Brandli - Organismal Biology Exam 5 Answers
A scout troop sets out on a backpacking trip. Soon, an unexpected storm gets them drenched, and the troop leaders discover that few boys have packed warm clothes. Several scouts start shivering uncontrollably, a sign of hypothermia. The leaders call off the trip and the group heads back to their cars. This shivering response was A. an attempt to produce heat by burning large amounts of ATP. B. a maladaptive response that wastes energy. C. an attempt to produce heat by creating friction with their clothing. D. a social signal that evolved to alert adults to take action.
A
Connective tissue includes adipose tissue, tendons, bone, cartilage, and blood. What do all these tissues have in common? a. They all consist of few cells sparsely distributed in large amounts of extracellular material. b. They all provide structural support to the body. c. They are all hard tissues. d. They all physically bind other tissues together.
A
In mammals and some reptiles, the coelom is divided into smaller cavities that enclose the lungs, heart, and gut. What are these cavities called? a. pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities b. thoracic, pleural, and pericardial cavities c. pleural, pericardial, and cardial cavities d. perithoracic, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities
A
What structure do myelin sheaths form along? a. axons b. dendrites c. neuroglia d. cell bodies e. ganglia
A
Which is another name for bone cells that remain alive even after the extracellular matrix becomes hardened with calcium phosphate crystals? a. osteocytes b. erythrocytes c. leukocytes d. fibrocytes e. chrondrocytes
A
Which of the following is most likely to function as a defense system? a. the integumentary system b. the musculoskeletal system c. the endocrine system d. the sensory system e. the nervous system
A
Which of these animals has the highest metabolic rate per unit body mass? a. shrew b. horse c. cat d. human e. elephant
A
Which type of cells line the lungs and blood vessels? a. simple squamous epithelium b. simple cuboidal epithelium c. simple columnar epithelium d. stratified squamous epithelium e. keratinized squamous epithelium
A
A bride-to- be is enjoying a manicure and a facial before her hair is styled for the wedding. What organ system is being pampered? a. lymphatic system b. integumentary system c. endocrine system d. digestive system
B
Goblet cell hyperplasia is associated with asthma. Based on their function, what is the likely outcome of an overabundance of goblet cells? a. decreased mucus production b. excess mucus production c. excess O2 absorption d. decreased CO2 absorption
B
In 1822, the Canadian fur trader Alexis St. Martin was accidentally shot with a musket. The shot entered his left chest, fractured a rib, damaged the lungs, lacerated the diaphragm, perforated the stomach, and finally exited his body. Amazingly he survived, but the hole in his belly never completely healed. This allowed Dr. William Beaumont direct access to his stomach for experiments, and led to his discovery of the importance of stomach acid in digestion. Which body cavities did the musket shot pass through? a. The shot entered the dorsal cavity and exited through the ventral cavity. b. The shot entered the thoracic cavity and exited through the abdominopelvic cavity. c. The shot entered the thoracic cavity and exited through the pleural cavity. d. The shot entered the pericardial cavity and exited through the pleural cavity.
