Brain & Behavior Final
poikilothermic organisms
"cold blooded" ex.amphibians & reptils
kcal/day
2600
H2O % of mammals' body
70%
allostasis
ability to modify set points over time in order to respond to changes in the environment
Large intestine
absorbs water and minerals
hypothalamus, pituitary, adrena cortex (HPA axis)
activation during prolonged stress
serotonin turnover
amount serotonin that is released at synapses and resynthesizedc can be estimated by concentration of 5 HIAA in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine low turnover increases likelihood of violent behavior
Wolffian
androgens stimulate development of seminal vesicles and vas deferens
sex hormones
androgens, estrogens, progesterone
melanocortin
associated with paraventricular nucleus important for limiting food intake ex decreasing meal size
ghrelin
associated with stomach contractions and excitation of arcuate nucleus linked to Prader- Willi syndrome
natural killer cells
attach to types of tumor cells and cells infected with viruses
benzodiazepine
attaches to receptor increasing receptor response to GABA
leukocyte
attack invaders with foreign antigens of the body such as: bacteria, viruses, fungi identifies cells by surface proteins
benzodiazepines
bind to GABA receptors most commonly used anti-anxiety drugs
bulimia
binge and dieting some vomit, not all addicted to food
azlheimers
brain damage due to tangles and plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus accumulation of amyloid deposits damage to basal forebrain
parasympathetic nervous system
calms body
osmotic thirst
caused by increase in solute concentrations in body receptors around the 3rd venticle-not protected by bbb controlled by lateral preopitc area
sex region Y
causes primitive gonads to develop masculine structures
testicular feminization
cells insensitive to androgens genetically male although more female in appearance
cytokines
chemicals released by immune system that attack infections and communicate with brain to elicit anti illness behaviorsn relay info to hypothalamus
antibodies
circulate in blood specifically attaching to one kind of antigen
emotion
congnitions feelings actions
aldosterone
conservation of sodium triggers preference for salty taste
leptin
decreases eating monitors fat reserves indicator of whether meals are too big or small little effect on obese individuals unless they fail to produce leptin increases activity activates receptors in arcuate nucleus
hypovolemic thirst
due to low blood volume causes replenishing of not only water but electrolytes
left hemisphere
enables indentification of peoples' expressions behavioral activation
Renin
enzyme, produced by kidneys
panic attack
extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal extreme physiological arousal
Humans spend about one-third of their total energy maintaining body temperature T/F
false
Stomach distension is necessary to produce satiety T/F
false
melanocortin receptors
gene linked to some cases of obesity
tryptophan
helps brain produce melatonin which induces sleepiness enters brain via active transport protein phenylalanine precursor for synthesis of serotonin
orexin
in lateral hypothalamus increases persistence in seeking food responds to incentives motivation for eating under starvation
Behavioral Inhibition System
increased attention and arousal decreased action fear or disgust
Serotonin
increased phenyalanine interferes with synthesis
Vasopressin
increases blood pressure by constricting the blood vessels enables kidneys to reabsorb water released by posterior pituitary problems with the production or release can cause diabetes insipidus
sexually dimorphic nucleus
larger in males, control male sex behavior located in anterior hypothalamus
cholecystokinin (CCK)
limits meal size by causing stomach to fill more quickly
PTSD
low cortisol levels smaller hippocampus
Behavioral Activation System
low to moderate arousal tendency to approach new objects pleasant mood
small intestine
main site for absorption of digested food into blood stream (carbs, fats, proteins)
liver
maintains constancy of blood's glucose level converts stored nutrients to glucose
T- cell
matures in thymus gland
INAH-3
more adrogen receptors in hetero men
right hemisphere
more responsive to emotional stimuli (behavioral inhibition system)
inhibitory neurotransmitters of arcuate nucleus
neuropeptide Y (NPY) - overeating agouti related peptide (AgRP)
organizing effects
occur well before birth produces long-lasting effects
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
over-development of the adrenal glands- don't produce enough cortisol from birth causes tomboyishness in girls
associativity
pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later response to the weak input
corticomedial amydala
primes for fight
cytokine
protein released by leukocytes in response to infection
curcumin
reduced plaques
homeothermic
refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep the body variables within a fixed range
sphlanchnic nerves
relate nutrient content of food to brain
follicle stimulating hormone
released by anterior pituitary works on ovary releases increased estradiol in middle of menstrual cycle
activating effects
short term effects
cooperativity
simultaneous stimulation by tow or more axons produces LTP more strongly than one
aplysia
skin stimulation releases serotonin
specificity
some synapses on to a cell have been highly active and others have not only those active become strengthened
glucagon
stimulates liver to convert GLYCOGEN to GLUCOSE
medial preoptic area
stimulation increases sexual activity in rodents
dopamine stimulation
stimulation of D2 receptors facilitates orgasm serotonin acts an antagonist
signal to end a meal
stomach distension
testosterone
strongly effect hypothalamus male hormone converted to estradiol in rodents- aromatization
vagus nerve
tells brain about the degree of stretch of of the stomach
Homeostasis
temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range
How do some insects, frogs and fish survive extreme cold?
they stock their blood with large amounts of glycerol at the start of winter
Human maintain a higher body temperature during the day than at night T/F
true
interstitial nucleus 3
twice as large in hetero men as in women
Angiotensin II
constricts blood vessels, compensating for bp drop helps trigger hypovolemic thirst
estradiol
contributes to female development some brain differentiation
Preoptic area & anterior hypothalamus
control physiological changes that defend body temperature monitors its own temp and skin temp
lateral hypothalamus
controls insulin secretion alters taste responsivenesss facilitates feeding damage causes food refusal
insulin
controls rate at which glucose leaves blood and enters cells levels rise in preparation of eating high levels AFTER eating causes individual to feel hungry again
duodenum
first digestive site that absorbs significant amount of nutrients distension inhibits eating releases cholecystikinin
Limbic System
forebrain areas surrounding thalamus are critical for emotion houses amydala
anorexia
immoderate food restriction bad eating habits
OVLT and subfornical organ
important for detecting osmotic pressure SF especially important in controlling the rate at which the posterior pituitary releases vasopressin
orexin
increases persistence in seeking food responds to incentives
monoamine oxidase
influences violence enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters
ventromedial hypothalmus
inhibits feeding
paraventricular nucleus
inhibits meal size, promotes satiety damage can cause individual to eat larger meals critical for ending meals sends output to lateral hypothalamus
amygdala
integrates both encironmental and genetic influences regulates current level of anxiety part of limbic system
anterior commissure
larger in heterosexual women than hetero men
insular cortex
pertinent to disgust primary taste cortex
James Lang theory
physiological changes happen first then emotional
oxytocin
pituitary hormone released by sexual pleasure & orgasm
progesterone
prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum promotes maintenance of pregnancy
sympathetic nervous system
preps body for emergency action
alpha fetoprotein
present in early sensitive period deficiency causes partly masculinized manner prevents estradiol from entering cells
negative feedback
processes that reduce any discrepancies from the set point; motivated behavior
arcuate nucleus
receives hunger and satiety signals "master area" in hypothalamus for control of appetite
Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)
released by posterior pituitary in response to thirst causes kidneys to reabsorb and conserve water
Phineas Gage
rod through prefrontal area
Set points can change over time T/F
true narrow range maintained by homeostatic processes can change based on a variety of conditions
B- cell
type of leukocyte that attaches to intruder and produces specific antibody to attack antigen matures in bone marrow
mobius syndrome
unable to smile
mullerian inhibiting hormone
unique to genetic males causes mullerian ducts to degenerate