BSC 385 Final: Clicker Questions and Old Test Questions
how many orbivores are in this food web?
1
how many inputs are there in this ecosystem N budget and how many outputs are there in this ecosystem N budget?
2;3
How many tropic levels are in this food web?
4
in the facilitation model of succession:
Early species facilitate colonization by later species
rB-C > 0
Hamilton's rule
primary and secondary succession differ
In the intensity of the disturbance and in the effect on soil and nutrients
when a population passes through a bottleneck
Its Ne may remain low after the population recovers
according to the logistic growth model, the realized per capita rate increase (r) can only be 0 when
N = K
if competition structures a community?
Niches should be widely separated in niche space
to calculate the number of newborn individuals at the next time step, what would you need to include in a Leslie matrix?
Nx and bx
which of the following is a mis-match
Production efficiency: energy produced by photosynthesis/solar energy available
based on what you know about lapse rates, where would you expect the steepest declines in temperature with altitude
Sahara desert
which of the following events would not initiate primary succession
a forest fire
which of the following characteristics are required to define and EVOLUTIONARY population (deme)?
a group of individuals that mate at random and the boundaries determined by barriers to gene flow and mating.
the Shannon-Weaver index
accounts for the number species and evenness of species
how many total offspring would you expect an average 5-year old organism to have produced over her lifetime?
add bx column up until the year provided 4
in a plot species richness as a function of the number of samples taken
additional samples after the asymptote will add little new information
advantages of metamorphosis include
all of the above
stable isotopes help determine tropic relationships because
all of the above
which of these statements is a teleological phrasing of the evolutionary process?
all of the above
subspecies or races
are distinct in external phenotype
genes whose main effects occur after the peak in Vx
are subject to lower selection
common-garden experiments
are used for separating the effects of genes versus environment.
biome vs flora
biomes = vegetation flora = taxonomic composition and biogeographic relationships.
Reproductive value, Vx, changes over the course of individual's life span because of changes in
both lx and bx columns
pioneer species
can tolerate harsh abiotic conditions
only distantly related New World monkeys co-occur. This is a result of
competition eliminating similar species
In a plot of species richness as a function of the number of samples taken
contain many endemics
Many deserts are found at 30° N and 30° S because
cool, dry air returns to the earth's surface there
polygyny is more likely to occur when
critical resources are defensible
Biogeochemical cycling of nutrients
cycle between living and non-living components
the average contribution of an average individual of a certain genotype to the gene pool of the next generation defines
darwinian fitness
Resistance to antibiotics
depends on the mutations and subsequent natural selection
the loss of energy between tropic levels
determines the structure of food webs
in the facilitation model of succession
early species facilitate colonization by later species
which of the following is thought to determine the length of food chains?
ecosystem size
what should happen to mean egg size over time if competition is reduced
egg size should decrease costs less energy to make smaller and more eggs than it does to make fewer and larger eggs. plus, having more offspring decreases the probability of a disturbance wiping an entire species out
how much longer do you expect manage 3 individual to live?
ex column at 3 year stage
dN/dt = rmax N
exponential
if these patches were species instead of vegetation cover, which model of succession would it be?
facilitation
boreal forest has low seasonal variation in temperature
false
haploidiploidy is essential for the evolution of eusociality
false
Some parts of the earth receive more total hours of daylight over the course of a year
false; all receives the same amount of light
genetic drift is not a random process
false; it is random
a predictable environment leads to the evolution of bet-hedging
false; unpredictable environments do
What drives this response in previous question?
females that produce small eggs have higher fecundity (more offspring produced) and fitness
the local ecotypes of the evening primrose
filter their local herbivores
which of the following causes a LOSS of genetic variation
genetic drift, directional selection, and inbreeding
disruptive selection
graph is bimodial
stabilizing selection
graph is skinnier
directional selection for larger phenotype
graph shifts to the right
the total rate of energy capture by autotroph is
gross primary production
Would you expect variance in male reproductive success in a lek-mating species to be
high
which combination would maximize the rate of change in a trait over time?
high selection and high narrow sense
According to this scenario, the fundamental niche of Chthamalus includes:
high, middle, and lower zones. fundamental = no competition realized = competition
what are the consequences of these data for animal diversity in communities?
higher plant diversity is associated with higher animal diversity.
in the allopatric model of speciation
hybrid matings are elected against
an adaptation is a heritable trait of an organism that
increases it relative fitness
inbreeding
increases the chance of two deleterious alleles occurring in an individual.
