Brain and Behavior test 3
Epigenetic regulation involves
changes in gene expression rather than a change in the encoding region in a gene
The posterior pituitary
contains the axon terminals of vasopressin neurosecretory cells.
According to some researchers, the universal properties of facial expressions may be masked by
cultural conditioning.
Papez's circuit provides a model of the relationships of different regions in the limbic system involved in
emotional expression
Hormone-producing glands are called _______ glands.
endocrine
The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian rhythm to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is called
entrainment
Amino acids that are not manufactured by our bodies are classified as
essential
Given the hypertonic solution of the sea, marine mammals are able to survive in seawater by
excreting excess salt via salt glands.
Glands that secrete their products outside the body are referred to as _______ glands.
exocrine
Feelings of disgust at the sight of body fluids may have evolved to help humans avoid
exposure to germs
The enzyme 5-alpha-reductase is essential for the development of the
external genitalia in males
The hypothalamic-pituitary portal system is essential for the production of
follicle-stimulating hormone
The molecular structure of steroid hormones involves
four interconnected rings of carbon atoms
People suffering from bulimia nervosa
get caught in binge-purge eating cycles
Children with psychosocial dwarfism often show an almost complete lack of
growth hormone
Research using fMRI shows that drinking glucose after fasting induces activity in the
hypothalamus
Cells located in the _______ synthesize oxytocin and vasopressin and transport these hormones to the _______.
hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
The theory of stress _______ holds that early, mild stressful experiences early in life may reduce susceptibility to stress in adulthood.
immunization
Stressful exam periods produce a(n)
increase in norepinephrine secretion.
The ovarian (menstrual) cycle is a(n) ________ rhythm.
infradian
With increased levels of adrenal steroids, the response of the immune system to pathogens such as viruses is
inhibited.
The external genitalia of an XY individual can have a feminine form at birth as a result of
insensitivity to androgens.
Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by
large-amplitude delta waves.
The stress immunization seen in rat pups appears to be attributable to
maternal comfort after stress.
In the brain of the male rat, the region especially important for reproductive behavior is the
medial preoptic area.
Affection and disgust are described by Plutchik's classification of emotions as
medium-intensity forms of the basic emotions of adoration and loathing, respectively.
Studies involving transections at different levels of an animal's nervous system have suggested that REM sleep
occurs in whichever part of the transected brain contains the pons.
The response to a decrease of cellular water content is called _______ thirst.
osmotic
People with a BMI of 25-30 are in the body weight category of
overweight
Male mice with knockouts of the _______ gene display "social amnesia," failing to recognize previously encountered females.
oxytocin
The James-Lange theory of emotions argued that emotions are the
perception of bodily changes provoked by particular stimuli
The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep
pontine
REM behavior disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that
reduce anxiety
Research suggests animals that show hyperaggressive behavior may have
reduced levels of serotonin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Thermoregulation is considered a negative feedback system because
restoring the desired temperature turns off the response.
The Coolidge effect is the
resumption of sexual activity by a male animal when exposed to a novel female.
The molecular structure of peptide hormones involves
short chains of amino acids.
Neuronal and hormonal communication both involve
specialized receptor molecules
In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.
stage 3
The _______ facial muscles are responsible for the wrinkling of the forehead and the raising of the eyebrow.
superficial
Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of REM sleep may be related to
the consolidation of perceptual learning.
"Fake it until you make it" is most consistent with
the facial-feedback hypothesis.
The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by
the immediate onset of REM.
Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.
tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation
The receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the
vascular system
The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _______ in general, and in both men and women in _______.
women; the later stages of life
The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a
zeitgeber
Which of the following conditions causes a genetic female to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male?
A high level of androgen during fetal development
Which of the following events will trigger osmotic thirst?
A salty meal
Who is most likely to develop a cold when exposed to a virus?
A student staying up late to cram for an exam.
Which of the following demonstrates ectothermic behavior?
A turtle basking on a sunny log
Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?
ACTH
Which of the following is incorrectly paired?
Bulimia nervosa; malnutrition
Which statement is about the molecular clock is false?
Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again
Paul Ekman and colleagues have proposed the existence of facial expressions for eight emotions that are recognized across all societies. Which of the following is not one of them?
Expectation
Which of the following pairs of hormones have opposing effects on NPY neurons?
Ghrelin and PYY3-36
Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose?
Glucagon
Which of the following would be considered the "high road" response to a bear appearing at your picnic?
Grabbing pots and pans to make lots of noise
The modern field of stress research was launched by
Hans Selye.
Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen?
Insulin
Which of the following about leptin is false?
It is believed to exert short-term control over appetite.
Which of the following hormones monitors the body's longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat?
Leptin
in the testes, the _______ cells produce testosterone under the influence of _______.
Leydig; LH
Which hormone has been especially implicated in informing the brain about daylight?
Melatonin
Leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons
NPY
A hormone that is normally found only in males is
None of the above
Which of the following circumventricular organs contains osmosensory neurons?
Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
Which of the following about anorexia nervosa is true?
People with anorexia think about food a great deal
Lesions to which of the following brain regions would impair physiological temperature regulation in endotherms?
Preoptic area
Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.
REM
If you recall a vivid dream as you wake up, you likely to have been in _______ sleep just before awakening.
REM
Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep.
REM
Which of the following are the organs derived from the wolffian duct system?
Seminal vesicles, vas deferens, epididymis
Which of the following represents the correct order of the stages of reproductive behavior?
Sexual attraction, proceptive behavior, copulation, postcopulatory behavior
Which of the following behaviors would not be expected in a patient with bilateral damage to the amygdala?
Showing a startle response to a sudden loud noise
Which of the following is consistent with the fraternal birth order effect?
The more older biological brothers a boy has, the more likely he is to develop a homosexual orientation.
Which statement about brain imaging studies of psychopaths is true?
The prefrontal cortex is smaller in psychopaths compared to controls
Which of the following correctly describes osmotic pressure?
The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane
Which of the following is known as antidiuretic hormone?
Vasopressin
Studies have found that people presented with photographs of a model rate the face as more emotionally expressive if the photographs are
a composite of two left halves
One of the primary causes of eating disorders is believed to be
a cultural that emphasizes thinness as being attractive
When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are
a little more than 24 hours long
Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.
abolish
The essential feature of tropic hormones is that they
affect the secretion of other endocrine glands
People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except
an abundance of REM sleep
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, emotional experience and autonomic response
are simultaneously triggered by emotional stimuli.
According to Charles Darwin, facial expressions
are used as first means of communication.
The polygraph does not detect lies, it detects
arousal.
In order to condition a rat to associate a particular tone in context A with a shock, one would play a tone
at the same time as administering a shock in context A.
Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate
awakening.
A drop in extracellular volume is detected by specialized
baroreceptors.
If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in a laboratory and receive no information about changes in day length or temperature, their circannual rhythms will
become free-running.
In the absence of Sry protein, the indifferent gonad
becomes an ovary
Peptide hormones typically affect cellular processes by
binding to membrane-bound receptors on the cell surface
