BSC1005 Final

After the trachea, what is the next structure the air passes through? bronchi alveolus larynx pharynx bronchioles

bronchi

During fermentation, _________ is produced by yeast cells causing the dough to rise. ethanol carbon dioxide oxygen spores sugar

carbon dioxide

The larger lymphatic vessels are most similar in structure to arteries. cardiovascular veins. capillaries. intestinal villi. nephron.

cardiovascular veins.

The reproductive parts of an angiosperm are the petals and sepals. petals and stamen. sepals and stamen. sepals and carpel. carpel and stamen.

carpel and stamen.

The stigma, style, and ovary are located in a carpel. sepal. receptacle. petal. stamen.

carpel.

The type of bone tissue that has lacunae, concentric circles around a central canal, and is found in the middle portion of a long bone is spongy bone. compact bone. red marrow. yellow marrow. epiphyses.

compact bone.

Urinary tract infections that involve the bladder are called urethritis. kidneyitis. cystitis. nephritis. prostatitis.

cystitis.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a virus? acellular obligate parasite can be synthesized from chemicals in the laboratory diseases caused by viruses can be treated with antibiotics contain DNA or RNA

diseases caused by viruses can be treated with antibiotics

The duckbill platypus is an exception to many mammals because it lacks hair. is ectothermic or "cold-blooded." doesn't secrete milk. doesn't give birth but lays eggs. is found in Australia.

doesn't give birth but lays eggs.

During a medical test for spinal meningitis the physician orders a "spinal tap". What cavity would he be removing the fluid from? thoracic abdominal pericardial dorsal pleural

dorsal

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of earthworms? segmentation expanded dorsal surface of the intestine called a typhlosole hermaphroditic paired nephridia in each segment dorsal solid nerve cord

dorsal solid nerve cord

In the life cycle of the fern, meiosis takes place during development of seeds. upon development of the gametophyte. during the production of egg and sperm. during the production of spores. during the development of vascular tissue.

during the production of spores.

Which of the following organisms are considered advanced invertebrates with a true coelom? sponges hydras flatworms roundworms earthworms

earthworms

A closed circulatory system is found in insects. snails. clams. earthworms. scorpions.

earthworms.

A pellicle, either rigid or flexible, could be found in diatoms. brown and red algae. dinoflagellates. green algae. euglenoids.

euglenoids.

Which of the following is NOT a significant event in the evolution of plants? protection of the embryo evolution of vascular tissue evolution of the seed evolution of the flower evolution of the rhizoid

evolution of the rhizoid

The deposits of chalky fossils that build the White Cliffs of Dover were produced by radiolaria. foraminiferans. ciliates. diatoms (as diatomaceous earth). dinoflagellates.

foraminiferans.

A fruit is a mature ovary. microspore. megaspore. seed. stigmatized pollen grain.

mature ovary.

Which of the following treatments can cure lung cancer? pneumonectomy steroids antibiotics mucous-thinning drugs tracheotomy

pneumonectomy

In which disease of the lungs do the lungs fill with thick fluid? pharyngitis sinusitis emphysema tuberculosis pneumonia

pneumonia

Which of the following is not normally found in the glomerular filtrate? water red blood cells nitrogenous wastes glucose and other nutrients salts (ions)

red blood cells

Which of the following should not normally contain urine? renal artery kidney ureter urethra bladder

renal artery

Filter feeders are usually active predators. sessile or relatively inactive. always herbivorous. squids. snails.

sessile or relatively inactive

When the cap of an average gilled mushroom is cut off and shaken a cloud of powdery material is released. The material released are mycelia. sporangia. hyphae. spores. seeds.

spores.

Which life cycle phase is diploid in moss? sporophyte generation gametophyte generation gametes spores antheridium

sporophyte generation

The anther and filament are parts of the carpel. sepal. receptacle. petal. stamen.

stamen.

Which part of the respiratory system is composed of C-shaped cartilaginous rings and cilia? pharynx larynx trachea bronchioles alveoli

trachea

The insect organ most equivalent to the human lung in function is the tracheae. midgut. crop. gizzard. Malpighian tubule

tracheae.

Myelinated axons that run together in bundles in the CNS are ventricles. meninges. cortex. tracts. ganglia.

tracts.

Which type of sexual exchange occurs among bacteria in which DNA is carried into a bacterial cell by means of a bacteriophage? binary fission conjugation transformation transduction budding

transduction

The fingerlike projections along the surface of the small intestine are called mucosa. lacteals. capillaries. villi. appendix.

villi.

The antagonistic muscle to the quadriceps femoris group is the gastrocnemius. True False

False

The beta cells of the pancreas produce somatostatin, the alpha cells produce glucagon, and the delta cells produce insulin. True False

False

The bladder is expandable because it contains layers of elastic fibers embedded in thick layers of connective tissue. True False

False

The body is unable to make any amino acids so all 20 of them must be acquired from a balanced diet. True False

False

The endocrine system is the only system that is involved in coordinating and regulating the functioning of all the body's other systems. True False

False

The inner layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of renocytes that have long cytoplasmic extensions. True False

False

The kidney has three regions: the renal pelvis, the renal atria, and the renal ventricle. True False

False

The origin of a muscle is found on the bone that moves True False

False

The plasma membrane of Archaea is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. True False

False

The ray-finned fishes are believed to have evolved into the amphibians. True False

False

The role of the second messenger is to carry the message of the hormone on to surrounding cells. True False

False

The symptoms of laryngitis include a severe sore throat, high fever, and white patches on the throat. True False

False

The thyroid is in the abdomen, on top of the kidneys. True False

False

Type 1 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in the U.S.. True False

False

Urethra and bladder infections are easily treated with antibiotics, but even simple kidney infections are much more difficult to treat. True False

False

When arterioles constrict, blood pressure decreases. True False

False

When the biceps brachii contracts, the lower arm extends. True False

False

All of these humans are believed to have evolved in Africa EXCEPT Homo erectus. Homo habilis. Homo rudolfensis. Neandertals. Homo ergaster.

Neandertals.

The muscle action potential will cause the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions when stimulated directly by the sarcolemma. neuromuscular junction. tropomyosin. axon terminal. T tubule.

T tubule.

Which disease has an allergic cause? otitis media laryngitis asthma pneumonia emphysema

asthma

On average, a healthy adult human produces 10-20 liters of urine per day. True False

False

Molds and mushrooms belong to the kingdom Archaea. Protists. Fungi. Plantae. Animalia.

Fungi.

An example of a filamentous green alga is Ulva. Chlamydomonas. Volvox. Spirogyra. Fucus.

Spirogyra.

Psilotum are most closely related to angiosperms. gymnosperms. conifers. green algae. ferns.

ferns.

A student proposes that left-handedness is a recessive trait that is therefore hidden in much of the human population. A survey of a class of 36 students finds that 27 (0.75) are right-handed and 9 (0.25) are left-handed. Using the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what would the expected genotype and allele frequencies be in this theoretical population? 0.75 right-handed homozygous dominant and 0.25 recessive homozygous for 3-to-1 right-to-left handed alleles in the population 0.25 right-handed homozygous, 0.50 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 3-to-1 right-to-left handed alleles in the population 0.25 right-handed homozygous, 0.50 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 0.5 allele frequency for each allele 0.50 right-handed homozygous, 0.25 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 0.5 allele frequency for each allele They cannot be estimated using these limited data

0.25 right-handed homozygous, 0.50 heterozygous, and 0.25 recessive homozygous for a 0.5 allele frequency for each allele

If the frequency of the dominant gene is 0.7, what is the frequency of the recessive gene? also 0.7 0.49 or (0.07)2 approximately 0.27 (square root of 0.7) 0.3 (or 1.00 - 0.7) 0.14

0.3 (or 1.00 - 0.7)

In Figure 14.1, which structure is the liver? 1 2 3 4 5

1

According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, in a population in which 1% does NOT have freckles (recessive), what percentage of the next population is likely to NOT have freckles? None since it is a recessive condition. 1% 2% 50% 99%

1%

Which organ is not part of the digestive system? kidneys mouth esophagus large intestine pancreas

kidneys

Which blood pressure is considered abnormally high for individuals who are under the age of 45? 130/90 mm Hg 90/130 mm Hg 110/95 mm Hg 95/140 mm Hg 120/90 mm Hg

130/90 mm Hg

Which point in Figure 15.1 produces sound when air passes through it? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2

Which structure in Figure 14.1 stores food, has limited digestion, and secretes HCl? 1 2 3 4 5

2

The pH of the stomach is usually about 2.0. 4.0. 7.0. 9.0. 11.0.

2.0.

What pH is required in order for protein to be digested into peptides with the use of pepsin? 3.0 7.0 7.6 9.3 pepsin will not digest proteins into peptides

3.0

The age of the earth is estimated to be about 1 million years old. 4 million years old. 1 billion years old. 2.5 billion years old. 4.6 billion years old

4.6 billion years old.

In Figure 14.1, which structure is the primary site for digestion and absorption of food? 1 2 3 4 5

5

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs at which location in Figure 15.1? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

5.

Actin and myosin filaments are both present in the dense region called the A band. Z line. H zone. I band. M band.

A band.

What are the long-term consequences associated with the use of cocaine? A decrease in dopamine production. A decrease in the natural production of endorphins. The release of excess dopamine. Hallucinations, anxiety, depression, body image distortion and other psychotic symptoms. All of these are consequences associated with the use of cocaine.

A decrease in dopamine production.

The conversion that supplies the required energy for muscle contraction might be illustrated as ATP → ADP + (P). AMP → ATP. glucose → O2 + lactic acid. O2 → lactic acid + CO2. glucose + O2 → water + lactic acid.

ATP → ADP + (P)

Which statement about the chordates is NOT correct? Chordates have segmentation. Chordates have bilateral symmetry. Invertebrate chordates are marine and filter feeding. Adult lancelets have all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla. Adult tunicates lack all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla.

Adult tunicates lack all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla.

Albumin is the large protein molecule found in egg white and blood plasma. Table salt dissociates into sodium and chloride ions. Urea is assembled in the liver. In a healthy person, what is the fate of the majority of these molecules as they pass through a nephron? All three remain in the bloodstream. All three pass across to the glomerular capsule and are excreted in urine. All three pass across to the glomerular capsule but the salt ions are mostly reabsorbed. Albumin remains in the blood, salt ions and urea are passed across and excreted. Albumin remains in the blood, salt ions pass across but are reabsorbed, and the urea is passed across and excreted.

Albumin remains in the blood, salt ions pass across but are reabsorbed, and the urea is passed across and excreted.

Which theory would suggest that both polypeptides and RNA arose at the same time. Aleksandr Oparin's coacervate theory. Stanley Miller's chemical soup theory. Sidney Fox's protein first hypothesis. Alexander Cairns-Smith's simultaneous evolution of polypeptides and RNA. Darwin's original theory of evolution as written in Origin of Species.

Alexander Cairns-Smith's simultaneous evolution of polypeptides and RNA.

The hypothesis that suggests that RNA and polypeptides might have evolved simultaneously was proposed by Stanley Miller. Alexander Cairns-Smith. Charles Darwin. Gunter Wachtershauser Sidney Fox.

Alexander Cairns-Smith.

According to the evolutionary theory, which statement is NOT true? Evolution explains the unity of life. Evolution explains the diversity of life. All living things are NOT descended from a common ancestor. Diversity occurs because various living things are adapted to different ways of life. All living things share the same fundamental characteristics.

All living things are NOT descended from a common ancestor.

Which of the following are NOT cnidaria? corals planaria sea anemones hydrozoa Portuguese man-of-war

planaria

All living organisms share characteristics such as: DNA, the molecule that passes information between generations, metabolic processes like glycolysis and the ability to utilize specific energy sources. This is thought to be due to Biological evolution Limited environmental stimuli The presents of transitional forms Postzygotic isolation Prezygotic isolation

Biological evolution

Which of these is a proper contrast between birds and mammals? Birds are cold-blooded; mammals are warm-blooded. Birds are egg laying; no mammals lay eggs. Birds have air sacs in addition to lungs; mammals have no air sacs. Birds lack a septum between the ventricles; mammals have a septum between the ventricles. Birds, unlike mammals, require no parental care.

Birds have air sacs in addition to lungs; mammals have no air sacs.

Which of the following is true about capillaries? Capillaries are extremely narrow. Capillaries join arteries to arterioles. Capillaries walls have three layers. Capillaries are present in only a limited number of internal organs. Capillaries work individually to carry out their function.

Capillaries are extremely narrow.

