Brain & Behavior Study Guide Exam #2

(23) please match the following behavioral effect with its appropriate hormone: (A) increases readiness to sleep (B) increases male libdo (C) increases energy especially early in the day (D) facilitates social bonding (E) decreased blood glucose levels in the bloodstream

(1) insulin (2) growth hormone (3) oxytocin (4) prolactin (5) testosterone (6) cortisol (7) estradiol

(31) Match the region of the frontal lobe with their role in production of motor behavior. (A) prefrontal cortex (B) premotor cortex (C) primary motor cortex

(1) produces/organizes the sequences of movement needed to carry out the complex behavior (2) plans complex behavior (3) specifies and directs the muscles needed to produce the needed movements

(26) a homunculus is

(A) a representation of the body in sensory cortex (B) a representation of the body in motor cortex (C) a strange tiny person with large hands (D) a representation of the body in sensory and motor cortex

(33) ill health induced by chronic stress exposure may be due in part to the prolonged secretion of what hormone?

(A) acetylcholine (B) androgens/testosterone (C) growth hormone (D) decreased blood pressure (E) glucocorticoids/cortisol

(24) the _____ controls the force of a movement, whereas the ____ controls the timing and accuracy of the movement.

(A) basal ganglia; motor cortex (B) motor cortex; basal ganglia (C) basal ganglia; cerebellum (D) cerebellum; basal ganglia

(32) neurons that fire when we execute a movement and when we observe another person making the same movement are referred to as:

(A) bimodal neurons (B) mirror neurons (C) visuomotor neurons (D) multi sensory neurons

(3) Language (comprehension and verbal responses) uses the entire brain; however, two areas are critically important, ______ area is primarily responsible for comprehension and located in the _____ lobe; while ______ area is primarily responsible for produce movements for speaking and located in the _____ lobe.

(A) broca's; frontal; wernicke's; temporal (B) broca's; temporal; wernicke's; frontal (C) wernicke's; frontal; Broca's; temporal (D) wernicke's; temporal; broca's; frontal

(14) coordinating multiple simultaneous movements to accomplish a goal is a function of the:

(A) cerebellum (B) primary motor cortex (C) prefrontal cortex (D) premotor cortex

(41) to which of the following systems is the somatosensory system most closely linked?

(A) digestive (B) auditory (C) motor (D) visual

(46) which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

(A) dopamine (B) acetylcholine (C) glutamate (D) norepinephrine

(30) when do the organizing effects of sex hormones occur in humans?

(A) during childhood (B) well before birth (C) during adolescence (D) shortly before and after birth

(7) Somatosensory is to ____ as motor is to____.

(A) efferent; afferent (B) afferent; afferent (C) efferent; efferent (D) afferent; efferent

(1) In the occipital cortex, visual messages are first sent to the ____ cortex or primary visual cortex and then proceeds to the _____ cortex or secondary visual cortex.

(A) extra striate; striate (B) V3-5; V2 (C) striate; extrastriate (D) V2; V3-5

(49) income somatosensory information travels form the thalamus to which area of the cortex?

(A) frontal lobe (B) parietal lobe (C) hippocampus (D) limbic cortex

(29) which of the following is not one of the three functional groups of hormones?

(A) glucocorticoid hormones (B) peptide hormones (C) homeostatic hormones (D) gonadal hormones

(38) Somatosensory receptors that detect pressure and vibration include:

(A) hapsis (B) all listed (C) proprioception (D) nocioception

(34) which somatosensory sense has both slow and fast adapting receptors

(A) hapsis (B) nocioception (C) pain (D) proprioception

(44) which of the following ensures homeostasis is maintained?

(A) hormones (B) cilia (C) neuropeptides (D) endolymph

(16) ____ symptoms are observed in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease.

(A) hypokinetic (B) haptic (C) hyperkinetic (D) manic

(40) in the last stages of auditory perception, the anterior pathway ____ sounds while the posterior pathway ____ sounds.

(A) ignores; detects threatening (B) detects threatening; ignores (C) locates; identifies (D) identifies; locates

(45) prolonged exposure to the hormones called glucocorticoids, or chronic stress:

(A) increases spatial memory (B) increases dendritic branching in the hippocampus (C) decreases glial numbers (D) kills cells in the hippocampus

(8) The thalamic relay nucleus for the auditory system is the:

(A) lateral geniculate nucleus (B) pulvinar nucleus (C) medial geniculate nucleus (D) ventrolateral nucleus

(11) The ____ is the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones in addition to layers of other neurons that process visual information.

(A) lens (B) blind spot (C) pupil (D) retina (E) cornea

(12) Every human has a blind spot in their vision due to where the ____ is on the retina.

(A) lens (B) cornea (C) pupil (D) optic nerve (E) none of these

(4) Light is bend first by the _____ before entering the pupil.