B
Low body temperature triggers adaptive responses to conserve heat. Once the integrating center detects that body temperature has risen, it will decrease these responses. What does this exemplify? a. adaptation b. negative feedback c. positive feedback d. acclimatization
B
To diagnose and treat a disease, a doctor must evaluate the patient's body at multiple levels of organization. Identify the level of organization relevant to each stage of the process described below. (1) As part of Fred's annual physical, the doctor examined his skin, fingernails and hair for signs of disease. Noticing an unusual lesion on his neck, the doctor referred Fred to a dermatologist. (2) Upon observing the lesion, the dermatologist said, "Yes, this looks like it could be a squamous cell carcinoma, a tumor in the epidermis of the skin." (3) The dermatologist carefully examined all of Fred's skin for signs of additional tumors, but did not find any. (4) The dermatologist removed the lesion and sent it for a biopsy. Under the microscope, the pathologist saw some cells with abnormal morphology and confirmed a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. However, he noted that the margins of the lesion were clear of abnormal cells, and the tumor had been successfully removed. a. organism, cell, tissue, organ b. organ system, tissue, organ, cell c. organ system, organ, tissue, cell d. organism, cell, organ system, tissue
B
Which connective tissue has a fluid matrix? a. adipose b. blood c. cartilage d. dense connective tissue e. loose connective tissue
B
Which of the following is not a level of organization in the vertebrate body? a. cells b. bones c. tissues d. organs e. organ systems
B
Which of the following statements about bone and its structure is NOT correct? A. Bone contains an extracellular matrix of collagen fibers and inorganic calcium phosphate crystals. B. Bone tissue is not living because it contains inorganic calcium phosphate crystals. C. Bone tissue is a special form of connective tissue. D. Bone tissue serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions. E. Bone marrow is a reservoir for blood stem cells
B
Which of the following would not provide protection to the epidermis? a. keratinized epithelium b. simple squamous epithelium c. stratified squamous epithelium d. layers of dead squamous cells
B
Why are epithelial membranes not very thick? a. Epithelial tissues are required to support other cells growing on top of the tissue. b. Epithelial tissues play a critical role in transport, and must be thin to allow diffusion to occur. c. Epithelial tissues can only reach a certain thickness because their growth is constrained by microtubules inside the cell membrane. d. Thick epithelial tissues would collapse due to the drying effect of the environment. e. Epithelial tissues are programmed to stop dividing after only a few cell cycles.
B
You are an engineer at a power plant that creates large volumes of hot waste water, which disrupts the ecosystem of the river it drains into. Another part of the plant requires warm oil, and the plant uses large amounts of energy to heat it. Inspired by countercurrent exchange in whales, you save energy and benefit the environment by a. running the oil pipes under the river after dumping in the hot waste water b. running the oil pipes around the waste water pipes, to allow heat transfer from water to oil c. running the waste water and oil through a single pipe d. adding a sensor, integrating center and effectors to control temperature in both pipes
B
A friend asks you how exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands. She knows that both form from invaginated epithelium. How do you respond? a. Exocrine and endocrine glands are essentially the same, both produce products that are secreted to the skin's surface. b. Exocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while endocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin. c. Endocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while exocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin. d. Exocrine glands are found in the thoracic cavity while endocrine glands are located in the pleural cavity. e. The liver is an endocrine gland that secretes directly into epithelial tissues. The pituitary gland is an exocrine gland that secretes into the blood stream.
C
Controversy surrounds the use of zinc-containing nasal sprays as a cold remedy, since they have been associated with anosmia (loss of smell). If true, this is likely due to the sprays damaging which tissue? a. central nervous system b. osmic nerve c. peripheral nervous system d. neuroglial system
C
Homeostasis is maintained using negative feedback loops. Which part of a negative feedback loop detects conditions? a. response b. effector c. sensor d. integrating center e. stimulus
C
If at the last minute the pitcher decides to throw a curveball, which tissue responds first? a. epithelial tissue b. ectoderm c. nerve tissue d. muscle tissue
C
In adult vertebrates, which of these is not one of the four principal kinds of primary tissues? a. epithelial b. connective c. supportive d. muscle e. nerve
C
The cell body of a motor neuron resides in the spinal cord, but it may control muscles a long distance away. In a giraffe, the ________ of a leg motor neuron may be six feet long! a. dendrite b. soma c. axon d. node of Ranvier
C
The characteristic that makes the muscle cells unique is the relative abundance and organization of A. collagen fibers. B. gelatinous mass. C. actin and myosin fibers. D. keratin fibers. E. fibroblast cells.
