Brucellosis H&DM

RB51 vaccine human risk

HUMAN EXPOSURE TO RB51, UNCOMMON, MAY RESULT IN DEVELOPMENT OF SIGNS CONSISTENT WITH BRUCELLOSIS. EXPOSURES NEEDLE STICKS, EYE & WOUND SPLASHES, & CONTACT WITH INFECTED MATERIAL LABORATORY WORK. CLASS II BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINET, UTILIZING BIOSAFETY LEVEL 3 (BSL-3) PRACTICES S19 FOR CATTLE & REV-1 FOR SHEEP & GOATS, CAN ALSO CAUSE INFECTION IN HUMANS.VETERINARIANS & OTHER MEDICAL STAFF PERFORMING IMMUNIZATIONS IN CATTLE SHOULD BE AWARE OF THE RISKS & WHAT TO DO WHEN AN EXPOSURE OCCURS. S19 & REV-1 EXPOSURES SHOULD FOLLOW THE SAME ASSESSMENT GUIDANCE AS FOR RB51. SEROLOGICAL MONITORING IS AVAILABLE FOR S19 & REV-1 EXPOSURES

LPS

lipopolysaccharide

immunity

1)NATURAL INFECTION LOW LEVEL HUMANS CHRONIC DISEASE WITH RELAPSES 2) ANTIBODY DOES NOT CORRELATE WITH PROTECTION 3) CMI CORRELATES WITH PROTECTION

smooth strains with 0-side chains are very virulent.

B. melitensis comes primarily from goats. causes the most severe infection of the strains that infect humans.

brucellosis chronic humans

BACTERIA MAY BE EITHER CLEARED OR CHRONIC DISEASE WILL SET IN & MAY LAST YEARS SOME SIGNS & SYMPTOMS MAY PERSIST FOR LONGER PERIODS OF TIME. OTHERS MAY NEVER GO AWAY OR REOCCUR. THESE CAN INCLUDE: RECURRENT FEVERS ARTHRITIS SWELLING OF THE TESTICLE & SCROTUM AREA SWELLING OF THE HEART (ENDOCARDITIS) NEUROLOGIC SYMPTOMS (IN UP TO 5% OF ALL CASES) CHRONIC FATIGUE DEPRESSION SWELLING OF THE LIVER AND/OR SPLEEN

DX

BACTERIOLOGY B ABORTUS: RECOVERED FROM PLACENTA, ABORTED FETUS STOMACH & LUNGS SHEDDING FROM THE GENITAL TRACT CEASES WHEN UTERINE INVOLUTION IS COMPLETE. MILK (FOCI OF INFECTION REMAIN: SUPRAMAMMARY LYMPH NODES, & UDDER), ABSESSES SEROLOGY SERUM AGGLUTINATION TESTS (ALSO DETECT ANTIBODIES IN MILK, WHEY & SEMEN AGGLUTINATION AT 1:100 OR MORE IN SERUM OF NONVACCINATED ANIMAL & 1:200 OF ANIMALS VACCINATED AT 4-12 MO OF AGE, ARE POSITIVE, BBAT(BPAT/RBT)/RIVANOL & MERCAPTOETHANOL TEST/MRT FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION ASSAY (FPA) COMPLEMENT FIXATION, ELISA FOR ANTIBODIES IN MILK & SERUM. MOLECULAR PCR DIRECT EXAMINATION • PLACENTAL SMEARS COTYLEDONS/SEMEN/VAGINAL SMEARS • MODIFIED ZIEHL-NEELSEN & KOSTER STAIN • ISOLATION & CULTIVATION • SOME NEED CO2 • GROWTH ON DYES • IDENTIFICATION • BIOCHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL/SEROLOGICAL/PHAGE TYPING/ • EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS • GUINEA PIG GOOD FOR ISOLATING BRUCELLAFROM SAMPLES WITH SMALL NUMBER OF BACTERIA

