Brain Mind and Behavior Exam 1

Antisaccade task

"Don't look" task. Saccade is the tendency for people to look at moving objects; gets attention. Small children can't do antisaccade; it develops over time.

What is a second messenger? a. A chemical released by the presynaptic neuron a few milliseconds after release of the first neurotransmitter b. A chemical released inside a cell after stimulation at a metabotropic synapse c. A chemical that travels from the postsynaptic neuron back to the presynaptic neuron

A chemical released inside a cell after stimulation at a metabotropic synapse

In what way is a neuropeptide intermediate between neurotransmitters and hormones? a. A neuropeptide diffuses more widely than other neurotransmitters but less than a hormone. b. A neuropeptide is larger than other neurotransmitters but smaller than a hormone. c. A neurotransmitter produces excitatory effects, a neuropeptide produces neutral effects, and a hormone produces negative effects. d. A neurotransmitter produces slow effects, a neuropeptide produces faster effects, and a hormone produces still faster effects.

A neuropeptide diffuses more widely than other neurotransmitters but less than a hormone.

cerebrovascular accident

A stroke. Blood vessel in brain becomes clogged or weak.

tissue plasminogen activator

Abbreviated as tPA. Protein in endothelial cells that breaks down blood clots. Used to treat pulmonary embolisms, heart attacks and ischemic strokes.

edema

Accumulation of fluid in extracellular tissue. Often occurs in legs of diabetics. Cerebral edema is a frequent aftereffect of a stroke; causes drowsiness. Pulmonary edema (pressure in blood vessels of the lungs) causes the shortness of breath in altitude sickness.

Which neurotransmitter is broken into two pieces to inactivate it, after it excites the postsynaptic neuron? a. Dopamine b. Acetylcholine c. Glutamate d. Serotonin

Acetylcholine

disuse supersensitivity

After prolong inactivity, neurons will fire will very little stimulation.

deafferent

Amputated. Separated from the central nervous system.

Which of these is the first step in using the optogenetic technique? a. Inject a radioactive chemical into the blood. b. Insert an electrode into the brain. c. Subject the brain to a strong magnetic field. d. Attach light-sensitive proteins to a virus.

Attach light-sensitive proteins to a virus.

Comparing MRI and fMRI, which one(s) measure the responses of brain chemicals to a magnetic field? Which one(s) show which brain areas are most active at the moment? a. Only MRI measures responses of brain chemicals to a magnetic field. Both show which brain areas are most active at the moment. b. Only fMRI measures responses of brain chemicals to a magnetic field. Only MRI shows which brain areas are most active at the moment. c. Both measure responses of brain chemicals to a magnetic field. Only fMRI shows which brain areas are most active at the moment. d. Both measure responses of brain chemicals to a magnetic field. Both show which brain areas are most active at the moment.

Both measure responses of brain chemicals to a magnetic field. Only fMRI shows which brain areas are most active at the moment.

Which of these drugs acts by inhibiting release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron? a. Opiates such as morphine b. Cannabinoids (found in marijuana) c. Nicotine d. Amphetamine and cocaine

Cannabinoids

Except for the magnitude and speed of effects, methylphenidate (Ritalin) affects synapses the same way as which other drug? a. Heroin b. Cocaine c. Nicotine d. Marijuana

Cocaine

focal hand dystonia

Cramps and tremors from overusing a hand. Musicians and golfers get it from over-practicing but there is a genetic component too.

diaschisis

Damage to one region can damage connected but nonadjacent areas. The surviving neurons show less activity but often improve with stimulant drug therapy

What are the four major structures that compose a neuron?

Dendrites, Soma, Axon, Presynaptic termina

denervation supersensitivity

Disconnecting a nerve from its target. Denerving arteries by ablating cells in renal vascular wall is being studied as a treatment for hypertension. In brain, destruction of incoming axons cause more sensitivity to a neurotransmitter, resulting in pain. The brain compensates for decreased input by increasing the effectiveness of the receptors. Can improve with time

hemorrhage

Excessive bleeding. A type of this stroke is a blood vessel in brain bleeding because it balloons (aneurysm) or because it is malformed (arteriovenous malformations).