(A) lens (B) fovea (C) sclera (D) cornea

(52) damage to the primary somatosensory cortex results in:

(A) no impairment of sensory discrimination (B) impaired sensory discrimination on the contralateral side (C) impaired sensory discrimination on both sides (D) impaired sensory discrimination on the ipsilateral side

(20) the primary visual cortex is located in the _____.

(A) occipital lobe (B) parietal lobe (C) frontal lobe (D) cerebellum (E) temporal lobe

(37) the primary auditory cortex is located at the ____.

(A) occipital lobe (B) parietal lobe (C) temporal lobe (D) cerebellum (E) frontal lobe

(21) the ____ theory suggest that we have three types of color receptors, each with a different spectral sensitivity.

(A) opponent-process (B) opponent color (C) trichromatic (D) none of these

(28) the ____ pathway extends from primary visual cortex to the temporal cortex and is known as the "what pathway"

(A) optic stream (B) LGN stream (C) dorsal stream (D) none of these (E) ventral stream

(25) unilateral (one side) damage to the spinal cord with result in the loss of ___ on the same side of the body and loss of ____ on the opposite side of the body below the site of damage.

(A) pain and touch; temperature and proprioception (B) temperature and touch; pain and proprioception (C) touch and proprioception; pain and temperature (D) pain and temperature; touch and proprioception

(48) testosterone and estradiol are examples of:

(A) peptide hormones (B) homeostatic hormones (C) glucocortioid hormones (D) gonadal hormones

(19) which of the following is likely to be called the master gland?

(A) pituitary gland (B) thyroid gland (C) pineal gland (D) pancreas

(10) Hair cells in the cochlea are responsible for:

(A) protecting the inner ear (B) all listed (C) transfusing sound waves into neural firing (D) funneling sound waves into the ear canal

(22) Select all of the following that are true of steroid hormones.

(A) receptors are inside the cell (B) has a fast acting response (C) receptors are on the cell membrane (D) fat-soluble chemical messenger synthesized from cholesterol (E) an example is gonadal hormones

(2) In the optic chiasm, information from the _____ retinas cross, whereas information from the _____ retinas stay on the same side.

(A) temporal; nasal (B) central; peripheral (C) peripheral; central (D) nasal; temporal

(43) put the following events in the proper order, assuming one finds themselves in a stressful situation:

(A) the hypothalamus initiates the HPA axis, the secondary system, by releasing corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) (B) appearing to be first or the faster response because it uses the nervous system, the hypothalamus activates the SAM axis and epinephrine is shot into the blood stream (C) stress is perceived by the brain (D) cortisol is pumped into the blood stream by the adrenal cortex (E) cortisol influences organs and tissue function and helps support fight-or-flight behaviors that epinephrine initially caused (F) the anterior pituitary releases adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) into the blood stream

(47) rods are found primarily in ____, whereas cones are found primarily in _____.

(A) the optic disc; the fovea (B) the fovea; peripheral vision (C) the retina; the optic disc (D) peripheral vision; the fovea

(9) Which of the following is true of androgens and estrogens?

(A) they have opposite effects in males and females (B) only males have androgens (C) both sexes have both types of hormones (D) they are produced by the pituitary

(15) the lateral and medial superior olives react to differences in what is heard by the two ears.

(A) true (B) false

(18) the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is connected to skin receptors and muscles mainly on the right side of the body.

(A) true (B) false

(27) corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) can directly affect the hippocampus and amygdala under times of stress.

(A) true (B) false

(36) in the musculoskeletal system, every axon of a motor neuron releases dopamine.

(A) true (B) false

(39) the ventral spinothalamic tract is the main pathway to the brain

(A) true (B) false

(5) Males have a greater cortisol response to stress than females do.

(A) true (B) false

(50) sensory receptors translate nonelectrical messages into electrical messages for the brain to interpret.

(A) true (B) false

(6) Homeostasis refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.

(A) true (B) false

(42) neuroendocrine pathways like the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis require negative feedback to shut off activation of the pathway.

(A) true (B) false

(51) the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis is considered the slow and longer lasting stress response system.

(A) true (B) false

(17) ____ is hypothesizes to support a tend-and-befriend stress response, which may have evolutionarily benefitted _____.

(A) vasopressin; females (B) vasopressin; males (C) oxytocin; females (D) oxytocin; males

(35) the _____ controls limbs and digits, whereas the ____ controls mainly trunk muscles.

(A) ventral corticospinal tract; lateral corticospinal tract (B) lateral corticospinal tracts; tectospinal tract (C) rubrospinal tract; lateral corticospinal tract (D) lateral corticospinal tract; ventral corticospinal tract

(13) Pure tones are sounds:

(A) with a pitch between 5,000 and 10,000 Hz (B) with a single frequency (C) that are not amplified (D) that have a unique timbre