screening tests/in official eradication programs

BRUCELLA MILK RING TEST (BRT) TO LOCATE INFECTED DAIRY HERDS, MANY FALSE-POSITIVE TESTS. MONITOR BY BRT AT 3- TO 4-MO INTERVALS. HERDS WITH A POSITIVE BRT TEST INDIVIDUAL COWS BY SEROLOGY SEROPOSITIVE COWS ARE SLAUGHTERED SCREEN SERUM FROM CATTLE DESTINED FOR SLAUGHTER TRACE BACK REACTORS TO THE HERD OF ORIGIN, & TEST THE HERD. RBT/BPAT MAY BE USED BRUCELLOSIS-FREE AREAS CAN BE ACHIEVED & MAINTAINED, EFFECTIVELY AND ECONOMICALLY, BY BRT ON DAIRY HERDS & THROUGH MARKET CATTLE TESTING. SUPPLEMENTAL TESTS COMPLEMENT FIXATION & RIVANOL PRECIPITATION, DETECT ANTIBODIES SPECIFICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH BRUCELLA , DETECT CHRONIC INFECTION IN UDDERS OF COWS WITH EQUIVOCAL SERUM TEST REACTIONS. MVM TO CLARIFY RESULTS OF PLATE OR CARD TESTS, ESPECIALLY IN SERUM SAMPLES FROM VACCINATED CATTLE.

clinical findings

COWS ABORTION STILLBORN OR WEAK CALVES, RETAINED PLACENTAS, REDUCED MILK YIELD. USUALLY, GENERAL HEALTH IS NOT IMPAIRED IN UNCOMPLICATED ABORTIONS. BULLS SEMINAL VESICLES, AMPULLAE, TESTICLES, & EPIDIDYMIDES MAY BE INFECTED BRUCELLA PRESENT IN SEMEN. AGGLUTININS MAY BE DETECTED IN SEMINAL PLASMA IN + BULLS. TESTICULAR ABSCESSES. COWS/BULLS ARTHRITIC JOINTS MAY OCCUR IN LONG TERM INFECTIONS IN SOME CATTLE

AN INFECTIOUS, CONTAGIOUS, ZOONOTIC DISEASE CAUSED BY BRUCELLA SPP AFFECTING LIVESTOCK CHARACTERIZED BY ABORTION, INFERTILITY & LESIONS IN THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

DOMAIN: BACTERIA PHYLUM: PROTEOBACTERIA CLASS: ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA ORDER: RHIZOBIALES FAMILY: BRUCELLACEAE GENUS: BRUCELLA GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA SMALL (0.5 TO 0.7 BY 0.6 TO 1.5 μM), NON-MOTILE, NON-ENCAPSULATED, FACULTATIVELY INTRACELLULAR COCCOBACILLI.

control

EFFORTS PLACED IN DETECTION & PREVENTION, VACCINATION OF CALVES WITH B ABORTUS STRAIN 19 OR RB51 INCREASES RESISTANCE TO INFECTION. RESISTANCE MAY NOT BE COMPLETE, ANTIBODIES TO STRAIN 19 MAY PERSIST FOR YEARS & CONFUSE TEST RESULTS. CALVES IN THE USA ARE MOSTLY VACCINATED WITH A STRAIN RB51. ROUGH ATTENUATED STRAIN AND DOES NOT CAUSE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES, WHICH ARE DETECTED BY MOST SEROLOGIC TESTS. NO PRACTICAL TREATMENT IS AVAILABLE

exposure to RB51

EXPOSURE TO RB51 CAN LEAD TO BRUCELLOSIS. RISK IS HIGH OR LOW . HIGH RISK, POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS (PEP) IS RECOMMENDED. THOSE WITH LOW RISK EXPOSURES MAY ALSO OPT TO TAKE PEP. PEP SHOULD INCLUDE: •DOXYCYCLINE, & TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE, FOR 21 DAYS PROPHYLAXIS FOR EXPOSURE TO BRUCELLA SPECIES ROUTINELY COMBINATION OF DOXYCYCLINE & RIFAMPIN. HOWEVER, RB51, IS RESISTANT TO RIFAMPIN IN VITRO & TO PENICILLIN, CURRENTLY, THERE IS NO HUMAN SEROLOGICAL TEST AVAILABLE FOR RB51 EXPOSURE. MONITORING FOR 4 WEEKS: TEMPERATURE ACTIVELY MONITORED FOR 6 MONTHS: BROADER SYMPTOMS OF BRUCELLOSIS PASSIVELY MONITORED. PERSONS EXPOSED TO RB51 WHO DEVELOP SYMPTOMS SHOULD CONSULT A HEALTH CARE PROVIDER. IF BRUCELLOSIS OCCURS DESPITE PEP, A NEW REGIMENS SHOULD BE SELECTED BASED ON ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY RESULTS.