C
The giraffe, as the tallest living land animal, has several adaptations for its height. To prevent blood from pooling in the head when it bends down to drink, the jugular veins of a giraffe have multiple one-way valves. Furthermore, a web of arteries and veins in the neck called the rete mirabile ("wonderful net") slows the flow of blood into the brain. These specializations of the ______________________ act as mechanisms to maintain ______________________. a. nervous system; homeothermy b. nervous system; temperature homeostasis c. circulatory system; blood pressure homeostasis d. circulatory system; pH homeostasis
C
What feature of cardiac muscle helps the cells coordinate their contraction as a single unit? a. fused cells with multiple nuclei b. covalent bonds between actin and myosin molecules c. intercalated disks rich in gap junctions d. large numbers of motor neurons
C
Where is the nucleus of a neuron found? a. axon branches b. companion cell c. cell body d. dendrites e. myelin sheath
C
Which muscle contraction is involuntary? a. cardiac only b. smooth only c. cardiac and smooth d. skeletal only e. cardiac, smooth, and skeletal
C
A recent study suggests the surprising idea that intestinal goblet cells present food antigens to dendritic cells to induce tolerance to food molecules. Thus, goblet cell dysfunction may be a cause of food allergies. If this is true, it illustrates the importance of coordination between which two organ systems? a. immune system and circulatory system b. circulatory system and endocrine system c. digestive system and endocrine system d. digestive system and immune system
D
A scientist is trying to coax stem cells to differentiate into muscle to use as a therapy for muscular dystrophy. He looks at his Petri dish and is excited to see the cells contracting! The cells appear striated and multinucleate. What type of muscle are they? a. cardiac muscle b. smooth muscle c. involuntary muscle d. skeletal muscle
D
Dogs use panting to dissipate excess heat. What part of their brain detects the need for this response and sends the signal to pant? a. hippocampus b. prefrontal cortex c. amygdala d. hypothalamus
D
It's the ninth inning, and the bases are loaded. As the pitcher winds up to throw the ball, how does each tissue in his arm contribute to this critical pitch? The ___________ of his fingers grips the ball. His __________ sends instructions that trigger his ___________ to contract. His ______________ provides stability and transmits the force produced. a. ectoderm; ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm b. connective tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; epithelial tissue c. epithelium; ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm d. epithelial tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; connective tissue
D
When we watch Olympic athletes perform, we are admiring the expert control of which systems working together? a. skeletal, endocrine, and circulatory systems b. nervous, circulatory, and skeletal systems c. muscular, integumentary, and circulatory systems d. nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems
D
All connective tissues share which of the following structural features? I-contain cells II-contain a matrix filled with extracellular material III-contain sarcomere units a. I and III b. II only c. II and III d. I, II, and II e. I and II
E
Which is NOT a cell or fiber type found in loose connective tissues? a. macrophages b. mast cells c. adipose cells d. collagen fibers e. chondrocytes
E
Which of the following systems is NOT directly involved with regulation and maintenance of the bodys chemistry? a. the digestive system b. the circulatory system c. the respiratory system d. the urinary system e. the reproductive system
E
Which of these is not a method used by ectotherms to affect body temperature? a. countercurrent heat exchange b. basking in the sun c. shivering d. dilation or contraction of blood vessels e. increasing metabolic rate
E
Your professor asks you to explain the difference between a tendon and a ligament. How do you answer? a. Tendons secure muscles to other muscles and ligaments secure bones to other bones. b. Tendons and ligaments have the same function but are found in different areas of the body. c. Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure muscles to other muscles. d. Tendons are just enlarged ligaments. e. Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure bones to other bones.
E
__________ are the cells that are specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical impulses.
Neurons
___________ are muscles that are attached to bones, and cause bones to move at their joints when they contract.
Skeletal muscles
_________ and _________ muscles are striated.
Skeletal; cardiac
The most abundant protein in mammals is _________. This strong, ropelike molecule is particularly abundant in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and skin.
collagen
Epithelial cells that would likely make up the tubules of the kidney are ________.
cuboidal
If the connection between a gland and the epithelial membrane is maintained as a duct, the gland is called a(n) __________ gland.
exocrine
Thermoregulation depends on monitoring of blood temperature. The___________ acts as the mammalian temperature sensor.
hypothalamus
The glands of vertebrates are derived from __________ epithelium.
invaginated
The fundamental embryonic tissues called germ layers include ?
mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm
Epithelial cells with a flat, irregular shape and tapered edges are ___________.
squamous