Which of the following is NOT one of the brain's neurotransmitters? a. Glutamate b. GABA c. Glucose d. Serotonin

Glucose

In what way were Sherrington's conclusions important for psychology as well as neuroscience? a. He demonstrated the importance of unconscious motivations. b. He demonstrated the importance of inhibition. c. He demonstrated the phenomenon of classical conditioning. d. He demonstrated the evolution of intelligence

He demonstrated the importance of inhibition.

What was Loewi's evidence that neurotransmission depends on the release of chemicals? a. He applied adrenaline to muscles and saw them contract. b. He applied drugs at various synapses and observed excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. c. He stimulated one frog's heart, collected fluid around it, transferred it to another frog's heart, and saw change in its heart rate. d. He stimulated certain nerves, collected the fluid around their terminals, and analyzed the contents chemically

He stimulated one frog's heart, collected fluid around it, transferred it to another frog's heart, and saw change in its heart rate.

Of the following, which one is part of the forebrain? a. Cerebellum b. Pons c. Superior colliculus d. Hippocampus

Hippocampus

In which regard, if either, do human brains exceed those of all other species? a. Humans have the largest brains in total mass. b. Humans have the largest brain-to-body ratio. c. Humans do not exceed all other species in either regard.

Humans do not exceed all other species in either regard.

Te pituitary gland is attached to which brain structure? a. Cerebellum b. Medulla c. Thalamus d. Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

When a vigorous pinch excited a dog's flexor muscle, it decreased excitation of the extensor muscles of the same leg. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what? a. Temporal summation b. Spatial summation c. Inhibitory synapses

Inhibitory synapses

Which of these is the first step for positron-emission tomography (PET)? a. Inject a radioactive chemical into the blood. b. Insert an electrode into the brain. c. Subject the brain to a strong magnetic field. d. Attach light-sensitive proteins to a virus.

Inject a radioactive chemical into the blood.

Suppose you want to cause the presynaptic terminal of an axon to release its transmitter. How could you do so without an action potential? a. Decrease the temperature at the synapse. b. Use an electrode to produce IPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron. c. Inject water into the presynaptic terminal. d. Inject calcium into the presynaptic terminal.

Inject calcium into the presynaptic terminal

What does an afferent axon do?

It brings information into a structure

What does a transporter protein do at a synapse? a. It carries neurotransmitter molecules from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron. b. It carries neurotransmitter molecules from the cell body to the presynaptic terminal. c. It carries neurotransmitter molecules from neurons that have too much into neurons that need more. d. It pumps used neurotransmitter molecules back into the presynaptic neuron

It pumps used neurotransmitter molecules back into the presynaptic neuron

In which of these ways does a metabotropic synapse differ from an ionotropic synapse? a. Its effects are slower to start and last longer. b. Its effects are faster to start and last longer. c. Its effects are slower to start and briefer in duration. d. Its effects are faster to start and briefer in duration.

Its effects are slower to start and last longer

stroke

Loss of blood flow to brain; occurs most often in elderly. Ischemic is a clot or obstruction. Hemorrhagic is bleeding from an aneurysm or malformed blood vessels.

Which of these methods measures brain anatomy but NOT brain activity? a. EEG b. PET c. MRI d. fMRI

MRI

nerve growth factor

Muscles release a protein (NGF) which determines which synapses survive development. Axons need NGF to survive; apoptosis without it. The brain provides a similar substance (brain-derived neurotrophic factor). Maybe released when fall in love, for several months.

Which of these drugs exerts its behavioral effects by binding to the same receptor as a neurotransmitter? a. Amphetamine b. Cocaine c. Nicotine d. Marijuana

Nicotine

Most studies using modern methods show a moderate positive correlation between brain size and IQ scores. Nevertheless, interpreting these results is problematic. Why? a. As children grow older, their brain size increases but their IQ decreases. b. When people are sleepy or sick, their brain size remains the same but their IQ performance drops. c. On average, men have larger brains than women, but equal IQ scores. d. Some parts of the brain are more important for IQ than other parts are.