goat/sheep/horse brucellosis

GOATS APPROXIMATELY 1% IN THE US • >B MELITENSIS • SHEEP • B OVIS • ORCHITIS/EPIDYDIMITIS/INFERTILITY • PLACENTITIS&ABORTIONINSOMEEWES • B ABORTUS • OCCACIONALINFECTIONSWITHABORTIONS • HORSE • B ABORTUS/B SUIS RECOVERED FROM SUPPURATIVE BURSITIS (FISTULOUS WITHERS & POLL EVIL), MUSCLES, TENDONS, OSTEOARTHRITIC LESIONS

transmission

INGESTION OF ORGANISMS, LARGE NUMBERS IN ABORTED FETUSES, FETAL MEMBRANES, & UTERINE DISCHARGES. INGESTION OF CONTAMINATED FEED & WATER OR LICKING CONTAMINATED ANIMALS. BRUCELLAE: RECOVERED FROM FETUSES & FROM MANURE THAT REMAINED IN A COOL ENVIRONMENT FOR >2 MO. DIRECT SUNLIGHT KILLS THE ORGANISMS WITHIN A FEW HOURS. VENEREAL TRANSMISSION BULLS TO SUSCEPTIBLE COWS: APPEARS TO BE RARE. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION BRUCELLA-CONTAMINATED SEMEN DEPOSITED IN THE UTERUS BUT, REPORTEDLY, NOT WHEN DEPOSITED IN THE MIDCERVIX. THROUGH MUCOUS MEMBRANES/SKIN CONJUNCTIVAE, WOUNDS, OR INTACT SKIN IN BOTH PEOPLE & ANIMALS.

swine brucellosis

LOW INCIDENCE IN US • INFECTION BY SUCKLING MILK FROM INFECTED MOTHERS • OLDER ANIMALS GET INFECTED BY CONTAMINATED FOOD OR WATER • SEXUAL TRANSMISSION • CLINICAL SIGNS • ABORTION EARLY/STERILITY/STILLBIRTHS • ORCHITIS, • LAMENESS, POSTERIOR PARALYSIS, SPONDYLITIS • OCCASIONALLY METRITIS FOCAL ABSESSATION OF VARIOUS ORGANS

Brucella canis

LOW RISK OF INFECTION OF HUMANS. DOG BREEDERS, & VETERINARY STAFF, INCREASED RISK SINCE THEY MAY BE EXPOSED TO BLOOD, TISSUES, & FLUIDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BIRTHING PROCESS. LABORATORY STAFF MAY BE EXPOSED TO BRUCELLA CANIS (OR ANY OTHER BRUCELLA SPECIES) SHOULD FOLLOW CDC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXPOSUREORAL OR VENEREAL TRANSMISSION/URINE TRANSMISSION ? BOTH MALE & FEMALE DOGS EQUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE ABORTION AT 45-55 DAYS OF GESTATION STILLBIRTHS, CONCEPTION FAILURES. PROLONGED VAGINAL DISCHARGE AFTER ABORTION. ABORTIONS MAY OCCUR DURING SUBSEQUENT PREGNANCIES. REDUCTION OF 75% IN THE NUMBER OF PUPS WEANED IN SOME BREEDING KENNELS. INFECTED DOGS MAY DEVELOP GENERALIZED LYMPHADENITIS FREQUENTLY EPIDIDYMITIS, PERIORCHITIS, & PROSTATITIS. SPONDYLITIS & UVEITIS ARE OCCASIONAL COMPLICATIONS. BACTEREMIA FREQUENT & PERSISTS FOR ~18 MO AFTER EXPOSURE. FEVER IS NOT CHARACTERISTIC..