Character displacement
is the result of selection to decrease niche overlap
An evolutionary stable strategy is so called because
it can increase in frequency even when rare
What is the significance of population that is in H-W equilibrium?
it is not evolving
what is the significance of Wallace's line?
its the delineation between two distinct biogeographic realms
if competition is important and likely to be more so between similar species, would you expect similar-sized rodents to co-occur more or less frequently than by chance?
less frequently
which of the following is typically not a characteristic of the immediate post-disturbance environment?
light is limiting
Bateman's principle states that
males experience greater variation in reproductive success than females
sexual dimorphism is likely to evolve when
males experience greater variation in reproductive success than females
the difference between narrow and broad-sense heritability is
narrow only considers additive genetic variation
Which two mechanisms of evolution are sometimes grouped as a single mechanism?
natural selection and non-random mating
which of the following helps maintain genetic variation?
negative frequency-dependent selection
reproductive trade-offs between the number and size of offspring result in
negative relationships between egg size and clutch size
Do you think disturbance might initially lead to a
neutrally structured community
what would you expect to matter more to coexistence?
niche overlap
the L-V competition model shows that coexistence is more likely if
niche overlap is small and the K's are similar
Do these rodent assemblages look like they are neutrally structured?
no
can a male honeybee have sons?
no
Which is not a method of measuring primary production?
none of the above
niches of coexisting species
none of the above
which of the following is impervious to disturbance?
none of the above
competitive networks
none of the above.
the equilibrium number of species on an island
occurs when immigration equals extinction
today's day length differs with latitude because
of the tilt of earth's axis
for a population of 100 individuals in which 60 are homozygous dominant (AA), 20 are heterozygous (Aa), and 20 are homozygous recessive (aa), the value of p is
p = A so 60 + 10 /100 = 0.7
Where on this graph would you expect selection for survival to be the weakest?
point of decrease; D.
which of the following is not an assumption of the H-W model?
population size is finite
Genetic drift
prcoeeds at a faster rate in small populations
what would you expect to happen if you removed a top-predator from a 3-tropic level food web?
primary producers would increase
In general, which trophic level has the most energy available to it?
producer
in a graph of the number of species as a function of their geometric abundance class
rare species are founding the left tail of the curve and the species to the right of the bell curve would be expected even in relatively small samples
Antagonistic interactions or local depletion of resources result in what kind of spatial distribution pattern?
regular
the limiting soma theory of agingg
resources devoted to reproduction result in decreased somatic maintenance. will put more energy towards having babies than it will towards surviving
which of the following does not help to define heritability in the narrow sense?
selection
according to the Red Queen hypothesis
sex compensates for the rapid evolution of parasites
neoteny is used to describe
sexual maturation during larval stages
the costs of metamorphosis include
significant energy expenditure and vulnerability to predation at certain stages
Antagonistic pleiotropy describes
single genes that have benefits at early life stages nd deleterious effects later in life
under a neutral model of community structure
species associate at random
which of the following is not a prediction of the Bowers and Brown communities?
species from different guilds are less likely to coexist
According to the Clementsian paradigm
succession converges on a single climax
net reproductive rate (R0)
summation of lxbx column
the climate of the mediterranean scrubland is characterized by
summer drought and cool wet winters
which biome are we in?
temperate deciduous forest
pick the two primary drivers of biome type
temperature and precipitation
The Lake Michigan dunes are a useful system in which to study succession because
the distance from the shore is related to the length of time since disturbance
effective population size
the group of adult individuals in a population that are mating at random.
on islands distant from the mainland
the immigration rate is lower
the carbon cycle differs from the nitrogen cycle in that
the nitrogen cycle requires specialized organisms
Hutchinson introduced the term "n-dimensional hypervolume" which describes:
the ranges occupied along the multiple axes that quantify all the environmental requirements of a species
A reaction norm describes
the response of phenotypic trait to environmental variation
when competition dominates
the result is phylogenetic over dispersion.
in a dewitt replacement series
the total number of seeds is kept constant with different combinations of species A and species B.
a chronosequence describes
the use of space as a substitute for time
The law of tolerance states that
there are limits to the physical factors organisms can tolerate
the phosphorus cycle differs from the nitrogen cycle that
there is a large sedimentary pool of phosphorus
Drip tips, epiphytes, shallow root systems and buttressed trunks are all characteristics of which biome?
tropical rainforest
What biome is this climate characteristic of
tropical rainforest
A disclimax occurs where disturbance is frequent
true
Selection occurs when a particular genotype does not survive or reproduce in the same proportion as others
true
geometric growth is a special case of exponential growth that we can use to describe population growth in organisms with discrete (non-overlapping) generations
true
rank-abundance curves impart information about evenness and species richness
true
the fundamental basis of sexual selection is asymmetry in parental investment between the sexes
true
the selection coefficient is a measure of relative differences in fitness
true
twin studies in humans are useful because
twins share the same environment but identical and fraternal twins differ in genetic similarity
A 4th ordered stream is formed when
two 3rd order streams join
one reason sex is through to be advantageous is because
two individuals with mutations can have offspring without the mutation
According to the competitive exclusion princple
two species wit the same niche cannot coexist
Which survivorship curve best fits a population with a large number of offspring per parent living close to carrying capacity?
type 3
The excretion of nitrogenous wastes involves trade-offs between
water available for dissolution, toxicity, and energetic costs
how would omnivore affect the likelihood or strength of topic cascades?
weaken the effect
isoclines in L-V show
where population growth rate = 0
can a male honeybee have grandsons?
yes
do you think this nitrogen cycle can be unbalanced over short time scales?
yes