Which tissue lacks a direct blood supply and heals very slowly? Bone Cartilage Muscle Epithelial tissue Nerve

Cartilage

Which description best fits the Central Nervous System (CNS)? Consists of the brain and spinal cord, located in the midline of the body. Consists of the brain and spinal cord, connecting the muscles and the brain. Consists of the spinal cord, located in the midline of the body. Consists of the brain and spinal cord, located on the edges of the body. Transmits sensory impulses to the PNS and motor impulses to the brain.

Consists of the brain and spinal cord, located in the midline of the body.

Which of these made advanced tools and produced artwork? Homo erectus Homo habilis Cro-Magnon man Neandertal man Homo ergaster

Cro-Magnon man

Which disease results when the adrenal cortex produces too much hormone? diabetes insipidus diabetes mellitus Cushing syndrome Addison disease myxedema

Cushing syndrome

Nicotine is not considered a drug because it does not affect the body physically. True False

False

Xenotransplantation is the use of animal organs instead of human organs in transplant patients. Scientists are considering using dogs as organ donors because they have long been domesticated by humans. True False

False

You are unable to see arteries and arterioles without a microscope. True False

False

You can eliminate all fat from your diet without suffering any harmful effects. True False

False

What flower mechanism(s) would NOT help prevent pollination by a foreign species? A pollen tube only grows in the style of its own species. The stigma is sticky mainly to its own species of pollen. The timing of flowering varies by species and keeps pollinators moving among a limited number of species. Flowers attract a small number of specialized pollinators, and therefore pollen is not spread equally to all available species of flowers. Flowers of different species are the same color and attract similar pollinators.

Flowers of different species are the same color and attract similar pollinators.

At one time, biologists thought that fungi were merely forms of plants that had lost their chlorophyll and had returned to saprotrophy to gain food. Why is this no longer considered a solid theory? Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose. Fungi attack and engulf food for internal digestion. Fungi have flagella at some stage, providing mobility that plants never have. Plants are multicellular and fungi are unicellular or multinucleated noncellular plasmodia. Plants store glycogen while fungi store starch.

Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose.

Which of the following is NOT a reason why the ginkgo is unique? The ginkgo grows well in polluted areas. Ginkgo biloba is the only surviving species in its division. The tree is propagated vegetatively to provide male trees that lack smelly seeds. Ginkgos have naked seeds. Ginkgos are popular for big cities along streets and parks.

Ginkgos have naked seeds.

____ are animals that have three pairs of legs, a tympanum for reception of sound waves, and Malpighian tubules for excretion. Starfish Lancelets Crayfish Grasshoppers Earthworms

Grasshoppers

Oversecretion of thyroid hormone results in Cushing syndrome. Addison disease. Graves disease. simple goiter. acromegaly.

Graves disease.

What are the potential effects of heavy marijuana usage? Hallucinations, anxiety, depression, body image distortion, and other psychotic symptoms. A decrease in dopamine production. The body decreases the natural production of endorphins. The release of excess dopamine production. All of these are potential effects of heavy marijuana usage.

Hallucinations, anxiety, depression, body image distortion, and other psychotic symptoms.

In addition to his work with bacteria, Louis Pasteur was also the one to name viruses. His work with rabies produced what breakthrough? He was the first to discover that viruses could be based on RNA rather than DNA. He developed a vaccine that he used on a young rabies patient. He was the first to see a virus under a microscope. He was the first to determine the life cycle of a virus. He invented the microscope.

He developed a vaccine that he used on a young rabies patient.

Which of the following statements is FALSE about homeostasis? Homeostasis is controlled by hormones. Homeostasis is primarily controlled by the circulatory system. Homeostasis holds fluctuations near to the body's average levels. Homeostasis requires coordination between internal organs. Homeostasis is often controlled by negative feedback.

Homeostasis is primarily controlled by the circulatory system.

The first member of genus Homo to use fire is Australopithecus robustus. Australopithecus africanus. Homo habilis. Homo erectus. Homo sapiens.

Homo erectus.

Which hominid is considered to be the handyman by being the first to use tools? Gorilla Lucy Homo habilis Homo erectus Chimpanzee

Homo habilis

The ____ are believed to be the first group of hominids that buried their dead. Homo habilis Homo erectus Peking man Homo neanderthalensis Cro-Magnon

Homo neanderthalensis

Which of the following is an example of homeostasis? Muscular tissue is specialized to contract. Human oral body temperature is always close to 37o C (98.6° F). There are more red cells than white cells. An organism is limited in how high it can jump. An organism makes about as many turns to the right as to the left.

Human oral body temperature is always close to 37o C (98.6° F).

During surgery for breast cancer, surgeons will often remove lymph nodes in the armpit. What is the most likely reason for this? If any cancer cells have entered the lymph, they will travel to the closest lymph node which are in the armpit. Lymph nodes in the armpit are responsible for breast cancer. Lymph nodes that close to the surgical incision would prevent healing following the surgery. Lymph nodes in the armpit become useless because of the surgery and can be removed without problem. Lymph nodes do not help a person and are better removed before they become infected.

If any cancer cells have entered the lymph, they will travel to the closest lymph node which are in the armpit.

Which antibody class is most responsible for the allergic reaction? IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM

IgE

Most antibodies found in the blood belong to what class of immunoglobulins? IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM

IgG

Which phase of the ECG indicates ventricular excitation and contraction? P wave QRS wave T wave U wave I wave

QRS wave

Which statement is NOT true about invertebrate animals? The vast majority of animal species are invertebrates. Many invertebrate species live in a marine environment. Most animal phyla are invertebrates. All major invertebrate groups arose from protistan ancestors. Invertebrates lack a nervous system.

Invertebrates lack a nervous system.

Which statement is NOT true about a retrovirus? It contains a DNA genome. It contains the enzyme reverse transcriptase. It is able to carry out transcription of RNA to DNA. Viral DNA remains in the host genome. Can be hidden from the host immune system.

It contains a DNA genome.

Which statement is NOT true about ADH? It increases the permeability of the collecting duct. ADH increases water reabsorption. ADH decreases urine volume. It is secreted by the adrenal gland. Hot sweaty days will cause more ADH release.

It is secreted by the adrenal gland.

Which of the following is true about genetic drift? It is more likely to occur in a large population than in a small population. It may lead to an allele becoming fixed in a population when its alternative allele is lost from the population. It increases the number of heterozygotes in a population. It increases the level of rare alleles in a population. It reduced the chances of mutation in a population.

It may lead to an allele becoming fixed in a population when its alternative allele is lost from the population.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the flatworms? Tapeworms have a ladder-type nervous system similar to other flatworms. Planaria contain pigmented, photosensitive eyespots. Liver flukes and blood flukes are parasites in humans only. Schistosomiasis is a common human blood disease caused by flukes in tropical areas. Tapeworms are hermaphroditic, having both male and female reproductive structures in each proglottid.

Liver flukes and blood flukes are parasites in humans only.

There are two species of larkspur that have two different size flowers; Delphinium decorum has large fully opened flowers and Delphinium nudicaule which has small bud like flowers. These two species are both fertilized by insects but they cannot be fertilized by the same type of insect because the smaller flower of D. nudicaule will not permit larger insects to reach the nectar of the flower and the larger flower of the D. decorum is typically fed on by larger insects. Which type of isolating mechanism would this be? Postzygotic Isolation Temporal Isolation Behavioral Isolation Habitat Isolation Mechanical Isolation

Mechanical Isolation

Clams, snails, sea slugs, and octopuses belong to the phylum Annelida. Mollusca. Porifera. Platyhelminthes. Arthropoda.

Mollusca.

What is the association of Helicobacter pylori in the digestive system? This is the major infectious cause of diarrhea. Most ulcers are due to stomach infection with this bacteria. This is the causative agent of "strep throat." This species of bacteria is the main cause of the odor of feces. This species of bacteria converts roughage into vitamin D.

Most ulcers are due to stomach infection with this bacteria.

In Figure 17.4 of an action potential, number 1 indicates the movement of Na+ to the inside. Na+ to the outside. K+ to the inside. K+ to the outside. Cl- to the outside.

Na+ to the inside.

Which statement is NOT true in regards to the inflammatory reaction? The skin becomes reddened and swollen. Swelling initiates pain nerve impulses. Increased capillary permeability causes more proteins and fluids to escape. Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria in the wound. Neutrophils change into macrophages that act as scavengers.

Neutrophils change into macrophages that act as scavengers.

Which of the following variables does not increase an individual's likelihood of developing a cardiovascular disease? gender family history of heart attack under 55 years of age smoking hypertension None of these are correct.

None of these are correct.

What blood type does an individual have according to the blood typing results illustrated in this figure? O positive A negative B positive AB negative O negative

O positive

Which of the following is true about natural selection? It acts on genotypes rather than phenotypes. It assures the survival of each fit individual. On average, it favors the survival of young with adaptive characteristics. It always selects for more complex forms. It always selects for forms that are a mutated variation.

On average, it favors the survival of young with adaptive characteristics.

In a cladogram, clades are groups of related organisms. In the past, phylogeneticists built clades using the idea of parsimony, that the pattern that uses the fewest evolutionary changes is the most likely to be correct. Today with the use of computers and DNA sequences the explanation that is thought to be the best is One that shows the most changes in nucleotide sequences. One that eliminates any similar DNA sequences. One that shows the DNA unique to that species. One that shows the fewest changes in the nucleotide sequences. Still one that uses the same system of parsimony.

One that shows the fewest changes in the nucleotide sequences.

Which statement is NOT correct about PTH? When calcium level rises, PTH secretion is inhibited. When calcium level lowers, PTH secretion is stimulated. PTH has the opposite effect of calcitonin. PTH stimulates calcium absorption from the gut. PTH decreases the activity of osteoclasts.

PTH decreases the activity of osteoclasts.

If a chemical agent acted to make the nuclear envelope pores impermeable to the passage of hormones, what effect would it have? Neither steroid nor peptide hormones would be effective. Steroid hormones would continue to be effective but peptide hormones would be ineffective. Peptide hormones would continue to be effective but steroid hormones would be ineffective. Both steroid and peptide hormones would continue to be effective. It would depend on the cell being affected.

Peptide hormones would continue to be effective but steroid hormones would be ineffective.

Microbiology is the study of microbes, these include all but which of the following? Archae Protists Viroids Plants Fungi

Plants

Why are green algae placed in the Protista while plants are given their own kingdom? The green algae use chlorophyll a while plants use chlorophyll b. Green algae have a cell wall of chitin while plants have cell walls of cellulose. Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant while green algae do not. All plants are vascular while all green algae are non-vascular. Algae are sporophytes that reproduce only asexually while plants are gametophytes and reproduce sexually.

Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant while green algae do not.

The most important human parasite among the sporozoa is ____, the causative agent of malaria. Plasmodium vivax trypanosome Amoeba proteus Chlamydomonas Paramecium caudatum

Plasmodium vivax

Which statement is NOT true about prion diseases? Prions are believed to cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Prions lack a nucleus but must form DNA/RNA at some time in order to replicate. Prions are misshapen proteins that cause other proteins to change shape. Mad cow disease (BSE) is spread by consumption of cattle feed contaminated with prions. The build up of these abnormal proteins causes a loss of neurons.

Prions lack a nucleus but must form DNA/RNA at some time in order to replicate.

Single-celled eukaryotes belong to the kingdom Prokaryotae. Protista. Archaea. Plantae. Animalia.

Protista.

The fact that a nucleic acid is a very complicated molecule suggests that the RNA-first hypothesis is impossible. the protein-first hypothesis is therefore the only plausible hypothesis. sophisticated enzymes were not present or available to synthesize it. no natural system could ever generate them. RNA could not have arisen on its own by chance, but required enzymes to guide the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids.

RNA could not have arisen on its own by chance, but required enzymes to guide the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids.

Which statement is NOT correct about the roundworms? There are three layers of tissues in the body. Roundworms have a tube-within-a-tube body plan. There is an internal body cavity called a pseudocoelom. Roundworms have a smooth unsegmented outside body wall. Roundworms are essentially no more than parasitic flatworms that have lost their need to be flat.

Roundworms are essentially no more than parasitic flatworms that have lost their need to be flat.

Which statement is NOT true about seed plants? They generally do not require external water for reproduction. Seed plants produce homospores. The pollen grain later becomes the male gametophyte. The female gametophyte is retained within the sporophyte. The seed contains the embryonic sporophyte generation.

Seed plants produce homospores.