human brucellosis

MALTA FEVER, MEDITERRANEAN FEVER OR UNDULANT FEVER • B ABORTUS/B MELITENSIS/B SUIS/B CANIS • >SEVERE DISEASE WITH B.MELITENSIS • PASTEURIZATION OF MILK REDUCED GREATLY BRUCELLOSIS IN HUMANS • OCCUPATIONALDISEASE(BRUCELLAMAYINFECTTHROUGH INTACT SKIN & MUCUS MEMBRANES) • LABORATORY WORKERS(BSL-3) • LIVESTOCK HANDLING SLAUGHTER HOUSE WORKERS • VETERINARIANS • PREVENTION PASTEURIZATION OF MILK TESTING & ELIMINATION OF REACTORS VACCINATION ORAL TRANSMISSION: INCUBATION PERIOD 8-90 DAYS BACTERIEMIA & A VARIETY OF CLINICAL SIGNS INCLUDING ONDULATING FEVER (FEVER FLUCTUATING AT INTERVALS) LOSS OF WEIGHT INCREASED IRRITABILITY . THEN HEADACHES, CHILLS, & MUSCLE ACHES& PAINS ABORTION RARE NO ERITHRITOL IN HUMANS MOST PATIENTS RECOVER WITHIN 2 TO 6 MONTHS DIAGNOSIS CONFIRMED BY BLOOD CULTURE OR SEROLOGIC AGGLUTINATION TESTS TREATMENT REST & SUPPORTIVE CARE PROLONGED ANTIBIOTIC REGIMENT (DOXYCYCLIN/RIFAMPIN 30 DAYS)

CS

MOST CLINICAL SIGNS INVOLVE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • ABORTION OCCURS WITH VARIABLE INCUBATION PERIOD, USUALLY IN LATE GESTATION • STILLBORN OR WEAK OFFSPRING, RETAINED PLACENTA, ETC ALSO OCCUR • MALES HAVE ORCHITIS, EPIDIDYMITIS, INFERTILITY • ORGANISMS ARE SHED IN REPRODUCTIVE FLUIDS & MILK IN FEMALE, SEMEN & ACCESSORY FLUIDS IN MALE • SUBSEQUENT INFERTILITY VARIES

brucellosis treatment/prevention

NO TREATMENT ALLOWED IN CATTLE (TEST & SLAUGHTER PROGRAM) • DOGS: NEUTER ANIMAL; CAN TREAT WITH TETRACYCLINES • OTHER SPECIES: VARIES WITH USE/VALUE OF THE ANIMAL: UNLIKELY TO BE USEFUL AS BREEDING ANIMAL AFTER THIS INFECTION • VACCINE NO LONGER USED IN CALVES IN BRUCELLA-FREE STATES; NOT AVAILABLE FOR OTHER SPECIES • HUMAN: TETRACYCLINE DRINK PASTEURIZED MILK ONLY!

transmission

ORAL EATING UNDERCOOKED MEAT OR CONSUMING UNPASTEURIZED/RAW DAIRY PRODUCTS MOST COMMON WAY OF INFECTION. BREAST-FEEDING MAY TRANSMIT THE INFECTION TO THEIR OFFSPRING. INHALATION GREATER RISK GENERALLY FOR PEOPLE IN LABORATORIES THAT WORK WITH THE BACTERIA. SLAUGHTERHOUSE & MEAT-PACKING: POTENTIAL TO BE EXPOSED TO THE BACTERIA & BECOME INFECTED. SKIN WOUNDS OR MUCOUS MEMBRANES THROUGH CONTACT WITH INFECTED ANIMALS. WORKERS WHO HAVE CLOSE CONTACT WITH ANIMALS OR ANIMAL EXCRETIONS (NEWBORN ANIMALS, FETUSES, & EXCRETIONS THAT MAY RESULT FROM BIRTH. SLAUGHTERHOUSE WORKERS •MEAT-PACKING PLANT EMPLOYEES •VETERINARIANS HUNTERSG COMMONLY INFECTED ANIMALS INCLUDE: BISON, ELK, CARIBOU, MOOSE & WILD HOGS (FERAL SWINE). SEXUAL TRANSMISSION HAS BEEN RARELY REPORTED. TRANSMISSION MAY ALSO OCCUR VIA TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION OR BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS.