On average, men have larger brains than women, but equal IQ scores

Which of the following is necessary for binding to occur? a. Perceiving different aspects of a sensation as coming from the same location b. Correctly perceiving the size and shape of a stimulus c. Perceiving the direction of movement of an object d. Correctly perceiving the color of an object

Perceiving different aspects of a sensation as coming from the same location

Which of these is in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex? a. Primary visual cortex b. Primary auditory cortex c. Primary somatosensory cortex d. Primary motor cortex

Primary auditory cortex

Which of these is in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex? a. Primary visual cortex b. Primary auditory cortex c. Primary somatosensory cortex d. Primary motor cortex

Primary motor cortex

Which of these is in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex? a. Primary visual cortex b. Primary auditory cortex c. Primary somatosensory cortex d. Primary motor cortex

Primary somatosensory cortex

Which of these is in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex? a. Primary visual cortex b. Primary auditory cortex c. Primary somatosensory cortex d. Primary motor cortex

Primary visual cortex

apoptosis

Programmed cell death. As embryo develops, some cells die to make new configurations. Cells between fingers die so they become separate digits.

neurotrophin

Proteins are produced and released to help neurons develop. Not needed after the neurons are mature. Includes NGF.

ischemia

Reduction in blood supply, due to vessels thinning or being blocked. An this is a blood vessel in the brain being blocked. Thrombotic stroke is blocking a narrowing brain artery. Cerebral embolism is a clot from elsewhere reaching the brain and blocking a brain artery.

fetal alcohol syndrome

Result of using-abusing alcohol during pregnancy. Alcohol passes easily thru placenta, impacts fetus because it suppresses glutamate, causing neuron apoptosis. Symptoms can include mental retardation, facial amoralities (small head, small upper jaw), heart defects and problems with thinking, memory and motor coordination.

A plane that shows structures as viewed from the left or right side is called what? a. Sagittal b. Frontal c. Coronal d. Horizontal

Sagittal

phantom limb

Sensation that amputated limb is still present. Most common with arms and hands but can occur with other organs, including the removal of the appendix.

Te amino acid tryptophan is a precursor to which neurotransmitter? a. Serotonin b. Dopamine c. Glutamate d. Acetylcholine

Serotonin

closed head injury

Skull is not exposed; no blood. Concussion. Damage can be life long.

Although one pinch did not cause a dog to flex its leg, several simultaneous pinches at nearby locations did. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what? a. Temporal summation b. Spatial summation c. Inhibitory synapses

Spatial summation

Although one pinch did not cause a dog to flex its leg, a rapid sequence of pinches did. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what? a. Temporal summation b. Spatial summation c. Inhibitory synapses

Temporal summation

What is the difference between the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord? a. The dorsal roots control "fight-or-flight" activity, and the ventral roots control vegetative, nonemergency responses. b. The dorsal roots control vegetative, nonemergency responses, and the ventral roots control "fight-or- flight" activity. c. The dorsal roots contain sensory input, and the ventral roots contain motor output. d. The dorsal roots contain motor output, and the ventral roots contain sensory input.

The dorsal roots contain sensory input, and the ventral roots contain motor output.

What is one advantage of fMRI over PET scans? a. The fMRI technique measures activity on a millisecond-by-millisecond basis. b. The fMRI technique does not require inserting an electrode into the head. c. The fMRI technique does not expose the brain to radioactivity. d. The fMRI technique identifies which brain areas are most active at a given moment

The fMRI technique does not expose the brain to radioactivity.

synaptogenesis

The fifth stage of neural development. Making synapses. Neurons that don't synapse, die.

proliferation

The first stage of neural development. Production of lots of founder cells which eventually differentiate into neurons and glial cells.

myelination

The fourth stage of neural development. Process of insulating axons to increase the speed of conduction. Starts in spinal cord. Portions of the brain haven't completed myelinating until about 30 years old.

Santiago Ramón y Cajal was responsible for which of these discoveries?

The nervous system is composed of separate cells.

If we compare the brains of humans to those of smaller mammals, which of these patterns do we find? a. The location of the visual cortex varies relative to other brain areas. b. The proportion of the brain devoted to the cerebral cortex is smaller in humans. c. The proportion of the brain devoted to the cerebellum is about the same. d. The relative size of the midbrain is larger in humans.

The proportion of the brain devoted to the cerebellum is about the same

migrate

The second stage of neural development. During development, young neurons migrate to their proper location by climbing a tree of radial glia. They follow chemical gradients of immunoglobins and chemokines. If developing brain is damaged, it is difficult for new neurons to migrate past the scar tissue.

What evidence led Sherrington to conclude that transmission at a synapse is different from transmission along an axon? a. Chemicals that alter a synapse are different from those that affect action potentials. b. The velocity of a reflex is slower than the velocity of an action potential. c. Stains and microscopic observations demonstrate a gap at the synapse. d. Reflexes can go in either direction, whereas axons transmit in only one direction

The velocity of a reflex is slower than the velocity of an action potential.

