Brain and Behavior test 3

Epigenetic regulation involves

changes in gene expression rather than a change in the encoding region in a gene

The posterior pituitary

contains the axon terminals of vasopressin neurosecretory cells.

According to some researchers, the universal properties of facial expressions may be masked by

cultural conditioning.

Papez's circuit provides a model of the relationships of different regions in the limbic system involved in

emotional expression

Hormone-producing glands are called _______ glands.

endocrine

The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian rhythm to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is called

entrainment

Amino acids that are not manufactured by our bodies are classified as

essential

Given the hypertonic solution of the sea, marine mammals are able to survive in seawater by

excreting excess salt via salt glands.

Glands that secrete their products outside the body are referred to as _______ glands.

exocrine

Feelings of disgust at the sight of body fluids may have evolved to help humans avoid

exposure to germs

The enzyme 5-alpha-reductase is essential for the development of the

external genitalia in males

The hypothalamic-pituitary portal system is essential for the production of

follicle-stimulating hormone

The molecular structure of steroid hormones involves

four interconnected rings of carbon atoms

People suffering from bulimia nervosa

get caught in binge-purge eating cycles

Children with psychosocial dwarfism often show an almost complete lack of

growth hormone

Research using fMRI shows that drinking glucose after fasting induces activity in the

hypothalamus

Cells located in the _______ synthesize oxytocin and vasopressin and transport these hormones to the _______.

hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

The theory of stress _______ holds that early, mild stressful experiences early in life may reduce susceptibility to stress in adulthood.

immunization

Stressful exam periods produce a(n)

increase in norepinephrine secretion.

The ovarian (menstrual) cycle is a(n) ________ rhythm.

infradian

With increased levels of adrenal steroids, the response of the immune system to pathogens such as viruses is

inhibited.

The external genitalia of an XY individual can have a feminine form at birth as a result of

insensitivity to androgens.

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by

large-amplitude delta waves.

The stress immunization seen in rat pups appears to be attributable to

maternal comfort after stress.

In the brain of the male rat, the region especially important for reproductive behavior is the

medial preoptic area.

Affection and disgust are described by Plutchik's classification of emotions as

medium-intensity forms of the basic emotions of adoration and loathing, respectively.

Studies involving transections at different levels of an animal's nervous system have suggested that REM sleep

occurs in whichever part of the transected brain contains the pons.

The response to a decrease of cellular water content is called _______ thirst.

osmotic

People with a BMI of 25-30 are in the body weight category of

overweight

Male mice with knockouts of the _______ gene display "social amnesia," failing to recognize previously encountered females.

oxytocin

The James-Lange theory of emotions argued that emotions are the

perception of bodily changes provoked by particular stimuli

The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep

pontine

REM behavior disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that

reduce anxiety

Research suggests animals that show hyperaggressive behavior may have

reduced levels of serotonin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Thermoregulation is considered a negative feedback system because

restoring the desired temperature turns off the response.

The Coolidge effect is the

resumption of sexual activity by a male animal when exposed to a novel female.

The molecular structure of peptide hormones involves

short chains of amino acids.

Neuronal and hormonal communication both involve

specialized receptor molecules

In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.

stage 3

The _______ facial muscles are responsible for the wrinkling of the forehead and the raising of the eyebrow.

superficial

Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of REM sleep may be related to

the consolidation of perceptual learning.

"Fake it until you make it" is most consistent with

the facial-feedback hypothesis.

The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by

the immediate onset of REM.

Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.

tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation

The receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the

vascular system

The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _______ in general, and in both men and women in _______.

women; the later stages of life

The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a

zeitgeber

Which of the following conditions causes a genetic female to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male?

A high level of androgen during fetal development

Which of the following events will trigger osmotic thirst?

A salty meal

Who is most likely to develop a cold when exposed to a virus?

A student staying up late to cram for an exam.

Which of the following demonstrates ectothermic behavior?

A turtle basking on a sunny log

Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?

ACTH

Which of the following is incorrectly paired?

Bulimia nervosa; malnutrition

Which statement is about the molecular clock is false?

Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again

Paul Ekman and colleagues have proposed the existence of facial expressions for eight emotions that are recognized across all societies. Which of the following is not one of them?

Expectation

Which of the following pairs of hormones have opposing effects on NPY neurons?

Ghrelin and PYY3-36

Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose?

Glucagon

Which of the following would be considered the "high road" response to a bear appearing at your picnic?

Grabbing pots and pans to make lots of noise

The modern field of stress research was launched by

Hans Selye.

Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen?

Insulin

Which of the following about leptin is false?

It is believed to exert short-term control over appetite.

Which of the following hormones monitors the body's longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat?

Leptin

in the testes, the _______ cells produce testosterone under the influence of _______.

Leydig; LH

Which hormone has been especially implicated in informing the brain about daylight?

Melatonin

Leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons

NPY

A hormone that is normally found only in males is

None of the above

Which of the following circumventricular organs contains osmosensory neurons?

Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

Which of the following about anorexia nervosa is true?

People with anorexia think about food a great deal

Lesions to which of the following brain regions would impair physiological temperature regulation in endotherms?

Preoptic area

Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.

REM

If you recall a vivid dream as you wake up, you likely to have been in _______ sleep just before awakening.

REM

Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep.

REM

Which of the following are the organs derived from the wolffian duct system?

Seminal vesicles, vas deferens, epididymis

Which of the following represents the correct order of the stages of reproductive behavior?

Sexual attraction, proceptive behavior, copulation, postcopulatory behavior

Which of the following behaviors would not be expected in a patient with bilateral damage to the amygdala?

Showing a startle response to a sudden loud noise

Which of the following is consistent with the fraternal birth order effect?

The more older biological brothers a boy has, the more likely he is to develop a homosexual orientation.

Which statement about brain imaging studies of psychopaths is true?

The prefrontal cortex is smaller in psychopaths compared to controls

Which of the following correctly describes osmotic pressure?

The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane

Which of the following is known as antidiuretic hormone?

Vasopressin

Studies have found that people presented with photographs of a model rate the face as more emotionally expressive if the photographs are

a composite of two left halves

One of the primary causes of eating disorders is believed to be

a cultural that emphasizes thinness as being attractive

When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are

a little more than 24 hours long

Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.

abolish

The essential feature of tropic hormones is that they

affect the secretion of other endocrine glands

People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except

an abundance of REM sleep

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, emotional experience and autonomic response

are simultaneously triggered by emotional stimuli.

According to Charles Darwin, facial expressions

are used as first means of communication.

The polygraph does not detect lies, it detects

arousal.

In order to condition a rat to associate a particular tone in context A with a shock, one would play a tone

at the same time as administering a shock in context A.

Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate

awakening.

A drop in extracellular volume is detected by specialized

baroreceptors.

If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in a laboratory and receive no information about changes in day length or temperature, their circannual rhythms will

become free-running.

In the absence of Sry protein, the indifferent gonad

becomes an ovary

Peptide hormones typically affect cellular processes by

binding to membrane-bound receptors on the cell surface