sources of infection

RAW MILK & MILK PRODUCTS ARE NOT PASTEURIZED. CONSUMPTION OF RAW MILK CONTAINING BRUCELLA CAN CAUSE BRUCELLOSIS. THESE TYPES OF PRODUCTS ARE COMMON OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES & ARE INCREASINGLY BEING SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES AS WELL. MOST CASES OF BRUCELLOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH RAW MILK ARE CAUSED BY BRUCELLA MELITENSIS OR BRUCELLA ABORTUS IN PEOPLE WHO TRAVELED TO COUNTRIES WHERE THESE STRAINS ARE COMMON AND DRANK CONTAMINATED COW, SHEEP OR GOAT MILK. IN RARE CASES, BRUCELLOSIS CASES ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER STRAINS, INCLUDING RB51 & BRUCELLA SUIS, ARE REPORTED. RB51 IS RESISTANT TO CERTAIN ANTIBIOTICS THAT WOULD NORMALLY BE USED TO PREVENT OR TREAT BRUCELLA INFECTIONS. CDC RECOMMENDS THAT ANYONE EXPOSED TO RB51 RECEIVE ANTIBIOTICS TO PREVENT AN INFECTION

surveillance

SLAUGHTER SURVEILLANCE SPECIMENS FROM BULLS & COWS >2 YEARS OF AGE VS FORM 4-54 (BRUCELLOSIS TEST RECORD-MARKET CATTLE TESTING PROGRAM) ACTIVE BRUCELLOSIS SURVEILLANCE VS FORM 4-33 (BRUCELLOSIS TEST RECORD) SEND SAMPLES TO APHIS APPROVED LABORATORY OR TO NVSL SPECIMENS COLLECTED AT GREATER YELLOWSTONE AREA STATE SENT TO THE APHIS-APPROVED BRUCELLOSIS LABORATORY WITHIN THAT STATE CONFIRMATORY TESTS NVSL VS 4-10 SUMISSION FORM + VS 54 OR VS 33 FORMS SAMPLES WHOLE BLOOD (6-8 ML) NEGATIVE SPECIMENS DESTROYED IF POSITIVE BEFORE & AFTER SPECIMENS RETAINED

examination

SPECIMENS SHALL BE TESTED FOR ANTIBODIES TO BRUCELLA ABORTUS USE SEROLOGICAL EXAMINATION IN SERIES FORMAT INITIALLY RAPID AUTOMATED PRESUMPTIVE TEST (RAP) OR BUFFERED ACIDIFIED PLATE ANTIGEN POSITIVE TESTED BY FLUORESCENT POLARIZATION ASSAY (FPA) IF RESULTS NON-NEGATIVE IN FPA (SUSPECT/POSITIVE) TEST BY CFT TESTS ARE RUN WITH ANTIGENS & POSITIVE & NEGATIVE CONTROL SERUM (NVSL REAGENTS) TEST RESULTS ARE RECORDED & REPORTED NVSL REPORTS THROUGH APHIS CHANNELS

swine brucellosis control

TEST & REMOVAL • CARD TEST • SEPARATE INFECTED & SLAUGHTER • RETEST EVERY 30 DAYS & REMOVE REACTORS UNTIL ALL ARE NEGATIVE • TWO CONSECUTIVE NEGATIVE HERD TESTS NO LESS THAN 90 DAYS APART MAKE THE HERD ELEGIBLE TO BRUCELLOSIS-FREE STATUS

control (cont)