Why do most cold remedies increase heart rate and blood pressure? a. These drugs block the sympathetic nervous system. b. These drugs block the parasympathetic nervous system. c. These drugs block the ventral roots of the spinal cord. d. These drugs block the dorsal roots of the spinal cord.

These drugs block the parasympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is true of neuropeptides? a. They are released close to their receptors. b. A neuron releases them at a steady rate almost constantly. c. They produce rapid, brief effects. d. They are released either in large quantities or not at all

They are released either in large quantities or not at all

differentiates

To make distinctions. The third stage of neural development. Neurons differentiate from other cells by getting axons and dendrites (in that order).

Which of the following is a method to inactivate a brain area temporarily? a. Stereotaxic instrument b. Transcranial magnetic stimulation c. Lesion d. Ablation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

stem cells

Undifferentiated cells. Some (like the cells in your nose) remain undifferentiated. Bone marrow cells are quite undifferentiated. Neurons start as founder cells but become differentiated from glial cells.

collateral sprout

When neurons get injured, adjacent develop branches and sprouts. Think of it as re-wiring the brain.

In which way do men and women differ most, on the average? a. Intellectual performance b. Gray matter (neuron cell bodies) c. White matter (axons)

White matter (axons)

Te main functions of the prefrontal cortex include which of the following? a. Perceiving the location of body parts in space b. Providing a pool of immature neurons to replace those damaged in other brain areas c. Coordination of slow, repetitive movements d. Working memory and weighing the pros and cons of a possible action

Working memory and weighing the pros and cons of a possible action

"Transporter" proteins transport neurotransmitters ____. a. back into the presynaptic neuron b. across the synapse to the postsynaptic neuron c. across the synapse back to the presynaptic neuron d. to the appropriate receptor sites

a

Apoptosis ____. a. is a programmed mechanism of cell death b. promotes the survival and growth of the axon c. promotes the survival and growth of dendrites d. promotes the activity of neurons

a

Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure? a. medulla b. thalamus c. cerebellum d. pons

a

Damage due to stroke caused by ischemia can be minimized by administering a drug that ____. a. breaks up blood clots b. overstimulates neurons in and around the damaged area c. increases the release of glutamate d. slows down the sodium-potassium pump

a

Depolarization is to ____ as hyperpolarization is to ____. a. excitation; inhibition b. inhibition; excitation c. increasing the threshold; decreasing the threshold d. decreasing the threshold; increasing the threshold

a

Early in development, the nervous system begins as a ____. a. tube surrounding a fluid-filled cavity b. spherical structure in the center of the embryo c. diffuse system of cells scattered throughout the body d. single layer of cells covering the heart and other internal organs

a

Many dendrites contain short outgrowths called spines that _____ .a. increase the surface area available for synapses b. increase the speed of transmission c. eliminate cell waste products d. increase the symmetry of the cell

a

Migration requires ____. a. a precise chemical environment b. cells which are myelinated c. mature neurons d. neurons with fully developed dendrites

a

Nodes of Ranvier are ____. a. gaps in the myelin of axons b. also known as myelin sheath c. spiny outgrowths on dendrites d. responsible for cell metabolism

a

Sherrington found that repeated stimuli within a brief time have a cumulative effect. He referred to this phenomenon as ____. a. temporal summation b. spatial summation c. synaptic summation d. saltatory summation

a

The all-or-none law states that ____. a. a neuron produces an action potential of maximal strength, or none at all b. all neurons fire or none at all c. all neurons in a pathway fire at the same time, or none do d. all ions move in the same direction, or none do

a

When the neuron is at rest, what is primarily responsible for moving potassium ions OUT of the cell? a. a concentration gradient b. an electrical gradient c. both a concentration gradient and an electrical gradient d. the sodium-potassium pump

a

Which action will produce a hyperpolarization of a neuron? a. applying a negative charge inside the neuron with a microelectrode b. applying a positive charge inside the neuron with a microelectrode c. increasing the membrane's permeability to sodium d. decreasing the membrane's permeability to potassium

a

Which type of glia remove waste material in the nervous system?a. astrocytes b. Schwann cells c. oligodendrocytes d. radial glia

a

To which part or parts of a neuron does the all-or-none law apply? a. Axons b. Dendrites c. Both axons and dendrites

a. Axons

What is the brain's main source of fuel? a. Glucose b. Glutamate c. Tiamine d. Proteins

a. Glucose

What makes brain cancers so difficult to treat? a. Nearly all chemotherapy drugs fail to cross the blood-brain barrier. b. Brain cancers spread more rapidly than other cancers. c. The brain includes more pain receptors thanother organs. d. The brain has a very low metabolic rate

a. Nearly all chemotherapy drugs fail to cross the blood-brain barrier.