What is the major drawback to cytokine therapies? Side effects can be life-threatening. The therapies are still untested. The treatments are very expensive. The therapies only work for women. The therapies only work for men.

Side effects can be life-threatening.

__________ showed that amino acids can polymerize abiotically when exposed to dry heat. A.I. Oparin Stanley Miller Sidney Fox Graham Cairns-Smith Charles Darwin

Sidney Fox

Which statement about sponges is NOT correct? The larval form is flagellated and able to swim to a suitable location. Sponges are classified on the basis of their type of skeletal material. Sponges resemble a colony of protozoan cells more than a multicellular animal. Sponges are thought to be on the evolutionary pathway leading to more complex animals such as corals and worms. Sponges can reproduce sexually or asexually.

Sponges are thought to be on the evolutionary pathway leading to more complex animals such as corals and worms

Stacey is 5 foot 8 inches tall and weighs approximately 80 pounds, yet she thinks she is very fat. Which of the following statements is probably not true about Stacey? Stacey most likely suffers from anorexia nervosa. Stacey is actually starving. Stacey has probably stopped menstruating. Stacey is in danger of dying. Stacey probably spends a lot of time throwing up.

Stacey probably spends a lot of time throwing up.

Intrinsic control of heartbeat rate involves what mechanism(s)? The AV node initiates heartbeat although the SA node can generate a slower beat rate. The atrioventricular bundle initiates signals that travel to the Purkinje fibers. The Purkinje fibers initiates signals that travel to the atrioventricular bundle. The SA node initiates heartbeat and the AV node inhibits the heartbeat. The SA node initiates heartbeat although the AV node can generate a slower beat rate.

The SA node initiates heartbeat although the AV node can generate a slower beat rate.

What is the definition of learning? The ability to retain and utilize past memories. Ability to hold a thought in mind or recall events from the past. The hippocampus is involved in storage and retrieval of information. Involved in performing motor activities. The ability to retain and form memories.

The ability to retain and utilize past memories.

Which of the following is a long-term effect of heroin use? The body decreases the production of endorphins. The body increases the production of endorphins. A decrease in dopamine production. A release of excess dopamine. All of these are long term side effects of heroin use.

The body decreases the production of endorphins.

Considering the U.S.D.A. recommended diet, which of the following statements is NOT true? Protein should come from poultry, fish, and plant sources. Whole grain products are a good source of complex carbohydrates and fiber. The daily diet should contain large amounts of saturated fats. White bread and other refined carbohydrates should be eaten rarely, if at all. Salt intake should be low.

The daily diet should contain large amounts of saturated fats.

Which is NOT a correct description of body cavity partitioning? The meninges protect and isolate the brain and spinal cord. The diaphragm separates the pericardial cavity from the thoracic cavity. The cranial cavity contains the brain. The intestines must share space with the liver and stomach in the abdominal cavity. Reproductive organs are in the pelvic cavity or an extension of it.

The diaphragm separates the pericardial cavity from the thoracic cavity.

Which statement is NOT true about the founder effect? It is a form of genetic drift. It produces a high frequency of some rare alleles in a small isolated population. Founding members contain a tiny fraction of the alleles found in the original population. The founder effect occurs when a population is subjected to near extinction and then recovers, so that only a few alleles are left in survivors. Chance determines which alleles are carried by the original founders.

The founder effect occurs when a population is subjected to near extinction and then recovers, so that only a few alleles are left in survivors

Which of the following statements about hydra morphology is correct? The hydra has a long single tentacle containing numerous nematocysts. The hydra has a single polyp that is filled with gas and keeps the organism afloat. The hydra is bell shaped and has multiple tentacles. The hydra is a tube shaped polyp that has two layers of tissue. The hydra is bilaterally symmetrical.

The hydra is a tube shaped polyp that has two layers of tissue.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the normal mechanism of ventilation? There must be a continuous column of air from the pharynx to the alveoli. The lungs must lie within a sealed-off thoracic cavity. The inner and outer pleural membranes must be separated by a thin film of fluid. The intrapleural pressure must be greater than the atmospheric pressure. The diaphragm, when contracted, will be lowered.

The intrapleural pressure must be greater than the atmospheric pressure.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the lymphatic system? The lymphatic system protects the body from disease. The lymphatic system returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream. The fluid inside lymphatic vessels is called lymph. The lymphatic system absorbs fats at the villi and transports them to the bloodstream. The lymphatic system consists of blood vessels and lymphoid organs.

The lymphatic system consists of blood vessels and lymphoid organs.

Which statement is NOT true about the life cycle of gymnosperms? The sporophyte is diploid. The sporophyte produces two distinct types of spores. The megasporocyte develops into the pollen grain. The microsporocyte develops into the pollen grain. Two nonflagellated sperm are released by the male gametophyte.

The megasporocyte develops into the pollen grain.

Which is NOT a correct association of structure with function among layers of the digestive tract? The outermost serosa lubricates most of the tract among other abdominal organs. The inner mucosa contains goblet cells that secrete mucus. The submucosa contains blood vessels and Peyer's patches of the lymphatic system. The muscularis consists of two layers of smooth muscles to force food through the tract. The mucosa and submucosa are made of epithelial tissue.

The mucosa and submucosa are made of epithelial tissue.

What happens if you hyperventilate? Oxygen diffuses out of the blood into the lungs. The pH of the blood increases. There are more hydrogen ions in the blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the lungs into the blood. More bicarbonate ion is formed.

The pH of the blood increases.

Which of the following health problems are likely to occur if a person is unable to form the IgE antibodies? The person would have problems defending themselves against parasitic worm infections as well as lacking an immediate allergic response. The person would be unable to activate the compliment. Pathogens would be able to attach to their epithelial cells much easier. They would be unable to have their cells clump. Their B cells would be unable to respond to antigens.

The person would have problems defending themselves against parasitic worm infections as well as lacking an immediate allergic response.

Which feature(s) helps distinguish the subcutaneous layer from the epidermis and dermis? The subcutaneous layer is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue. The subcutaneous layer is composed of loose connective tissue and contains various sensory receptors. The epidermis is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue. The subcutaneous layer is composed of fibrous connective tissue, such as collagen and elastic fibers. The subcutaneous layer contains melanocytes which will give skin its' pigmentation.

The subcutaneous layer is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.

Which of the following is not true of the tongue? The tongue functions to mix food with saliva and assist in swallowing. A person's tongue is moved by external muscles. The tongue consists of skeletal muscle under voluntary control. The tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth. The tongue secretes salivary amylase.

The tongue secretes salivary amylase.

Jack broke his right leg in a football accident. He has had a cast on for about 2 months. Now that the cast is off, Jack has found that his right calf is significantly smaller than his left calf. Why is this? The unused right calf atrophied. When you break a bone, the attached muscle is also torn. Therefore, it gets smaller. Calf muscles are composed of fast-twitch fibers and tend to grow larger over time. The left calf probably hypertrophied in compensating for the broken leg during walking. This is highly unusual and suggests some type of muscle disease.

The unused right calf atrophied.

What feature enables the Archaea to survive in harsh environments? Their cell walls. Their nucleus. Their metabolism. The ability to form multicellular organisms. Their reproductive capabilities.

Their cell walls.

The textbook describes the problem with Rh factor hemolytic disease of the newborn in the case where the mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+. Which of the following statements is true? This would also be a problem where the father is Rh- and the mother is Rh+. This would be a problem any time the mother is Rh-, regardless of the father's blood type, since the mother has the immune problem. This is only a problem in the given case because the Rh- mother lacks the Rh+ protein and only a Rh+ father could produce an Rh+ child. This is simply a matter of a mother having a lower threshold for rejecting foreign tissues since all babies have half-foreign tissues. The problem is substantially more complicated since the hemolytic disease is also dependent on ABO blood groups.

This is only a problem in the given case because the Rh- mother lacks the Rh+ protein and only a Rh+ father could produce an Rh+ child.

The observation by ________ that human reproductive potential would rapidly outstrip available food and living space was an important concept adopted by Darwin in formulating his theory of natural selection. Stanley Miller Graham Cairns-Smith Thomas Malthus Aleksandr Oparin Sidney Fox

Thomas Malthus

What is the role of the second messenger? To set in motion the enzyme cascade. Convey information between two individuals of the same species. Binds to the cell surface. All of these are functions of the second messenger. None of these are functions of the second messenger.

To set in motion the enzyme cascade.

"Goose bumps" are caused by the arrector pili muscles making the hair follicles stand up. True False

True

A neuromuscular junction operates much like a synapse between two nerve cells. True False

True

Cystic fibrosis has a genetic cause. True False

True

Which of the following organisms does not lead to a fungal disease? Candida albicans Dermatophytes Systemic mycoses Coccidioides immitis Trypanosoma brucei

Trypanosoma brucei

Which statement is correct about the role of the ovaries? Under the influence of gonadotropic hormones the ovaries produce eggs as well as estrogen and progesterone. Under the influence of gonadotropic hormones the ovaries produce eggs as well as androgens. The gonadotropic hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary that will influence the ovaries to produce eggs as well as estrogen and progesterone. Under the influence of gonadotropic hormones the ovaries produce sperm as well as estrogen and progesterone. Under the influence of gonadotropic hormones the ovaries produce eggs as well as testosterone.

Under the influence of gonadotropic hormones the ovaries produce eggs as well as estrogen and progesterone.

Which of the following associations is not true? Vitamin E is necessary for blood clotting. A deficiency in Vitamin C can cause delayed healing of wounds. A vital source of Vitamin A is deep yellow/orange vegetables. Many B vitamins can be obtained from green leafy vegetables or whole grains. Vitamin D is necessary for proper calcium absorption.

Vitamin E is necessary for blood clotting.

If a lung is punctured in a car accident, that lobe fails to inflate even though there is no obstruction of the air passageway to that lobe. Why? The trauma must have damaged the nerve path controlling ribs on that side of the lung. Negative feedback prevents the ribs and diaphragm on that side from causing pain. When the chest volume expands, air can now rush in through the puncture without filling the alveoli. Mucus or blood must be filling the lobe. Stimulation of stretch receptors in the alveolar walls initiate inhibitory nerve impulses.

When the chest volume expands, air can now rush in through the puncture without filling the alveoli.

A structure that reduces the weight of the skull and drains into the middle ear would be a fontanel. a diaphysis. yellow bone marrow. red bone marrow. a sinus.

a sinus.

The mycelium is a mesh of filaments, each of which is called a super-mycelium. a conidium. an ascospore. a basidiospore. a hypha.

a hypha.

Anaphylactic shock may occur due to exposure to the AIDS virus. a bee sting. organ donation. use of interferon. antihistamines.

a bee sting.

The humerus bone in Figure 19.1 is the bone labeled a. b. c. d. e.

a.

Name the neuromuscular transmitter that is released at the axon terminal. sodium ions calcium ions ATP creatine phosphate acetylcholine

acetylcholine

The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft is acetylcholinesterase. monoamine oxidase. GABA. lipase. maltase.

acetylcholinesterase.

The model of speciation that requires some time with geographic barriers between two populations allowing evolution of reproductive isolation is allopatric speciation. phyletic gradualism. sympatric speciation. punctuated equilibrium. prezygotic isolation.

allopatric speciation.

An insect circulatory system is best described as totally closed like ours, with arteries and veins. similar to ours with general closed vessels but no distinct arteries and veins. an open system that mostly washes hemolymph "blood" through the hemocoel. totally absent, each body cell manages on its own to gain food and get rid of wastes. containing five pairs of "hearts".

an open system that mostly washes hemolymph "blood" through the hemocoel.

A person with normal blood volume and white cell count but low red cell count or low hemoglobin content may be suffering from hemophilia. anemia. leukemia. mononucleosis. blood poisoning.

anemia.

Earthworms are annelids. molluscs. echinoderms. platyhelminthes. arthropods.

annelids.

Which of these would have been most likely to develop only after the formation of a true cell? autotroph heterotroph protocell microsphere proteinoid

autotroph

Which term does NOT apply to the first protocell? fermentation autotrophic membrane-bound single-celled self-replicating

autotrophic

Which of the following organisms is considered a microbe? bacteria snail eagle oak tree roundworm

bacteria

Most of the carbon dioxide transported in the plasma is in the form of gas bubbles. oxyhemoglobin. bicarbonate ions. carbaminohemoglobin. carbon monoxide.

bicarbonate ions.

Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous waste product? ammonia urea uric acid creatinine bile pigments

bile pigments

Which eating disorder is most likely due to a person being depressed? binge-eating disorder bulimia nervosa pica anorexia nervosa none of these disorders are associated with depression

binge-eating disorder

Which eating disorder is the most common? binge-eating disorder pica anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa stomach ulcers

binge-eating disorder

Which feature is used to distinguish modern humans? bipedalism notochord use of tools omnivore diet forward facing eyes

bipedalism

Endothermic animals with four-chambered hearts include the amphibians. reptiles. fish. arthropods. birds.

birds.

Which of the following is not a way that a drug affects the brain? cause the neurotransmitter to leak out of a synaptic vesicle into the axon terminal promote the release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft block the enzyme that causes breakdown of the neurotransmitter mimics the action of a neurotransmitter by binding to the receptor builds up along the outside of the brain because it cannot pass the blood-brain barrier

builds up along the outside of the brain because it cannot pass the blood-brain barrier

Which eating disorder is associated with a binge of high calorie foods a feeling of guilt followed by a purge cycle. bulimia nervosa binge-eating disorder pica anorexia nervosa all of these are associated with a binge of high calorie foods a feeling of guilt followed by a purge cycle

bulimia nervosa

Which of the following organisms exhibit complete metamorphosis? crayfish starfish grasshoppers butterfly lobsters

butterfly

Sea stars reproduce by budding. by asexual processes alone. asexually by fragmentation. by sexual processes only. by sexual means and also by asexual fragmentation.

by sexual means and also by asexual fragmentation.

Which of the following hormones is produced by the thyroid gland and controls blood calcium levels? mineralocorticoids parathyroid hormone T4 calcitonin T3

calcitonin

Anemia is one symptom of deficiency in all of the following vitamins and minerals except iron. folic acid (folacin). copper. vitamin B12. calcium.

calcium.

The element in your blood necessary for the clotting process is calcium. phosphorus. chlorine. iron. sodium.

calcium.

What structure allows the distribution of nutrients to osteocytes? canaliculi spongy bone osteoblasts growth plates diaphysis

canaliculi

The first cell is believed to have carried on anaerobic respiration. This means that it would have also carried on aerobic respiration. given off oxygen. carried on fermentation. been parasitic. been saprophytic

carried on fermentation.

In humans, the superior vena cava carries blood to the right atrium. carries blood away from the right atrium. joins with the aorta. has a high blood pressure. carries O2-rich blood.

carries blood to the right atrium.

The correct order of regions of vertebrae, from superior to inferior, is thoracic → lumbar → sacrum → cervical → coccyx. cervical → lumbar → sacrum → thoracic → coccyx. cervical → thoracic → lumbar → sacrum → coccyx. lumbar → sacrum → cervical → thoracic → coccyx. sacrum → cervical → thoracic → lumbar → coccyx.

cervical → thoracic → lumbar → sacrum → coccyx.

Homologous structures such as the bones in wings, flippers, and arms are most closely concerned with comparative anatomy. biogeography. the fossil record. comparative embryology. comparative biochemistry.

comparative anatomy.

A line of evidence NOT considered by Darwin in his development of the theory of natural selection is comparative anatomy. biogeography. the fossil record. geography. comparative biochemistry.

comparative biochemistry.

Almost all living organisms use DNA, ATP, and the same DNA triplet code. This is an example of evolution based on fossil record. biogeography. comparative anatomy. comparative embryology. comparative biochemistry.

comparative biochemistry.

Which protein forms pores in bacterial cell membranes? interferon cytokines histamine complement thrombin

complement

Which part of a muscle twitch occurs when the sarcomere distance is decreasing? latent period contraction period relaxation period refractory period expansion period

contraction period

The kind of algae that help to build a coral reef are Porphyra. Laminaria. coralline algae. Paramecium. Chlamydomonas.

coralline algae.

Which of the following hormones is considered a glucocorticoid? aldosterone insulin thyroxin cortisol parathyroid hormone

cortisol

In which direction does a nerve impulse usually move? cell body → dendrite → axon dendrite → axon → cell body dendrite → cell body → axon axon → cell body → dendrite axon → dendrite → cell body

dendrite → cell body → axon

If your bones were "pulled out" you would perhaps resemble a large pancake with eyes. Which of the following would NOT be affected? substantial body movement (walking, etc.) storage of calcium, phosphorus, and fat blood cell production protection of brain and other soft organs detection of stimuli

detection of stimuli

If the large intestine becomes irritated and peristalsis increases, what disease may result? constipation diarrhea appendicitis ulcers hernias

diarrhea

Elephantiasis is a tropical disease where small nematode larvae block the lymphatic ducts. As a result, the legs become large like those of an elephant and the scrotum and arms may also swell. This problem would be a severe form of hemorrhoids. phlebitis. anemia. angina. edema.

edema.

Primates are associated with all of the following except nails rather than claws. a larger brain (cerebral) volume. opposable thumb and sometimes large toe. eyes on the sides of the head. good hand-eye coordination.

eyes on the sides of the head.

Which is NOT a correct association of disease with cause or symptoms? multiple sclerosis—myelin sheath lesions impair normal conduction of impulses Parkinson's disease—malfunction of the basal nuclei Alzheimer's disease—gradual death of brain cells in hippocampus due to calcium ion influx fetal alcohol syndrome—increased intelligence and physical performance cocaine overdose—seizures and cardiac or respiratory arrest

fetal alcohol syndrome—increased intelligence and physical performance

Which of the following is not a major class of nutrients required by the human body? fiber carbohydrates proteins lipids vitamins

fiber

The long insoluble threads of a blood clot originate from fibrinogen. thrombin. collagen. prothrombin. platelets.

fibrinogen.

The radius is to the ulna as the tibia is to the femur. fibula is to the ulna. fibula is to the tibia. humerus is to the femur. humerus is the radius.

fibula is to the tibia.

The glomerular (Bowman's) capsule returns material to the blood. filters material from the blood. makes urea. contains urine in its final state. reabsorbs materials not to be excreted.

filters material from the blood.

If there is a change in the allele frequency of a gene pool due to chance, primarily in a small population, it is termed mutations. genetic drift. gene flow. nonrandom mating. natural selection.

genetic drift.

Which body part is associated with only the primary somatosensory area? genitals pharynx tongue face thumb

genitals

The tissue that has a white, translucent appearance and is found at the ends of long bones is called hyaline cartilage. fibrocartilage. elastic cartilage. compact bone. dense fibrous connective tissue.

hyaline cartilage.

Which bone is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone? zygomatic bone mandible floating rib hyoid bone wrist bone

hyoid bone

Jeremy has developed a problem with regulating his waking/sleeping cycle and regulating his body temperature. Doctors suspect he may have a brain lesion. Where might this lesion be located? in the cerebellum in the prefrontal area of the cerebrum in Broca's area of the cerebrum in the pons in the hypothalamus

in the hypothalamus

When the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is cut, the organism is killed. incoming sensory nerve impulses are lost. outgoing motor nerve impulses are lost. incoming motor nerve impulses are lost. impulses do not cross over to the other side of the body.

incoming sensory nerve impulses are lost.

The overall effect of renin release will be to lower blood pressure. lower blood volume. convert angiotensin II into angiotensin I. inhibit aldosterone secretion. increase blood pressure for homeostasis.

increase blood pressure for homeostasis.

The type of respiration in which gases are exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid is termed breathing. external respiration. internal respiration. cellular respiration. inspiration.

internal respiration.

The vocal cords are found in the bronchi. nose. larynx. lungs. pharynx.

larynx.

The breathing rate is controlled by chemoreceptors that detect levels of oxygen in the alveolar air space. levels of oxygen in the blood. levels of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air space. levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. level of stretching of the rib muscles and diaphragm.

levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Crustose, fruticose and foliose obtain their nutrients from photosynthetic cells contained within their middle layer. These are varieties of rusts and smuts. mushrooms. yeasts. lichens. mycorrhizae.

lichens.

The Archaea include all of the following EXCEPT the methanogens. lichens. halophiles. thermoacidophiles. prokaryotes.

lichens.

Scientists utilize carpet beetles to reduce an animal carcass to bones. Unlike bacteria that decompose all softer tissues, the beetles leave the bones of the skeleton connected to one another. Therefore, they have avoided consuming the ligaments. tendons. spongy bone. marrow. periosteum.

ligaments.

If you are tracing the path of blood from the right to the left side of the heart, you must mention the lungs. hepatic portal vein. aorta. superior vena cava. inferior vena cava.

lungs.

Which of the following body systems is not involved in the control of fluid balance in the body? cardiovascular digestive lymphatic urinary endocrine

lymphatic

An animal that is characterized by vertebrae, dorsal hollow nerve cord, hair, and mammary glands must be a(n) fish. amphibian. reptile. bird. mammal.

mammal.

The spleen has a relatively thin outer capsule and can actually burst due to a blow to the abdomen. A person whose spleen has burst cannot survive. cannot synthesize red blood cells. cannot synthesize white blood cells. may need antibiotic therapy. may need blood transfusions to prevent anemia.

may need antibiotic therapy.

Which part of the brain contains centers for the heartbeat and respiration? medulla oblongata hypothalamus cerebellum cerebrum pons

medulla oblongata

The heart rate speeds up or slows down because the AV node detects lower levels of oxygen and sends faster signals to the SA node. brain consciously detects the need for more oxygen and intentionally stimulates the heart. medulla oblongata, through the autonomic system, stimulates or depresses heart rate based on activity and stress. hormone epinephrine inhibits the heartbeat. SA node detects lower levels of oxygen and sends faster signals to the AV node.

medulla oblongata, through the autonomic system, stimulates or depresses heart rate based on activity and stress.

In contraction the thin filaments become shorter. thin filaments become longer. thick filaments become shorter. thick filaments become longer. neither of the filaments change length.

neither of the filaments change length.

Inbreeding within a population is an example of mutations. genetic drift. gene flow. nonrandom mating. natural selection.

nonrandom mating.

Which of the following hormones will allow us to react to emergency situations? estrogen progesterone testosterone atrial natriuretic hormone norepinephrine

norepinephrine

Hemoglobin is NOT carried in red blood cells. an oxygen transporter. made of protein and heme. normally found free in the plasma. a red pigment.

normally found free in the plasma.

If oxygen had been present in the original primitive atmosphere, organic molecules would be prevented from joining together. microspheres could have formed. aerobic cellular respiration would occur. protocells would be able to form. organisms could have carried out cellular respiration.

organic molecules would be prevented from joining together.

Which region of the human body is least likely to produce pheromones? palms scalp oral cavity axilla genital area

palms

Which of the following is an upper respiratory tract disease? pharyngitis acute bronchitis asthma pneumonia cystic fibrosis

pharyngitis

Which portion of the respiratory tract is commonly referred to as the "throat"? pharynx larynx glottis trachea epiglottis

pharynx

Which respiratory organ normally allows both air and food passage? bronchi trachea larynx pharynx nasal cavity

pharynx

Which association is NOT correct? larynx—voice box trachea—windpipe alveoli—gas exchange pharynx—vocal cords hair and mucus—nasal passages

pharynx—vocal cords

The vascular tissue by which nutrients are transported throughout ferns is called xylem. stigma. phloem. absent in roots. produced by stomata.

phloem.

A land based adaptation that pine trees have is that when microsporocytes undergo meiosis to produce microspores they are then liberated as the embryo sacs. ovules. pollen grains. zygotes. egg.

pollen grains.

Which feature is common across all seed plants? flowers fruits pollen tubes flagellated sperm sperm carried by windborne pollen

pollen tubes

All the members of a single species that occupy a particular area and are able to interbreed are a subspecies. gene pool. population. domain. community.

population.

Which of the following endocrine gland does NOT produce its own hormones but stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus? thyroid adrenal cortex adrenal medulla posterior pituitary anterior pituitary

posterior pituitary

The function of endosperm is to form the seedling. develop into the fruit. provide water to the embryo. provide nutrients to the embryo. provide a protective coating for the embryo.

provide nutrients to the embryo.

Which type of animal symmetry produces mirror images of each other no matter how the animal is sliced longitudinally? radial symmetry asymmetrical symmetry bilateral symmetry asymmetrical symmetry and bilateral symmetry None of these.

radial symmetry

If you change your hands from a position where they are folded together to where they are cupped to collect a handful of water, you have mainly rotated which arm bone(s)? humerus scapula ulna radius carpels

radius

All of the following are characteristics of primates EXCEPT the nails on hands and feet. stereoscopic vision. well-developed brain. opposable thumb. rapid postnatal maturation.

rapid postnatal maturation.

The above-ground portion of a mushroom is termed basidiocarp, which specializes in securing food for the organism. reproduction. producing food for humans. disintegration. parasitizing other organisms.

reproduction.