TEST & SLAUGHTER REMOVE REACTORS > 1/100 IN AGGLUTINATION TEST CALFHOOD VACCINATION STRAIN RB51 VACCINE: CALVES MUST BE VACCINATED WITH THE CALF DOSE (10 TO 34BILLION ORGANISMS) BETWEEN 4 & 12 MONTHS OF AGE. ONLY ANIMALS IN HIGH RISK AREAS SHOULD BE VACCINATED OVER 12 MONTHS OF AGE. STRAIN 19 BIOTYPE 1 ONLY FEMALE CALVES 4 TO 12 MONTHS TITER IN VACCINEES USUALLY DECREASES OVER TIME >1/200 AT 30 MONTHS OF AGE: CALL IT REACTOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING SEROLOGIC TESTING RIVANOL/MERCAPTOETHANOL:A DROP IN TITER WITH THESE INDICATE VACCINAL TITER RATHER THAN CHRONIC NATURAL INFECTION RING TEST FOR MILK 3X/YEAR

when moving from control to eradication

TESTING & ELIMINATING REACTORS. TEST REGULARLY UNTIL TWO OR THREE SUCCESSIVE TESTS ARE NEGATIVE. B ABORTUS HAS BEEN ERADICATED FROM CATTLE HERDS IN THE USA, & ALL STATES ARE CONSIDERED FREE OF BRUCELLOSIS. NONINFECTED HERDS MUST BE PROTECTED. REPLACEMENT ANIMALS: VACCINATED CALVES OR NONPREGNANT HEIFERS. IF PREGNANT, COWS SHOULD BE BRUCELLOSIS-FREE & SERONEGATIVE. REPLACEMENTS SHOULD BE ISOLATED FOR ~30 DAYS & RETESTED BEFORE BEING ADDED TO THE HERD. BRUCELLOSIS IS ENZOOTIC IN: NONDOMESTICATED BISON, ELK HERDS IN THE USA. TRANSMISSION OF B ABORTUS TO CATTLE HERDS IS RARE BUT HAS OCCURRED IN HERDS COMMINGLING WITH INFECTED ELK IN THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE PARK AREA.

overview

TYPICALLY, COW INGESTS ORGANISM, BECOMES BACTERIEMIC (BACTERIA IN BLOOD). INCUBATION PERIOD ~2 WEEKS OR MORE • BACTERIA SETTLE IN REGIONAL LN (SUPRAMAMMARY LN IN PARTICULAR) AT THIRD TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY WHEN ERYTHRITOL FROM PLACENTA INCREASES & CAUSES INCREASED GROWTH OF ORGANISM • THEN ORGANISM MOVES FROM LYMPH NODES TO UTERUS - PLACENTA - FETUS, CAUSING ABORTION • ALSO MOVES TO MAMMARY GLAND & IS SHED IN MILK • DX - BLOOD AGGLUTINATION TEST (AB TEST) OR ELISA; (ALSO MILK AGGLUTINATION TEST FOR DAIRY COWS) • C/S + CAN CULTURE ORGANISM FROM FETUS (STOMACH ) • TX - LIVESTOCK: USUALLY TEST & SLAUGHTER; NO TREATMENT RECOMMENDED • TETRACYCLINES (HUMANS & SMALL ANIMALS) - CAN GET REOCCURRENCE.

brucellosis cattle

UPON EXPOSURE/INFECTION SHORT BACTERIEMIA ANTIBODIES PRODUCED SOME CATTLE RESIST INFECTION, SMALL PERCENTAGE SPONTANEOUSLY RECOVER. A + SERUM AGGLUTINATION TEST USUALLY PRECEDES AN ABORTION OR NORMAL BUT DELAYED PARTURITION ( ~15% OF COWS). VARIABLE IP & INVERSELY RELATED TO STAGE OF GESTATION AT TIME OF EXPOSURE. SHEDDING IN MILK & UTERINE DISCHARGES, TEMPORARY INFERTILITY. SHEDDING IN MILK VARIABLE. MOST CATTLE FOR LIFE. B ABORTUS CAN FREQUENTLY BE ISOLATED FROM SECRETIONS OF NONLACTATING UDDERS.