Suppose someone demonstrates that a particular brain area becomes active when people listen to music. What would be a good way to test whether this brain area is really specialized for music perception? a. Test whether the fMRI recordings are stronger in people who enjoy music more than others do. b. Test whether this brain area becomes silent when someone is not listening to music. c. Examine the size of this brain area in nonhuman animals. d. Test whether we can use fMRI recordings to guess what kind of music someone is hearing.

a. Test whether we can use fMRI recordings to guess what kind of music someone is hearing.

An advantage of the blood-brain barrier is that it keeps out most ______. A disadvantage is that it also keeps out _____. a. viruses . . . most nutrients b. small molecules . . . fat-soluble molecules c. harmful gases . . . oxygen d. waste products . . . water

a. viruses . . . most nutrients

29. What causes an EPSP? a. the deactivation of cytoplasmic enzymes b. the opening of sodium channels c. the opening of potassium channels d. the deactivation of stress response pathways

b

30. Increased permeability to ____ would most likely result in an IPSP. a. sodium b. potassium c. calcium d. bicarbonate

b

Neurons differ most strongly from other body cells in their ____. a. temperature b. shape c. osmotic pressure d. mitochondria

b

The function of a myelin sheath is to ____. a. prevent action potentials from traveling in the wrong direction b. increase the velocity of transmission along an axon c. increase the magnitude of an action potential d. provide a store of nutrients for the neuron

b

The presynaptic terminal stores high concentrations of neurotransmitter molecules in ____. a. axons b. vesicles c. peptides d. dendrites

b

The ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space are all ____. a. part of the forebrain b. filled with cerebrospinal fluid c. involved in cognitive functioning d. filled with blood

b

What do the corpus callosum and anterior commissure have in common? a. They both produce CSF. b. They both connect the two hemispheres. c. They are made up of gray matter. d. They each have six laminae.

b

Which type of glia builds myelin sheaths around axons in the periphery of the body? a. astrocytes b. Schwann cells c. oligodendrocytes d. radial glia

b

Which of these chemicals cross the blood-brain barrier by active transport? a. Oxygen, water, and fat-soluble molecules b. Glucose and amino acids c. Proteins d. Viruses

b. Glucose and amino acids

During the rising portion of the action potential, which ions are moving across the membrane and in which direction? a. Sodium ions move out. b. Sodium ions move in. c. Both sodium and potassium ions move in. d. Potassium ions move in.

b. Sodium ions move in

Under what conditions does an axon produce an action potential? a. Whenever the membrane is hyperpolarized b. Whenever the membrane's potential reaches the threshold c. Whenever the membrane is depolarized d. Whenever the membrane's potential reaches zero

b. Whenever the membrane's potential reaches the threshold

Suppose a neuron has a resting potential of 270 mV. If the potential goes to 280 mV, the change would be a _____. a. depolarization b. hyperpolarization

b. hyperpolarization

When the membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to draw sodium ions ___ the cell, and the electricalgradient draws them ___ the cell. a. into . . . out of b. into . . . into c. out of . . . into d. out of . . . out of

b. into . . . into

8. Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that deliver messages from the sensory organs to the central nervous system? a. autonomic b. sympathetic c. somatic cd. parasympathetic

c

After maturity, the apoptotic mechanisms become: a. hyperactive b. extinct c. dormant d. very complex

c

Suppose "A" is a dominant gene for the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide and "a" is a recessive gene for the inability to taste it. Which couples could possibly have both a child who tastes it and a child who does not? a. father AA, mother aa b. father Aa, mother AA c. father Aa, mother Aa d. father AA, mother AA

c

When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move potassium ____ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ____ the cell. a. into; into b. into; out of c. out of; into d. out of; out of

c

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evokes the release of neurotransmitters by opening ____ channels in the axon terminal. a. chloride b. bicarbonate c. calcium d. oxygen

c

Which of the following is one way of stating the all-or-none law? a. The amplitude of the action potential in one axonis the same as that in another axon. b. At a given time, either all axons produce action potentials, or none do. c. All stimuli that exceed the threshold produce equivalent responses in the axon. d. During an action potential, all sodium channels open at the same time.

c. All stimuli that exceed the threshold produce equivalent responses in the axon.

