Brainstem: Topography and Levels

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peduncles

(myelinated) tracts that link cerebellum with brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord -superior, middle, and inferior

pons ventral surface structures

-basilar sulcus -basilar pons -basilar artery -trigeminal CN V

between pons and medulla ventral surface

-cerebellar pontine angle -pontomedullary sulcus -Abducens CN VI -Facial CN VII -vestibulocochlear CN VII

midbrain ventral surface structures

-cerebral crus -interpeduncular fossa -oculomotor CN III -trochlear CN IV

telencephalon adult derivative and cavities

-cerebral hemispheres -lateral ventricles

parts of closed medulla dorsal surface

-cuneate tubercle -gracile tubercle -posterior median sulcus

damage to the brainstem is manifested by

-functional loss (somatosensory, motor, etc.) -abnormalities in cranial nerve functions

parts of open medulla dorsal surface

-median sulcus -inferior fovea -hypoglossal trigone -vagal trigone

Myelencephalon adult derivative and cavities

-medulla -caudal (inferior) half of fourth ventricle

olive

-medulla ventral surface -between preolivary sulcus and postolivary sulcus -elevation lateral to pyramid

preolivary sulcus

-medulla ventral surface -between the pyrammid olive -hypoglossal CN XII

anterior median fissure

-medulla ventral surface -deep groove on anterior medulla

pyramid

-medulla ventral surface -directly lateral to anterior median fissure

postolivary sulcus

-medulla ventral surface -lateral to olive -glossopharyngeal CN IX -vagus CN X -accessory CN XI

mesencephalon adult derivative and cavities

-midbrain -aqueduct

cerebral crus

-midbrain ventral surface -forms the ventral surface of the midbrain

interpeduncular fossa

-midbrain ventral surface -space between cerebral crus

parts of brainstem

-mindbrain -pons -medulla

closed medulla

-more inferior -not associated with fourth ventricle

open medulla

-more superior -associated with fourth ventricle

motor and sensory root of trigeminal nerve

-motor: more medial -sensory: more lateral

medulla dorsal surface structures

-part of vestibular area -inferior fovea -median sulcus -cuneate tubercle -gracile tubercle -posterior median sulcus -vagal trigone -hypoglassal trigone

metencephalon adult derivative and cavities

-pons and cerebellum -rostral (cranial) half of fourth ventricle

basilar sulcus

-pons ventral surface -anterior midline sulcus where basilar artery lies

primary transverse segments of brain

-prosencephalon (forebrain) -mesencephalon (midbrain) -rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

medulla ventral surface structures

-pyramid -preolivary sulus -olive -postolivary sulcus -anterior median fissure

midbrain dorsal surface structures

-superior colliculus -inferior colliculus -trochlear (IV) nerve

pons dorsal surface structures

-superior, middle, and inferior peduncles (?) -medial eminence -facial colliculus -stria medullaris -part of vestibular area -median sulcus

diencephalon adult derivative and cavities

-thalamus -subthalamus -hypothalamus -epithalamus -third ventricle

tonsillar herniation effects

-tonsillar impactation in the foramen magnum -results in brainstem pressure -> depression of conscious level and respiratory irregularities

frequency of anencephaly

-very common affecting 1 in 1,000 pregnancies with most ending in miscarriage -an estimated 1 in 10,000 infants are born with most dying soon after birth -only 4 cases of anencephalic children surviving for longer periods

caudal open medulla transverse stain

ANTERIOR -anterior median fissure -pyramid -preolivary sulcus -olive -postolivary sulcus POSTERIOR -4th Ventricle -hypoglossal trigone -vagal trigone -inferior fovea -vestibular area -inferior cerebellar peduncle

closed medulla transverse stain

ANTERIOR -anterior median fissure -pyramid MIDDLE -reticular formation POSTERIOR -posterior median sulcus -gracile tubercle -posterior intermediate sulcus -cuneate tubercle

rostral pons transverse stain

ANTERIOR -basilar sulcus POSTERIOR -small circular cerebral aqueduct -trochlear cCN IV

caudal midbrain transverse stain

ANTERIOR -narrow interpeduncular fossa -squared, short cerebral crus POSTERIOR -small cerebral aqueduct

rostral midbrain transverse stain

ANTERIOR -wide interpeduncular fossa -wide, rectangular cerebral crus POSTERIOR -small circular cerebral aqueduct

caudal pons transverse stain

ANTERIOR -basilar sulcus -pontine nuclei INTERNAL -abducens CN VI -facial CN VII POSTERIOR -round 4th ventricle

middle pons transverse stain

ANTERIOR -basilar sulcus -pontine nuclei INTERNAL -trigeminal CN V POSTERIOR -oval 4th ventricle

pontomedullary sulcus

Separates pons & medulla. -Abducens CN VI -Facial CN VII -vestibulocochlear CN VII

cerebellar pontine angle

angle between pons, medulla and cerebellum -Facial CN VII -vestibulocochlear CN VII

fourth ventricle location

between pons/medulla and cerebellum

tracts

bundles of myelinated axons in the CNS

cuneate tubercle

closed medulla dorsal surface -lateral prominence

gracile tubercle

closed medulla dorsal surface -medial, right next to posterior median sulcus

brainstem and cranial nerves

contains functional centers for all but 1 of the 12 pair of cranial nerves

brainstem and long tracts

contains the long tracts that transmit impulses from all parts of the body to the forebrain as well as impulses that originate in the forebrain

cause of anencephaly

cranial end of neural tube fails to close properly -forebrain does not form

prognosis of brainstem lesions

frequently fatal -vital functional centers (cardiac, respiratory) are located in the brainstem

posterior median sulcus

medulla dorsal surface

inferior fovea

medulla dorsal surface -between hypoglossal and vagal trigone

primary mesencephalon becomes

mesencephalon (midbrain)

rhombencephalon becomes

metencephalon and myelencephalon

superior and inferior colliculus

midbrain dorsal surface -4 protrusions

aqueduct location

near midbrain

median sulcus

open medulla and pons dorsal surface

vagal trigone

open medulla dorsal surface -medial inferior prominence

hypoglossal trigone

open medulla dorsal surface -medial superior prominence, next to median sulcus

vestibular area

pons and medulla dorsal surface -lateral edges inside 4th ventricle

stria medullaris

pons dorsal surface

facial colliculus

pons dorsal surface -medial, inferior prominence

medial eminence

pons dorsal surface -superior, medial prominence

brainstem and cerebellum are found in the

posterior cranial fossa

prosencephalon becomes

telencephalon and diencephalon

anencephaly

the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development -brain stem still present

basilar pons

ventral surface of pons

oculomotor nerve stems from

CN III -interpeduncular fossa of midbrain

trochlear nerve stems from

CN IV -only cranial nerve from DORSAL surface of brainstem -wraps laterally around the cerebral crus

glossopharyngeal nerve stems from

CN IX -postolivary sulcus -closest to pons

trigeminal nerve stems from

CN V -midpontine surface

abducens nerve stems from

CN VI -medial pontomedullary sulcus between pons and medulla

facial nerve stems from

CN VII -cerebellar pontine angle/ pontomedullary sulcus -more medial

Vestibulocochlear nerve stems from

CN VIII -cerebellar pontine angle/ pontomedullary sulcus -more lateral

vagus nerve stems from

CN X -postolivary sulcus -between glossopharyngeal and accessory

accessory nerve stems from

CN XI -spinal and cranial parts -postolivary sulcus -closest to spinal cord

hypoglossal nerve stems from

CN XII -preolivary sulcus (medial brain stem)


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