Which one of the following is NOT a part of the appendicular skeleton? ribs fibula humerus coxal radius

ribs

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents blood from re-entering the right atrium. left atrium. right ventricle. left ventricle. pulmonary trunk.

right ventricle.

If you wash your skin and hair many times a day, you will soon have dry skin that cracks and bleeds because you have removed the _____ secreted by ______ that is necessary to keep the skin supple. salty sweat; sweat glands pili; erectors lymph; lymphatic ducts sebum; sweat glands sebum; oil glands

sebum; oil glands

If you vomit and stomach contents move out through the nose, there has been a failure of the reflex action of reverse peristalsis. trachea to move up under the epiglottis to cover the glottis. soft palate to move back to close off the nasopharynx. larynx to move up. glottis to retain food.

soft palate to move back to close off the nasopharynx.

Which of the following attach muscle to bone? ligaments joints tendons adipose tissue sarcomere

tendons

Which of the following human digestive enzymes is incorrectly matched to its substrate? pepsin-protein trypsin-nucleic acid salivary amylase-starch lipase-fat maltase-maltose

trypsin-nucleic acid

Which of the following features is NOT a characteristic used to distinguish birds? feathers air sacs variable body temperature hard-shelled egg four-chambered heart

variable body temperature

Vertebrates possessing a four-chambered heart are bipedal. all birds. warm-blooded (maintains a constant body temperature). cold-blooded (body temperature varies with external temperature). reptiles.

warm-blooded (maintains a constant body temperature).

Skeletal muscles are found in and about internal organs. work in antagonistic pairs. get longer when they contract. contain calcium throughout the cell. have the same origin and insertion point.

work in antagonistic pairs.

The electrical changes that occur in the heart during contraction are recordings termed EEGs. ECGs. EGGs. EMGs. MIGs.

ECGs.

The sound of a heartbeat results when the ventricles contract and blood is surged out of the heart. True False

False

When you drink coffee, which is more acidic than you bloodstream, the pH of your blood drops. True False

False

You should treat the common cold with antibiotics to shorten the duration of symptoms. True False

False

Which statement is NOT true about nonrandom mating? Inbreeding is mating between relatives more often than by chance. Inbreeding is a change in allele frequencies that increases the proportion of heterozygotes in the population. An example is when a tall man marries a tall woman. Nonrandom mating tends to cause subdivision into two phenotypic classes with reduced gene flow between them. An example is when the strongest male wins the opportunity to mate with his choice of females.

Inbreeding is a change in allele frequencies that increases the proportion of heterozygotes in the population.

Which statement is NOT true about the RNA-first hypothesis? It is supported by the discovery that RNA can act as a catalyst. It is supported by the fact that RNA can act as a substrate and as an enzyme. It suggests that there was an "RNA world" about 4 billion years ago. It says that first RNA, then DNA, then proteins would have been necessary to interact in the chemical evolution that would have led to the development of the first cells. It suggests that only RNA was needed to progress to the formation of the first cells.

It says that first RNA, then DNA, then proteins would have been necessary to interact in the chemical evolution that would have led to the development of the first cells.

Which statement is NOT true about the lymphatic system? It takes up excess tissue fluid at the site of capillaries. Lymph contains the same proteins as found in the blood. It helps defend the body against disease. It contains lymph that may have fat in it. Lymph is tissue fluid that has entered a lymph vessel.

Lymph contains the same proteins as found in the blood.

Endocrine glands have no ducts. True False

True

When anyone severs his spinal cord, as Christopher Reeve did in a horse riding accident, they suffer a loss of sensation and a loss of voluntary control. True False

True

Would untreated SCID be considered a lethal disease? True False

True

When Lauren reached the age of puberty, she did not undergo the expected changes. Today, at 17, she has still not undergone puberty. What endocrine gland could be the issue? posterior pituitary parathyroid thymus pancreas adrenal cortex

adrenal cortex

Which structure releases aldosterone? glomerular (Bowman's) capsule proximal convoluted tubule cells loop of the nephron (loop of Henle) collecting tubule adrenal cortex

adrenal cortex

Which of the following are NOT grouped with the Protista? protozoans algae slime molds water molds black bread mold

black bread mold

Which of the following symptoms would not be typical of otitis media? pain sense of fullness in the ear hearing loss headache dizziness

headache

The cartilaginous fishes include all EXCEPT lampreys. dogfish shark. skates. rays. whale shark.

lampreys.

The water vascular system of the echinoderm is used for locomotion. respiration. circulation. digestion. sensing the environment.

locomotion.

Which feature is lacking in the cell wall of Archaea that will distinguish them from the bacteria? peptidoglycan phospholipids proteins polysaccharides None of these features are lacking in the cell walls of the Archaea.

peptidoglycan

The first fossil evidence of vascular tissue is seen in the green algae. tracheophytes. rhyniophytes. bryophytes. tree ferns.

rhyniophytes.

In humans, the lungs are caused to inflate when the rib muscles contract. diaphragm muscle contracts. rib muscles and diaphragm contract. diaphragm relaxes. rib muscles and diaphragm relax.

rib muscles and diaphragm contract.

The term for the body of a bryophyte such as Marchantia is antheridia. rhizoid. archegonium. protonema. thallus.

thallus.

Urinary tract infections confined to the urethra are called urethritis. kidneyitis. cystitis. nephritis. prostatitis.

urethritis.

Prokaryotic cells are represented by fossils that are dated back as far as _____ billion years ago. 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 10

3.5

Which of the following statements about sponges is NOT correct? Sponges have no nerve fibers. Sponges have no fully developed muscle fibers. Amoeboid cells capture food particles from the water. Sponges may reproduce asexually by budding or by regeneration from a small piece. Cells of a single sponge will recognize others of the same kind and reaggregate if the cells are separated and allowed to reassociate.

Amoeboid cells capture food particles from the water.

A new classification by domains separates traditional bacteria into Archaea and Cyanobacteria. Bacteria and Cyanobacteria. photosynthetic bacteria and chemosynthetic bacteria. Archaea and Bacteria. autotrophs and heterotrophs.

Archaea and Bacteria.

How are the archaea different from bacteria? Archaea show the earliest form of photosynthetic ability. Bacteria lack the peptidoglycan cell wall found in the Archaea. Archaea have a monolayer of lipids with branched side chains. The Archaea have evolved far more advanced forms of metabolism than bacteria. Archaea have very delicate plasma membranes compared to more durable bacteria.

Archaea have a monolayer of lipids with branched side chains.

Before major surgery, a patient is often asked if they have been taking large amounts of aspirin, and if so, they may have to postpone surgery and go without aspirin for some days. What is the reason for this? Aspirin interferes with the action of prothrombin activator. Aspirin causes the blood to be thinner or less viscous. Aspirin decreases red blood cell production. Aspirin reduces the stickiness of platelets and reduces the ability to clot. Aspirin eliminates pain and some pain is necessary for healing.

Aspirin reduces the stickiness of platelets and reduces the ability to clot.

The fossil called Lucy is a member of the species ___, which lived about 3.18 million years ago. Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Proconsul Homo habilis Homo erectus

Australopithecus afarensis

A person who is B positive will have A antigens, anti-B antibody, Rh antigen. B antibodies, anti-A antibody, Rh antigen. B antigens, anti-A antibody, no Rh antigen. B antigens, anti-A antibody, Rh antigen. B antigens, anti-B antibody, Rh antigen.

B antigens, anti-A antibody, Rh antigen.

What is the originator cell for monoclonal antibodies? B cells T cells Red blood cells White blood cells macrophages

B cells

Which is NOT a true statement about the blood component? Red blood cells provide the major transport for oxygen. Blood contains a matrix of collagen fibers made by cells. Platelets are not complete cells. White blood cells either engulf disease organisms or form antibodies for immunity. Plasma makes up slightly over half of human blood volume to provide a liquid in which blood solids can flow.

Blood contains a matrix of collagen fibers made by cells.

Which of the following is a way that crayfish and grasshoppers are similar? Both have tympanum for use in mating rituals. Both have malpighian tubules that function in the extraction of nitrogenous waste. Both have spicules and a tracheal system for respiration. Both have bodies that are composed of a cephalothorax and abdomen. Both have antennae that have a sensory function.

Both have antennae that have a sensory function.

Certain people have an inability to speak due to brain damage. The most likely area of the brain that has been damaged is Broca's area. the meninges. the ventricles. the amygdala. the limbic system.

Broca's area.

Which of the following is the correct order, from simple to complex, showing the origin of life? proteins → CH4 and NH3 → amino acids → C, H, O, N C, H, O, N → CH4 and NH3 → amino acid → proteins C, H, O, N → amino acids → proteins → CH4 and NH3 amino acids → proteins → C, H, O, N → CH4 and NH3 CH4 and NH3 → proteins → C, H, O, N → amino acids

C, H, O, N → CH4 and NH3 → amino acid → proteins

Bacteria cause diseases in humans when they Carry genes that code for specific virulence factors that determine the type and extent of the illness. Carry the same genes as the host organism causing them to be indistinguishable from the host cell. Carry the genes of viruses causing them to be more harmful to humans. Carry the genes of organisms like birds (bird flu) or pigs (swine flu). Carry genes that allow them to become symbiotes.

Carry genes that code for specific virulence factors that determine the type and extent of the illness.

In the case of Darwin's finches, an ancestral finch species from the mainland arrived on the Galapagos Islands and soon developed into many new species via adaptive radiation. The finches did NOT undergo adaptive radiation back on the mainland. What is the most plausible biological explanation? Directional selection works better on islands. Competition from many other bird species on the mainland provided stabilizing selection that was absent on the islands. The environment on the mainland was completely uniform. The founder effect greatly expanded the variation in alleles in the Galapagos finch gene pool. The ancestral mainland finch was reproductively isolated.

Competition from many other bird species on the mainland provided stabilizing selection that was absent on the islands.

Which of these is a correct description of a form of genetic recombination in bacteria? Crossing-over occurs between paired chromosomes in meiosis. Conjugation occurs when a cell passes DNA to another cell by means of a sex pilus. Transformation occurs when a bacteriophage carries a bit of DNA from a previous host cell to a new host cell. Transduction occurs when a live bacterium picks up DNA from dead bacteria that have shed it into the environment of the living cell. Binary fission occurs when two bacteria cells exchange genetic information.

Conjugation occurs when a cell passes DNA to another cell by means of a sex pilus.

Phylogenetics uses evolutionary trees called cladograms to arrange species into clades, or related groups, showing all of the descendents of a common ancestor. The branches of the tree are based on all but which of the following Shared derived characteristics Convergent evolution Homologous structures Morphological data DNA sequences

Convergent evolution

An antihistamine counters the effects of a histamine. Which of the following is NOT an effect of a histamine? Increased blood flow brings more white blood cells to the site of injury or invasion. Capillary dilation increases blood flow and causes surface redness. Increased blood flow and permeability increase the fluids in the tissues, causing them to swell. Increased blood flow brings more warmth to the area causing a local "fever" which helps white blood cells and suppresses microbes. Decreased blood flow inhibits a pathogen from spreading throughout the body.

Decreased blood flow inhibits a pathogen from spreading throughout the body.

In the fetal heart, the lungs are deflated and the fetus receives oxygen from its mother across the placenta through the umbilical cord. There is an opening in the wall between the left and right side of the fetal heart. This should normally grow closed before birth. What symptoms would be expected if this heart wall opening remained open? It would cause hypertension-fetal blood pressure would be abnormally high. This would balance the diastolic and systolic blood pressure readings. Deoxygenated blood would mix with oxygenated blood and systemic circulation would have too little oxygen to sustain healthy growth. This would not actually cause any bad effects at all since the heart pumping would be equally distributed between left and right ventricles. This would cause blood to flow back out of the heart through the right atrium and cause drastic effects in the fetus.

Deoxygenated blood would mix with oxygenated blood and systemic circulation would have too little oxygen to sustain healthy growth.

Which of the following is an incorrect statement? Bacteria, fungi, and protozoans sometimes cause disease. Dinoflagellates, diatoms, and trypanosomes are unicellular algae. Cyanobacteria, diatoms, and euglenoids carry on photosynthesis. Protozoans include amoebas, paramecia, and flagellates. Amoeboids, zooflagellates, and sporozoans can cause human diseases.

Dinoflagellates, diatoms, and trypanosomes are unicellular algae.