After the action potential reaches its peak, the potential across the membrane falls toward its resting level. What accountsfor this recovery? a. The sodium-potassium pump removes the extrasodium. b. Potassium ions move out because their channels are open and the electrical gradient pushes them out. c. Potassium ions move out because their channels are open and the concentration gradient pushes them out. d. Potassium ions move in

c. Potassium ions move out because their channels are open and the concentration gradient pushes them out.

When the membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to draw potassium ions ___ the cell, and the electricalgradient draws them ___ the cell .a. into . . . out of b. into . . . into c. out of . . . into d. out of . . . out of

c. out of . . . into

Te sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ions ____ and moves potassium ions _____. a. into the cell . . . out of the cell b. into the cell . . . into the cell c. out of the cell . . . into the cell d. out of the cell. . . out of the cell

c. out of the cell . . . into the cell

When the neuron's membrane is at rest, sodium ions are more concentrated ____ the cell, and potassium ions are more concentrated ____. a. inside . . . outside b. inside . . . inside c. outside . . . inside d. outside . . . outside

c. outside . . . inside

The basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies that are lateral to the. a. meninges b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus d. thalamus

d

The choroid plexus ____. a. cushions the brain b. protects the brain from infection c. is another name for the ventricles d. forms the cerebrospinal fluid

d

What structure is composed of two layers of fat molecules that are free to flow around one another? a. the endoplasmic reticulum b. a ribosome c. a mitochondrion d. the membrane

d

Which of the following is something that glia do NOT do? a. Synchronize activity of a group of axons b. Remove waste material c. Dilate blood vessels to increase blood flow to themost active brain areas d. Conduct action potentials

d. Conduct action potentials

Of these species, which probably has the longest axons? a. Humans b. Chimpanzees c. Cheetahs d. Giraffes

d. Giraffes

What does the myelin sheath of an axon accomplish? a. It enables an axon to communicate with otheraxons. b. It enables action potentials to travel both directions along an axon. c. It enables nutrients to enter the axon. d. It enables action potentials to travel more rapidly

d. It enables action potentials to travel more rapidly

Is it true that we use only 10 percent of our brain? If so, what does that mean? a. At any moment, only 10 percent of brain cellsare active. b. You could lose 90 percent of your brain and still dowhat you are doing now. c. About 90 percent of the brain's neurons areimmature and not yet functional. d. No, the statement is false and nonsensical

d. No, the statement is false and nonsensical

Te brain's most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter is _____, and its most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter is _____. a. GABA . . . serotonin b. serotonin . . . dopamine c. dopamine . . . glutamate d. glutamate . . . GABA

glutamate . . . GABA

If two structures are on the same side of the body, they are to each other. If they are on opposite sides, they are . a. medial . . . lateral b. lateral . . . medial c. ipsilateral . . . contralateral d. contralateral . . . ipsilateral

ipsilateral . . . contralateral

In contrast to the posterior pituitary, the anterior pituitary . . . a. is neural tissue that releases oxytocin and vasopressin. b. is glandular tissue that releases oxytocin and vasopressin. c. is neural tissue that produces hormones that control other endocrine organs. d. is glandular tissue that produces hormones that control other endocrine organs

is glandular tissue that produces hormones that control other endocrine organs

The term meaning toward the midline is , and its opposite is . a. medial . . . lateral b. lateral . . . medial c. ventral . . . dorsal d. dorsal . . . ventral

medial . . . lateral

During an EPSP, the _____ gates in the membrane open. During an IPSP, the _____ gates open. a. sodium . . . potassium or chloride b. potassium . . . sodium or chloride c. chloride . . . sodium or potassium

sodium . . . potassium or chloride

The term meaning toward the stomach side is , and its opposite is . a. medial . . . lateral b. lateral . . . medial c. ventral . . . dorsal d. dorsal . . . ventral

ventral . . . dorsal