preoptic area

stimulation increases sexual activity in rodents

dopamine stimulation

stimulation of D2 receptors facilitates orgasm serotonin acts an antagonist

signal to end a meal

stomach distension

testosterone

strongly effect hypothalamus male hormone converted to estradiol in rodents- aromatization

vagus nerve

tells brain about the degree of stretch of of the stomach

Homeostasis

temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range

How do some insects, frogs and fish survive extreme cold?

they stock their blood with large amounts of glycerol at the start of winter

Human maintain a higher body temperature during the day than at night T/F

true

interstitial nucleus 3

twice as large in hetero men as in women

Angiotensin II

constricts blood vessels, compensating for bp drop helps trigger hypovolemic thirst

estradiol

contributes to female development some brain differentiation

Preoptic area & anterior hypothalamus

control physiological changes that defend body temperature monitors its own temp and skin temp

lateral hypothalamus

controls insulin secretion alters taste responsivenesss facilitates feeding damage causes food refusal

insulin

controls rate at which glucose leaves blood and enters cells levels rise in preparation of eating high levels AFTER eating causes individual to feel hungry again

duodenum

first digestive site that absorbs significant amount of nutrients distension inhibits eating releases cholecystikinin

Limbic System

forebrain areas surrounding thalamus are critical for emotion houses amydala

anorexia

immoderate food restriction bad eating habits

OVLT and subfornical organ

important for detecting osmotic pressure SF especially important in controlling the rate at which the posterior pituitary releases vasopressin

orexin

increases persistence in seeking food responds to incentives

monoamine oxidase

influences violence enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters

ventromedial hypothalmus

inhibits feeding

paraventricular nucleus

inhibits meal size, promotes satiety damage can cause individual to eat larger meals critical for ending meals sends output to lateral hypothalamus

amygdala

integrates both encironmental and genetic influences regulates current level of anxiety part of limbic system

anterior commissure

larger in heterosexual women than hetero men

insular cortex

pertinent to disgust primary taste cortex

James Lang theory

physiological changes happen first then emotional

oxytocin

pituitary hormone released by sexual pleasure & orgasm

progesterone

prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum promotes maintenance of pregnancy

sympathetic nervous system

preps body for emergency action

alpha fetoprotein

present in early sensitive period deficiency causes partly masculinized manner prevents estradiol from entering cells

negative feedback

processes that reduce any discrepancies from the set point; motivated behavior

arcuate nucleus

receives hunger and satiety signals "master area" in hypothalamus for control of appetite

Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)

released by posterior pituitary in response to thirst causes kidneys to reabsorb and conserve water

Phineas Gage

rod through prefrontal area

Set points can change over time T/F

true narrow range maintained by homeostatic processes can change based on a variety of conditions

B- cell

type of leukocyte that attaches to intruder and produces specific antibody to attack antigen matures in bone marrow

mobius syndrome

unable to smile

mullerian inhibiting hormone

unique to genetic males causes mullerian ducts to degenerate