The life cycle of animals Demonstrates alternation of generation, where the zygote is haploid and the adult is diploid. Does not demonstrate alternation of generation both the zygote and the adult are haploid. Demonstrates alternation of generation where the zygote is diploid and the adult is haploid. Does not demonstrate alternation of generation since only the spores are haploid. Does not demonstrate alternation of generation; gametes are haploid and the organism is diploid.

Does not demonstrate alternation of generation; gametes are haploid and the organism is diploid.

Which eating disorder is most commonly diagnosed among people who seek treatment? EDNOS (eating disorders not otherwise specified) anorexia nervosa purging episodes bulimia nervosa binge-eating followed by purging

EDNOS (eating disorders not otherwise specified)

Jackie's ankles are very swollen at night after work. When she went to the doctor about the problem, the doctor requested a urine specimen. Why? Edema could be a sign of kidney failure. A urine sample might contain protein or urea. Jackie is probably drinking too much water and the doctor can see this because the urine will be very dilute. Jackie probably stands all day long and this prevents the urinary system from working correctly. Edema is a sign of kidney stones and the doctor is looking for small stones in the urine. Edema could be a sign of an inactive bladder. The doctor wants to see if Jackie is capable of urinating.

Edema could be a sign of kidney failure. A urine sample might contain protein or urea.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a fern? Eggs are produced in antheridia. Fern sporophyte is the dominant generation in the fern life cycle. Fern gametophyte is nonvascular. Fern sporophyte leaves first appear in a curled-up form termed a fiddlehead. Fern sporophyte is vascular.

Eggs are produced in antheridia.

How does expired air compare with inspired air? Expired air contains less oxygen but more carbon dioxide. Expired air contains less oxygen and less carbon dioxide. Expired air contains more oxygen and more carbon dioxide. Expired air contains more oxygen but less carbon dioxide. Expired and inspired air contain the same amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Expired air contains less oxygen but more carbon dioxide.

A reading of 120/80 indicates blood velocity. True False

False

A response that does not occur immediately cannot be considered an allergic response even if it appears like one. True False

False

All arteries contain oxygenated blood, and all veins contain nonoxygenated blood. True False

False

Almost all of the disorders of the respiratory system are due to infectious diseases. Those that are not infectious are mostly likely inherited diseases. True False

False

Both inspiration and expiration require active engagement of the diaphragm and the rib muscles. True False

False

Each kidney has about one thousand structural units called nephrons. True False

False

Glucagon stimulates the liver to take up glucose in order to store it as glycogen. True False

False

In a comminuted bone fracture, the break does not pass all the way through the bone. True False

False

In a coronary bypass operation, a stent is placed within the blockage and the clogged area is compressed. True False

False

In an average adult, only about 1/3 of the air actually reaches the alveoli. True False

False

Most illicit drugs affect the action of the brain by interfering with the Na+-K+ pump and nerve impulses. True False

False

Only blood pressure controls movement of fluid through the capillary wall into the tissue. Therefore, people with high blood pressure often have swelling issues. True False

False

Oxygen in the lungs diffuses from the capillary walls to enter the alveolar walls. True False

False

People who are obese lack self control and should just not eat as much. True False

False

Protists offer a glimpse into the past because they are most likely related to the first prokaryotic cell to have evolved. True False

False

Smoking may increase your risk of lung cancer, but it does not affect the risk of bladder cancer. True False

False

Soft drinks are a good source of carbohydrates for the body. True False

False

Taxonomy is the branch of systemic biology that studies the evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms. True False

False

The brains of Alzheimer disease patients show no abnormalities post-mortem. True False

False

The hepatic portal vein empties into the inferior vena cava. True False

False

The limbic system is a separate part of the brain located behind the cerebellum on top of the brain stem. True False

False

Which is NOT a correct description of cartilage? Hyaline cartilage is white and translucent and found at the ends of long bones. Hyaline cartilage contains only very fine collagen fibers. Fibrocartilage contains strong collagen fibers. Fibrocartilage forms the nose. Elastic cartilage forms the flexible outer ear.

Fibrocartilage forms the nose.

Which of the following is characteristic of flukes? Flukes are ectoparasites of invertebrates. Most flukes have separate sexes. Flukes are covered by a ciliated integument. Flukes possess an oral sucker that is surrounded by a nonsensory papilla. Flukes have a well-developed alimentary canal.

Flukes have a well-developed alimentary canal.

The geological time scale indicates the order of Eras to be Cenozoic as the most recent, the middle Era is the Mesozoic, with dinosaurs as the major group, and the earliest Era being the Paleozoic. Consider a hillside of rock that surfaces in your backyard that is identified as dating back to the Mesozoic Era. What is possible? Fossils from all other strata can still be found underneath if you dig far enough. All periods of fossils had to be laid down in the backyard but higher ones were eroded away. Fossils were mainly deposited when your backyard was sediment, so many layers might be missing, but any layer from Cenozoic to Paleozoic might be found. Fossils were mainly deposited when your backyard was sediment, so many layers might be missing, but any layer from earlier Mesozoic through Paleozoic might be found. Only one layer of fossils can be found at any site.

Fossils were mainly deposited when your backyard was sediment, so many layers might be missing, but any layer from earlier Mesozoic through Paleozoic might be found.

Which statement is NOT true about a protocell? It would have contained DNA as its genetic material. It would have been present before the development of a true cell. It would have had a lipid and protein membrane surrounding it. It would have contained a biochemical pathway for energy metabolism. It might have been like a coacervate droplet in which a semipermeable boundary allows some materials to be absorbed from the surrounding environment.

It would have contained DNA as its genetic material.

Which statement is correct about the role of mineralocorticoids? Mineralocorticoids are used to regulate salt and water balances in the body that leads to an increase in the blood volume and blood pressure. Mineralocorticoids are used to regulate salt and water balances in the body that leads to an decrease in the blood volume and blood pressure. Mineralocorticoids are used to regulate salt and water balances in the body that leads to an increase in the blood volume but a decrease in blood pressure. Mineralocorticoids are used to regulate carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism leading to an increase in the blood glucose levels. Mineralocorticoids are used to regulate carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism leading to an decrease in the blood glucose levels.

Mineralocorticoids are used to regulate salt and water balances in the body that leads to an increase in the blood volume and blood pressure.

Because they have nerve fibers and muscle fibers, hydra are capable of directional movement. These nerve and muscle fibers are found In the gastrodermis. In the epidermis. In the mesoglea. Nerves are found in the gastrodermis and the muscle fibers in the ectodermis. Nerves are found just under the ectodermis and muscle fibers are found in the mesoglea.

Nerves are found just under the ectodermis and muscle fibers are found in the mesoglea.

Which description bets fits the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? Nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and motor commands to the muscles and glands. Nerves that carries motor commands to the CNS and sensory messages to the muscles and glands. Consists of the brain and spinal cord, located in the midline of the body. Consists of the brain and spinal cord, located on the peripheral aspect of the body. None of these are descriptions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

Nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and motor commands to the muscles and glands.

Until recently, we only described neurons as cellular units of the nervous system. Which is a probable reason science overlooked the importance of neuroglial cells? Neuroglial cells have long processes and look just like neurons. Neuroglial cells are rare compared to neurons and make up a very small volume of the brain. Neuroglial cells were thought to merely support neurons and their complex chemical role was not yet detected. Neuroglial cells are distant from the other neuron tissue. Neuroglial cells are developing larger today as people use more memory.

Neuroglial cells were thought to merely support neurons and their complex chemical role was not yet detected.

Which of the following does NOT reflect(s) the likely presence of a gene mutation(s)? Fruit flies subjected to intense radiation breed a wider array of variable offspring. A chemical leaking from the surface of an old abandoned coal mine alters a regulatory gene so that a cricket nymph develops an extra set of eyes. The bacteria that cause gonorrhea, a common sexually transmitted disease, have previously been killed by penicillin; however after continuous usage of the antibiotic, penicillin-resistant strains are now becoming prevalent. Radiation causes an alteration of a DNA nucleotide sequence which is discovered when mapped, but which appears to be neither increasing nor decreasing in successive generations. Offspring always have the same coloration as the parents.

Offspring always have the same coloration as the parents.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the flatworms? There are three complete tissue layers. Flatworms may be either free living or parasitic. Flatworms have a sac body plan, with only a mouth and no anus. Parasitic flatworms have a well-developed head with eyespots and nerves concentrated into a brain. Most planaria are found in marine environments, but some dwell in freshwater and moist terrestrial environments.

Parasitic flatworms have a well-developed head with eyespots and nerves concentrated into a brain.

A member of the sac fungi that contains an ascocarp is Amoeba proteus. Plasmodium vivax. Chlamydomonas. Penicillium species. Paramecium species.

Penicillium species.

What are the chemical signals that act between two individuals of the same species? Pheromones First messenger Second messenger Growth factors None of these are chemical signals that communicate between two individuals of the same species.

Pheromones

Which of these may occur in both angiosperms and gymnosperms? Seeds develop within a cone. Seeds develop within a flower. Seeds are surrounded by a fruit at maturity. Pollen is carried by the wind for pollination. Pollen is carried by honeybees as pollinators,

Pollen is carried by the wind for pollination.

The difference between phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium is that Phyletic gradualism can only happen with eukaryotes and punctuated equilibrium happens with prokaryotes. Punctuated equilibrium shows speciation in a relatively short time while phyletic gradualism shows speciation as changes accumulate over vast periods of time. Phyletic gradualism shows speciation in a relatively short time while punctuated equilibrium shows speciation as changes accumulate over vast periods of time. Phyletic gradualism shows in the fossil record and punctuated equilibrium does not. There is no difference between Punctuated equilibrium and Phyletic gradualism.

Punctuated equilibrium shows speciation in a relatively short time while phyletic gradualism shows speciation as changes accumulate over vast periods of time.

Which is a correct description of muscle tissues? Cardiac muscle is found in the heart, blood vessels, and nerves leading to the heart. Smooth muscle is voluntary and represented by most skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscle cells are often striated or banded where actin and myosin filaments overlap. Smooth muscle cells contain many nuclei because many cells fused into one fiber. Skeletal muscle cells are branched and tangled and bound end-to-end at intercalated disks.

Skeletal muscle cells are often striated or banded where actin and myosin filaments overlap.

What general feature is necessary to consider an organism a microbe? Small enough that a microscope is required to see them. Multicellular. Heterotrophic. Sexual reproduction. Use aerobic respiration for metabolism.

Small enough that a microscope is required to see them.

Which of the following would NOT result in reproductive isolation? Snakes found in one state are genetically identical to snakes found in a neighboring state. Fruit flies on one Hawaiian island live for hundreds of generations and do not come in contact with fruit flies on another island except when blown there by rare tropical storms. One brood of the seventeen-year cicada emerged in 1987 (and will do so every 17 years) and lives a few months as adults; another brood emerged in 1992 (and will do so every 17 years); the larvae of both feed side-by-side on tree roots. A lion and a tiger mate in the artificial confines of a zoo but the offspring is infertile. Two populations of crickets are indistinguishable in physical features but the females in each group only come to the different songs of their males.

Snakes found in one state are genetically identical to snakes found in a neighboring state.

Which of the following observation did Charles Darwin make during his 5 year voyage aboard the HMS Beagle? Species exhibit great variation within a single population. Species do not change over time. The environment can bring about inherited change in an individual. All species share the same basic genetic and molecular makeup. The Earth was dated to be approximately 4.6 billion years old.

Species exhibit great variation within a single population.

Which statement about arachnids is NOT true? Ticks and mites are often parasitic. Spiders and scorpions are predators. Spiders have trachea for respiration. Spiders have a pair of fangs which release poison. The body parts include a cephalothorax and an abdomen.

Spiders have trachea for respiration.

Members of which genus of algae are found in ponds and have chloroplasts that are arranged in a spiral? Ulva Spirogyra Euglena Chlamydomonas Volvox

Spirogyra

Which statement is NOT true about the development of an action potential? There is a rapid change in polarity from about -65 mV to about +40 mV. It requires two types of gated channels. The action potential ends when the polarity across the membrane reaches +40 mV. Depolarization occurs when sodium gates open and allow sodium ions to enter the cell. Potassium gates open after the sodium gates and allow potassium ions to leave the cell.

The action potential ends when the polarity across the membrane reaches +40 mV.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about cnidaria? The adult body is bilaterally symmetrical. Most are found in shallow coastal marine environments. There are two tissue layers, an outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis. Stinging cells contain a threadlike nematocyst released to capture prey. A jellylike mesoglea contains cells that form a nerve net throughout the body.

The adult body is bilaterally symmetrical.