fluorescent polarization assay

antigens made by USDA. antigen is labeled. light will be depolarized, will deviate the light but if you mix antibody and serum, will bind to antibody. now have a bigger, slower particle that will not depolarize the light as much as the smaller particle did.

pathogenesis

brucella --> point of entry-->lymphatics-->regional LN-->thoracic duct-->blood-->mammary gland/placenta/testis/epididymis/parenchymatous organs-->PMN/MAC probably better off looking at the slide for this one, or write it down

humans and cattle can be treated. but its not practical to treat cattle. cattle with brucellosis are often sent to slaughter (since they can shed the disease, they do not want to keep them to infect the rest of the herd). this is a very serious disease

can find a lot of brucella in the stomach as well. when testing the fetus, test their stomachs. can contaminate food and water in the environment

strain 19

differentiate. in US, RB51 is preferred one. however US us basically brucellosis free.

rose bengale test

done in the more acidic conditions. result of mixing serum with the rose bengale antigen. mix them well enough and allow them to react for a period of time. 8 is negative. 9 is positive (refer to pic in ppt)

gram staining info

gram neg stains red, gram pos stains blue

RB51

humans can get infected with this. is found in the vaccine. this RB51 is resistant to some treatments used on humans for brucellosis. so the treatment needs to be changed to accommodate those exposed to RB51.

abortion from brucellosis in humans is relatively uncommon. could be due to the fact that erythritol is not present in people.

immunity correlates with cell correlated response. individuals develop low levels of immunity will probably develop chronic disease

TX

in US, test and slaughter. dogs are neutered. treated with tetracyclines (optional). other species varies, with use and value of the animal. in humans, treatment is tetracycline (except if you are infected with RB51).

metritis

inflammation of endometrium of uterus

Epididymititis

inflammation of the epididymis

orchitis

inflammation of the testis

complement fixation tests (CFT)

involves use of antigen, test sample of serum. indicator system is red cells and ... . red cells indicate if reaction has taken place with the antigen and antibody system. if the individual is +, red cells will be spread from being lysed. intact red cells= +rxn.

brucella canis

low risk of infection with humans. people who get this are often working in the veterinary field. oral is the main way of infection in dogs. abortion occurs 45-55 days of gestation in dogs.

brucella is an intracellular bacteria. can't survive in direct sunlight/outside environment. is a zoonotic disease.

one of the most common ways to contact brucellosis is eating raw milk products/cheese

swine

oral transmission is main way to get this infection

milk ring test

positive test=white on the bottom with violet colors ring on the top.

brucellosis in yellowstone

prevalence is very high. transmission in these animals is similar. Bison are up to 50% seropositive. have to minimize risk of transmission to domestic cattle. can spread via contaminated birthing fluids and soil.

B.Melenisis in goats has been officially eradicated in the US

sheep; the most common thing is inflammation of the testis. painful, swollen testicles and epididymis

B.abortus and B.canis are important in humans

sometimes humans attending birthing may acquire these strains. if assisting in the birthing process of an animal, protect the eyes and wear gloves!

the incubation period is inversely related to the stage of gestation at the time of exposure. usually, the cows may abort only one time but then the next season they shed the disease but do not abort.

the bacteria can also reside in accessory sex glands and can be shed through the semen. some bulls develop abscesses in the testis.

granulomatous foci develop

these are walling off/tent to prevent bacteria from spreading forward.

exposure to RB51 is uncommon. often due to occupational exposure.

treatment for RB51 includes antibiotics, doxycycline.

undulating fever is main symptom in humans

treatment is very long and complicated

there are different species of brucella. mostly impact livestock.

undulant fever is another name reflecting the fact that people with brucella have fluctuating fever.

reason for RB51 use

utilized since it does not interfere with testing (no O-side chain).

venereal transmission from the bull to the cow is possible but rare.

with AI this is not a common way of infection, but if the semen is deposited in the uterus there, theres more concern for infection.