Bryophytes & Tracheophytes
Describe the structure of a lichen.
A lichen is composed of a fungus and an algae.
What is the main function of the root?
Anchors the plant, absorbs water and nutrients, stores food.
Why do moss plants require water for fertilization?
Because the sperm must swim from the antheridium of one gametophyte to the archegonium of another gametophyte plant where it fertilizes the egg.
Describe the life cycle of a biennial.
Two seasons -- first season = germination + vegetative growth; second season = reproduction + seed dispersal.
What are the two main types of vascular tissues found in angiosperms?
Xylem -- carries materials up & Phloem -- carries materials down
What term is used to describe the cell which forms from the fusion of two gametes?
Zygote.
The fern sporophyte must live in shady, moist areas because its parent generation, the _?_ generation is non-vascular.
gametophyte
Angiosperms are the dominant plant on earth thanks to its _?_ variation which led to variety of form, variety of environmental and climatic adaptation, variety of pollinating agents and variety of methods of seed dispersal.
genetic
The tiny, non-vascular, heart-shaped gametophyte of the fern is called the _?_.
prothallus
The fern gametophyte must live in a shady, moist environment because it is non-vascular and requires water for _?_.
reproduction (sperm must swim from antheridium to archegonium where it fertilizes the egg).
With alternation of generation in ferns, the dominant generation is the _?_ generation.
sporophyte
The short-lived generation which lives as a parasite on its parent generation in the moss life cycle is the _?_ generation.
sporophyte (stalk and capsule)
The vascular plants belong to the phylum _?_.
tracheophyta
The fern sporophyte could live in drier environments because it posses a _?_ system.
vascular
To which class do the flowering plant belong?
Class Angiospermae - seeds develop within the protective wall of the ovary
To which class do the "naked seed" or cone-bearing plants belong?
Class Coniferales - cone-bearing plants - naked seed which develops exposes on upper surface of cone scale
The majority of tracheophytes belong to the Subphylum Pterosida. This subphylum is divided into three classes, to which class do the ferns belong?
Class Filicinae.
A bean plant would be a _?_.
Dicot (two seed leaves)
The archegonium of a gametophyte plant produces _?_.
Eggs.
What are the reproductive structures of an angiosperm?
Flower, seed and fruit.
How can secondary succession be brought about by natural means?
Forest fire, drought, volcano, flooding or some other natural phenomenon or disaster.
What do you call sex cells?
Gametes.
In plants, a spore germinates to form a _?_ plant.
Gametophyte.
In plants, what generation produces gametes?
Gametophyte.
The carpet of moss that you see (the dominant generation) is made up of many individual _?_ plants.
Gametophyte.
With alternation of generation, sporophyte plants produce _?_ plants.
Gametophyte.
What is the function of meristematic tissues in an angiosperm?
Growth tissues which mature into permanent tissues.
What is the function of parenchymal tissues in an angiosperm?
Large, thin-walled cells which make and/or store food.
What are the chief soil formers in dry environments?
Lichens.
A corn plant would be a _?_.
Monocot (one seed leaf)
Angiosperms are divided into two subclasses, Class _?_ which means it possesses a single seed leaf and Class _?_ which means it possesses two seed leaves.
Monocotyledonae (monocots) & Dicotyledonae (dicots)
Describe the life cycle of a perennial.
More than two seasons -- first season usually only consists of vegetative growth; second season and beyond includes reproduction and seed dispersal; above ground portion of plant dies or becomes dormant in winter.
How can secondary succession be brought about by artificial means?
Mowing, controlled burning, cutting forests.
What is the function of the leaf?
Photosynthesis, cooling and facilitates water movement.
Liverworts and mosses are representative of what plant phylum?
Phylum Bryophyta
Two main lines of development in plants.
Phylum Bryophyta (non-vascular plants) Phylum Tracheophyta (vascular plants)
What is the function of epidermal tissues in an angiosperm?
Protect, prevent water loss and aid in absorption.
Liverworts and mosses are limited in their size due to their relationship with water. What two key features ties them to water and limits their size?
Require water for reproduction and are non-vascular.
Where might you find strengthening tissues in an angiosperm?
Roots, stems and leaves.
List the three vegetative organs.
Roots, stems, leaves.
What is the function of cork tissues in an angiosperm?
Short-lived tissues found in woody plants. The dead cells aid in protection, insulation and prevention of water loss.
Describe the life cycle of an annual.
Single season -- germinates, vegetative growth, reproduction, and seed dispersal.
The antheridium of a gametophye plant produces _?_.
Sperm.
What term is used to describe an asexual reproductive cell?
Spore.
In plants, the zygote germinates to form a _?_ plant.
Sporophyte.
In plants, what generation produces spores?
Sporophyte.
With alternation of generation, gametophyte plants produce _?_ plants.
Sporophyte.
What is secondary succession?
Succession which is taken back to an earlier stage in succession. A forest fire could send an ecosystem back to an earlier grass and shrub stage.
What is the main function of the stem?
Supports the plant, conducts water, minerals and food, and displays and makes leaves.
What is a key way in which woody and herbaceous plants differ?
The amount and duration of strengthening tissues (especially after death of the tissue).
Describe the mutualistic relationship which is found in a lichen.
The fungus provides the algae with an environment which can capture and hold moisture. The algae provides the fungus with a source of food through photosynthesis.
What is succession?
The gradual changing of plant and animal communities in an ecosystem.
What is primary succession?
Succession which begins with bare rock.
What role do bryophytes play in succession?
They are the soil formers in wet environments.
The spores on a fern plant are located in rows of _?_ on the underside of the fronds.
sori
A seed is a "packaged plant" made up of what three elements?
(1) one or more protective coats (2) the embryo plant (3) stored food