Larval tunicates differ from adults in all but one of the following ways. Which of the following is not true? The adults are sessile and the larvae are free swimming. The adults do not have a notochord while the larvae do. The adults do not have pharynx and gill slits while the larvae do. The adults do not have a dorsal, hollow nerve chord while the larvae do. The adults do not have a post-anal tail while the larvae do.

The adults do not have pharynx and gill slits while the larvae do.

Which of the following statements does not correctly describe air movement along the respiratory tract? Cilia and hairs in the nose help to screen out foreign particles in the air. Food and air both enter the pharynx, presenting a potential danger to respiration. Air reaching the lungs has been warmed to body temperature by passage through the nose and upper respiratory system. The glottis is the passageway through the larynx by which air enters the trachea. The bronchi serve as passageways into the trachea.

The bronchi serve as passageways into the trachea.

During organ transplant, which feature is the most important to recognize? The difference between the MHC proteins of the donor and the recipient. The difference between the blood types of the donor and the recipient. The similarities between the blood types of the donor and the recipient. The type of organ being transplanted. The age of the recipient of the transplanted organ.

The difference between the MHC proteins of the donor and the recipient.

If echinoderms are radially symmetrical, why are they considered primitive relatives of cnidarians? Echinoderms branched from cnidarians but are considered more advanced because they also gave rise to chordates. The echinoderm larvae are originally bilaterally symmetrical but metamorphose into a radially symmetrical adult. Radial symmetry is maintained as a primitive state by all animals in the embryonic stage and can appear anywhere. Echinoderms are the most primitive of the deuterostomes and evolution begins in each group with radial symmetry. Echinoderms have a five-sided bilateral symmetry that just appears to be radial.

The echinoderm larvae are originally bilaterally symmetrical but metamorphose into a radially symmetrical adult.

A pressurized airplane cabin and an oxygen tent over a patient in a hospital both address the need of a person for oxygen. How do these compare? The oxygen tent increases the air pressure to increase the PO2. Airplane cabin pressure lowers the partial pressures for normal breathing. Both use the same mechanism to force hemoglobin to increase affinity for oxygen. The oxygen tent increases concentration of O2 while the airplane maintains total air pressure without changing concentrations. Both increase the PO2 in order to force the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide.

The oxygen tent increases concentration of O2 while the airplane maintains total air pressure without changing concentrations.

What is the exocrine role of the pancreas? The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the small intestine. The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the stomach. The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the large intestine. The pancreas produces insulin that is secreted into the bloodstream. The pancreas produces glucagon that is taken up by the liver.

The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the small intestine.

What is an endocrine function of the pancreas? The pancreas secretes glucagon that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose. The pancreas secretes glucagon that stimulates the liver to break down glucose into glycogen. The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the small intestine. The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the stomach. The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the large intestine.

The pancreas secretes glucagon that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about alternation of generations life cycle? Meiosis produces spores that are haploid. Spores develop into the gametophyte generation. The gametophyte produces eggs and sperm. When the sperm fertilizes the egg, a zygote results that develops into the sporophyte. The sporophyte generation produces spores by mitosis in structures called sporangia.

The sporophyte generation produces spores by mitosis in structures called sporangia.

The Amish of Lancaster, PA. have a higher frequency of an unusual form of dwarfism than the population at large. This is probably due to natural selection. a bottleneck effect. a founder effect. vestigial structures. industrial melanism.

a founder effect.

Sodium concentration in the urine will be maintained due to the loop of the nephron (loop of Henle) exhibiting an active release of sodium from the descending limb. a passive and active release of sodium from the ascending limb. a passive release of sodium from the descending limb. the release of water from the ascending limb. the active transport of water.

a passive and active release of sodium from the ascending limb.

In the pine life cycle, a microspore develops into a seed. a sporophyte. a pollen grain. a megaspore. an ovule.

a pollen grain.

Seeds contain all of the following EXCEPT a seed coat. an endosperm. an embryo. a pollen grain. triploid tissue.

a pollen grain.

A major evolutionary trend among plants is a reduction in the size of the gametophyte and an increase in the size of the sporophyte. a reduction in the size of the sporophyte and an increase in the size of the gametophyte. an increase in the size of both the sporophyte and the gametophyte. a decrease in the size of both the sporophyte and the gametophyte. the sporophyte nor the gametophyte have evolved in plants and are basically the same size for all plant types.

a reduction in the size of the gametophyte and an increase in the size of the sporophyte.

Prostaglandins are distributed by blood like other hormones. cause muscles to relax. alleviate pain. are proteins produced in the brain. act locally.

act locally

Tubular secretion allows hydrogen ions, creatinine, and penicillin to be excreted in the distal convoluted tubule. How are these molecules moved across? fluid pressure similar to what happens in the glomerulus passive diffusion osmosis active transport reverse reabsorption

active transport

The disruption of homeostaisis can lead to what type of disease that can be life-threatening, but usually occurs and is resolved quickly? chronic systemic acute localized simple

acute

In comparing the number of differences in amino acids for cytochrome c: between a moth and a rattlesnake there are 31 different amino acids in the sequence, between a moth and a dog there are only 25, and there are 6 differences between a dog and a horse. Therefore, this is sufficient evidence to prove the moth is closer related to the dog than to the horse. dogs had to evolve earlier than horses, since moths are more primitive. evolution used to be considered a unifying theory until biochemical data showed only differences. added to anatomical similarities and fossil records, this provides additional evidence for constructing a phylogeny or family tree. biochemical information is not relevant to the evolution of organisms.

added to anatomical similarities and fossil records, this provides additional evidence for constructing a phylogeny or family tree.

Where would the blood be most viscous (least fluid) as it passes through the kidney? before the glomerulus after passing through the glomerulus but before reaching the loop of nephron after the loop of nephron Blood remains equally viscous at all points in the human body including the kidney nephrons. in the renal vein

after passing through the glomerulus but before reaching the loop of nephron

Which association is NOT correct? red blood cells—transport oxygen white blood cells—fight infection water—maintains blood volume oxygen—cellular respiration albumin—fights infection

albumin—fights infection

Which hormone is mismatched? thyroxin—thyroid parathyroid—calcium insulin—glucose aldosterone—iodine thymus—thymosin

aldosterone—iodine

In contrast to the out-of-Africa hypothesis, the multi-regional continuity hypothesis contends that Homo ergaster migrated to many continents as much as one million years ago, and all populations evolved into modern humans because no further evolutionary changes occurred. there was sufficient gene flow between populations to maintain one species. constant warfare allowed one or another lineage to dominate. hybrids between different lineages were superior and replaced their ancestors. all lineages changed but in response to the same evolutionary pressures so they changed in the same way.

all lineages changed but in response to the same evolutionary pressures so they changed in the same way.

What is the main reason for the presence of a pimple? all of these are reasons for the presence of a pimple increased production of sebum increased levels of hormones the presence of Propionibacterium acnes inflammatory response

all of these are reasons for the presence of a pimple

Which group of organisms can trace their ancestry to the protists? all of these trace their ancestry to the protists none of these trace their ancestry to the protists fungi plants animals

all of these trace their ancestry to the protists

A variety of genotypes and phenotypes in a population is useful because it makes life more interesting. allows the species to survive if the environment changes. means that the gene pool is constant and unchanging. makes genetic drift an unlikely occurrence. will lead to non-random mating.

allows the species to survive if the environment changes.

You are looking at a structure in the respiratory tract that is filled with small sacs or air pockets. What structure are you looking at? bronchi alveoli larynx pharynx nose

alveoli

The organic soup in which the first cell is believed to have arisen probably contained isolated atoms. bubbling hot gases only. algae and other microscopic organisms. amino and organic acids. nucleic acids and proteins.

amino and organic acids.

Deamination of amino acids will result initially in the formation of ammonia. urea. glucose. creatinine. uric acid.

ammonia.

Which of the following is NOT a fungus? mushroom yeast ringworm molds amoeba

amoeba

Ectothermic animals with three-chambered hearts would include amphibians. mammals. fish. arthropods. birds.

amphibians.

Extraembryonic membranes are NOT found in the development of amphibians. reptiles. birds. mammals. chordates.

amphibians.

Which limbic structure allows us to respond to and display anger and also prompts the release of adrenaline into the bloodstream? amygdala hippocampus cerebellum cerebrum pons

amygdala

If we set up an experimental design to explore the full digestion of starch to glucose, we would need to include which enzymes? pepsin and hydrochloric acid amylase and maltase trypsin and maltase pepsin and lipase trypsin and lipase

amylase and maltase

Which disease is associated with mild tremors in one or more limbs, abnormally high levels of glutamate in the cerebrospinal fluid and onset between the ages of 40 and 60? amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Guillain-Barre syndrome myasthenia gravis multiple sclerosis Parkinson's disease

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a innate defense mechanism against infection? stomach acids skin mucus in respiratory tract normal bacteria in intestine antibodies in mother's milk

antibodies in mother's milk

A person who is blood type AB has only antigen A on the surface of RBCs. only antigen B on the surface of RBCs. antigens A and B on the surface of RBCs. antibodies A and B on the surface of RBCs. only antibody A on the surface of RBCs.

antigens A and B on the surface of RBCs.

Which type of organism is characterized by having jointed appendages, ability to molt, and three sets of fused segments? molluscs echinoderms arthropods annelids chordates

arthropods

What is the order you would encounter these tissues entering the outside of the end of a long bone of the arm? articular cartilage → spongy bone → marrow → periosteum articular cartilage → periosteum → spongy bone → marrow periosteum → articular cartilage → spongy bone → marrow articular cartilage → marrow → spongy bone → periosteum spongy bone → articular cartilage → periosteum → marrow

articular cartilage → periosteum → spongy bone → marrow

Which of the following is NOT a correct association? fibrocartilage—thick collagen fibers elastic cartilage—flexible ear flaps hyaline cartilage—larynx and trachea articular cartilage—a type of elastic cartilage hyaline cartilage—appears uniform and glassy

articular cartilage—a type of elastic cartilage

Which pair is mismatched? sporangium-bread mold ascocarp-shelf fungi basidium-club fungi penicillin-sac fungi yeasts-sac fungi

ascocarp-shelf fungi

The life cycle stage of an animal virus during which a capsid forms around copies of the viral RNA genome is budding. attachment. biosynthesis. uncoating. assembly.

assembly.

Dendrites may be several feet in length. are always myelinated. are found only in the CNS. are solely responsible for nervous conduction. carry impulses toward a cell body.

carry impulses toward a cell body.

Type I diabetes is NOT caused when the pancreas is not producing insulin. likely due to an environmental agent, perhaps a virus, that causes cytotoxic T cells to destroy islets. treated with insulin injections and pancreatic transplants. dangerous due to risk of acidosis, coma, and death. caused by obesity.

caused by obesity.

Fertilization in the earthworm is accomplished by the use of the nephridia. clitellum. flame cells. trachea. typhlosole.

clitellum.

When an earthworm secretes a slime layer to receive eggs and sperm and form a ''cocoon,'' this secretion is produced by the annulations. peritoneum. clitellum. nephridium. prostomium.

clitellum.

When two mating strains of hyphae merge, the fungal cells are just another form of haploid cells. are just another name for diploid cells. contain two haploid nuclei. are non-septate plasmodial masses with many nuclei and no cell partitioning. are potential symbionts that can join with algae to form lichens.

contain two haploid nuclei.

Which of the following is from a division within the gymnosperm group? horsetail cycad moss fern monocot

cycad

Which type of lymphocyte is sometimes called a "killer cell" that brings about destruction of antigen-bearing cells? helper T cell suppressor T cell cytotoxic T cell memory T cell macrophage

cytotoxic T cell

Which is grouped with the algae? sporozoa zooflagellates slime molds diatoms ciliates

diatoms

Which of the following tissues may be specialized to secrete mucous? epithelial connective muscle nervous cartilage

epithelial

At body temperature, which of these combinations is most likely to result in digestion? fat, bile salts, sodium bicarbonate, lipase fat, bile salts, sodium bicarbonate, pepsin fat, HCl, maltase fat, bile salts, HCl, sodium bicarbonate, and trypsin fat, sodium bicarbonate, lipase

fat, bile salts, sodium bicarbonate, lipase

The megaspore in seed plants will develop into the seeds. spores. pollen grains. female gametophyte. male gametophyte.

female gametophyte.

All of the following may be found in the blood except fibrinogen. glucose. urea. oxygen. glycogen.

glycogen.

Which type of T cell improves the immune response? helper T cell suppressor T cell cytotoxic T cell memory T cell IgT cell

helper T cell

Blood traveling from the intestines to the liver is traveling in the pulmonary vein. inferior vena cava. superior vena cava. coronary vessels. hepatic portal vein.

hepatic portal vein.

Showy flowers are most likely pollinated by only insects. only birds. wind or birds. insects or birds. wind.

insects or birds.

A leafy plant with no true roots, no stem, and rhizoids that grow into the soil from the leaf like structure is a rose. liverwort. conifer. ginkgo. fern.

liverwort.

An impulse traveling up the spinal cord first enters the brain at the medulla. thalamus. hypothalamus. cerebellum. cerebrum.

medulla.

College students are notorious for having a reversed day-night schedule. They stay up all night and sleep during the day. This alteration changes what hormone levels? melatonin leptin growth hormone testosterone in males; estrogen in females prostaglandins

melatonin

The membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord are called cerebrospinal membranes. meninges. ventricles. epithelium. gray matter.

meninges.

In humans, digestion of starch begins in the mouth. esophagus. stomach. duodenum. large intestine.

mouth.

Which of the following agents of evolutionary change results in adaptation? mutation genetic drift gene flow nonrandom mating natural selection

natural selection

Where are the adrenal glands located? near the thyroid gland near the kidneys near the posterior pituitary near the pancreas near the gonads

near the kidneys

What begins as stem cells in the red bone marrow and then specializes to break down bone and release the calcium into the blood? menisci chondrocytes osteoclasts osteoblasts sarcomeres

osteoclasts

In the following pairs, which lists the first messenger followed by a second messenger? insulin; glucagon ACTH; cortisol TSH; thyroxin glucose; insulin peptide hormone; cAMP

peptide hormone; cAMP

Epithelial tissue can be modified to store fat. perform absorption. receive stimuli. move body parts. carry impulses.

perform absorption.

A short while after a person has died, a "gasp" of air may occur as the lungs collapse. This flow would represent the tidal volume. expiratory reserve volume. total lung volume. vital capacity. residual volume.

residual volume.

The structure found in non-vascular plants that anchor them to the soil and may serve in asexual reproduction is called the antheridia archegonia rhizoids protonema sori

rhizoids

The site of formation of pollen grains is in the carpel. sepal. receptacle. petal. stamen.

stamen.

What evidence would NOT be studied by a biogeographer? continental drift or the movement of tectonic plates over time amount of genetic similarity among current populations ocean currents and wind patterns ranges of animals and ability to migrate the genetic makeup of different but related organisms

the genetic makeup of different but related organisms

If a tree has flower petals that are small and the same color as its leaves, it is likely to be pollinated by bats. bees. the wind. butterflies. moths

the wind.

Which of the following is considered to be noncellular? bacteria fungi algae protozoans viruses

viruses

Fertilization in the mosses is dependent upon insects. mammals. water. wind. light.

water.

The earliest forms of life on earth are found in rocks that are estimated to be 1 million years old. 4 million years old. 1 billion years old. 3.5 billion years old. 4.6 billion years old.

3.5 billion years old.

Early doctors did not understand that blood flowed in a circuit but assumed that blood ebbed and flowed like a tide inside the body. William Harvey was the first to demonstrate the circulation of blood and convince the medical community. Which of the following observations would NOT be evidence that blood was pumped through the body or flowed in a circuit? Dissecting a live fish shows the heart beating and blood moving, gushing one direction. A very tight tourniquet causes the arteries to swell on the side toward the heart, but not on the side of the ligature away from the heart. Measuring the volume of the heart and counting the beats per minute gives a value of 520 pounds of blood an hour, many times a person's volume. In surface veins, blood can be pressed past a valve toward the heart but not away from the heart. A cut made anywhere on the body results in blood seeping from the wound.

A cut made anywhere on the body results in blood seeping from the wound.

Which statement best describes double fertilization in an angiosperm? Two egg cells are fertilized within each ovule. A sperm nucleus fuses with an egg cell and a sperm nucleus fuses with polar nuclei. Two sperm are required for fertilization of one egg cell. A flower can engage in both self pollination and cross pollination. One sperm fertilizes the egg while two polar nuclei fuse with a second egg.

A sperm nucleus fuses with an egg cell and a sperm nucleus fuses with polar nuclei.

Which of the following is an example of an acquired immunodeficiency? AIDS SCID flu none of these are examples of an acquired immunodeficiencies all of these are examples of an acquired immunodeficiencies

AIDS

Which of these is NOT a true statement? All chordates are vertebrates. All vertebrates are chordates. Tunicates and lancelets are invertebrate chordates. Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes. Sea squirts are invertebrate chordates.

All chordates are vertebrates.

Which of the following is a benefit of microbes? All of these are benefits of microbes. Various microbes help protect us from harmful microbes. Aid in digestion. Synthesize vitamin K an vitamin B12. Breakdown organic molecules.

All of these are benefits of microbes.

Which of the following statements about proteins in the diet is not true? Complete protein sources include meat, milk, and eggs. Legumes, seeds, nuts, and grains can be good protein sources, but contain insufficient amounts of at least one essential amino acid. The body is harmed if an excess of protein is consumed. Amino acids are stored in the body, so we do not need a regular supply of protein in the diet. Two servings of meat a day, each approximately the size of a deck of cards, is considered enough protein.

Amino acids are stored in the body, so we do not need a regular supply of protein in the diet.

Which of the following organisms move about by means of pseudopodia? Plasmodium vivax trypanosome Amoeba proteus Chlamydomonas Paramecium caudatum

Amoeba proteus

Which of the following is true about the clonal selection theory? An antigen selects certain B cells to produce a clone of plasma cells. An antibody stimulates the multiplication of B cell antigens against it. T cells select those B cells that should produce antibodies regardless of antigens. T cells suppress all those B cells except the ones that should multiply and divide. One B cell will give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies against several antigens.

An antigen selects certain B cells to produce a clone of plasma cells.

Which of the following is generally NOT a characteristic of all animals? They ingest food that is digested in a central cavity. They produce gametes by meiosis for sexual reproduction. They produce an embryo that undergoes development in stages. Animals range from unspecialized single-celled to specialized multicellular forms. The adult form is diploid.

Animals range from unspecialized single-celled to specialized multicellular forms.

Pathogenic bacteria are becoming increasingly deadly as Humans refuse to wash their hands frequently enough. Antibiotic resistance builds when more and more humans take unnecessary antibiotics. They pick up genes from humans allowing them to fool human body cells into thinking that they are harmless. Humans lose their natural immunity to many pathogens through lack of exposure. There are an increasing number of side effects from antibiotics.

Antibiotic resistance builds when more and more humans take unnecessary antibiotics.

What is the evolutionary relationship among Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya? Since Archaea are the most primitive, Archaean ancestors gave rise to bacteria that in turn gave rise to eukaryotes. All three domains are equally distant from the most primitive common ancestor, a protocell. Archaea and Eukarya share nucleic acid similarities so Eukarya split off from Archaea. Bacterial ancestors gave rise to both Archaea and to eukaryotes as two separate side branches. Archaea ancestors gave rise to both bacteria and to eukaryotes as two separate side branches.

Archaea and Eukarya share nucleic acid similarities so Eukarya split off from Archaea.

Which fossil evidence is considered an intermediate between reptiles and birds? Archaeopteryx Eusthenopteron Seymouria synapsids therapods

Archaeopteryx

Which species is believed to be the first creature to walk erect and possibly be the first hominin? Ardipithecus kadabba Australopithecus anamensis Ardipithecus ramidus Australopithecus afarensis Homo habilis

Ardipithecus kadabba

Which description best fits the lophotrochozoa? As embryos they have three germ layers that will develop into the organ level of organization as adults. As embryos they have two germ layers that will develop into the tissue level of organization as adults. Lophotrochozoa are deuterostomes. Lophotrochozoa are primarily a terrestrial group. The lophophore, a flagellated appendage, is used to define members of this group.

As embryos they have three germ layers that will develop into the organ level of organization as adults.

Which feature is not found in the lophotrochozoa? As embryos they have two germ layers that develop into their body systems. Aquatic lifestyle. Bilaterally symmetrical during some stage of their development. Use a lophophore as a feeding apparatus. They are protostomes.

As embryos they have two germ layers that develop into their body systems.

Which of the following is specifically responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? T cell B cell platelets RBC complement

B cell

Adaptive immunity depends upon the activity of what type of cells? natural killer cells and B cells natural killer cells and T cells neutrophils and B cells neutrophils and T cells B cells and T cells

B cells and T cells

Which statement is NOT true of the B cells? B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow. B cells carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces. B cells, when stimulated and changed into plasma cells, produce antibodies. B cells require presentation of antigens by macrophages before they are able to recognize the antigen. B cells, when stimulated, divide into memory cells.

B cells require presentation of antigens by macrophages before they are able to recognize the antigen.

Inflammation does not involve phagocytes. neutrophils. mast cells. macrophages. B cells.

B cells.

Different species of female fireflies flash different patterns during mating season. This is an example of _________ isolation. Postzygotic Isolation Temporal Isolation Behavioral Isolation Habitat Isolation Mechanical Isolation

Behavioral Isolation

What is thought to be the first major derived feature that separates land plants from charophytes? Both charophytes and land plants have chlorophyll b but only land plants have chlorophyll a. Both charophytes and land plants store excess carbohydrates but only land plants use glucose. Both charophytes and land plants protect their zygotes but only land plants also protect the resulting embryo. Both charophytes and land plants are made up of cells but only land plants have cell walls. Both charophytes and land plants have cell walls but only land plants use cellulose in their cell walls.

Both charophytes and land plants protect their zygotes but only land plants also protect the resulting embryo.

Which of the following is true concerning a comparison of arteries and veins? Both are attached to arterioles. Both are attached to venules. Both contain 3 layers in their walls. Both contain valves. Both allow nutrient exchange across their walls.

Both contain 3 layers in their walls.

Which statement is true regarding the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic motor pathways? Both divisions have two neurons per message. The sympathetic division is under voluntary control while the parasympathetic is under involuntary control. The sympathetic divisions uses acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter. The parasympathetic division uses norepinephrine as the neurotransmitter. Only the sympathetic division controls smooth and cardiac muscle.

Both divisions have two neurons per message.

Both charophytes and land plants share which of these characteristics? Both have true roots, and leaves. Both have chlorophyll a and store carbohydrates as starch. Both have vascular tissue and protect the zygote. Both protect the embryo and have cell walls with cellulose. Both cell walls that contain cellulose and produce seeds.

Both have chlorophyll a and store carbohydrates as starch

How is a lymph capillary like a blood capillary? Both contain blood. Both contain valves. Both have thin walls. Both are connected to the vena cava. Both systems run parallel through all body tissues.

Both have thin walls.

Which of the following is NOT a method by which the general dates of the geological time scale can be determined? Lower rock layers are older than surface layers. Common assemblages of indicator fossils occur in layers with primitive layers lower. Radioisotopes decay at constant rates and the ratio of isotopes-to-stable elements provides a relative age. Carbon 14 should double in a sample every 5,730 years and so can be used to date organic matter. Absolute and relative dating methods can both be used.

Carbon 14 should double in a sample every 5,730 years and so can be used to date organic matter.

A member of the green algae is Amoeba proteus. Plasmodium vivax. Chlamydomonas. Penicillium. Paramecium.

Chlamydomonas.

If you live on a river delta or coastline, you may not be able to eat the local shellfish because of high levels of toxins, even though you may be able to drink the water taken from the same source. Why? Clams seasonally produce toxic substances. Shellfish regularly consume poisonous red tide organisms. Most harmless native clams have been replaced by bad species. Clams filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution. The toxins contained in the shellfish can't be broken down by your stomach, but toxins in the water can be.

Clams filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution.

Which of these statements is NOT true about complement? Complement is a complex of proteins. Complement is required for the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. Complement forms pores in bacterial membranes and allows fluid and salts to enter the bacterial cell. Complement attracts phagocytes to the bacterial cell and enhances its likelihood of being engulfed. Complement can assist in the inflammatory response.

Complement is required for the formation of antigen-antibody complexes.

Through molecular interaction of the macromolecules in the primitive ocean, the self-replicating system of ____ evolved. protein → RNA → DNA protein → DNA → RNA RNA → protein → DNA RNA → DNA → protein DNA → RNA → protein

DNA → RNA → protein

Which function is NOT correctly matched to its type of tissue? Adipose tissue stores fat. Reticular connective tissue produces blood cells. Connective tissues bind organs together and provide support and protection. Loose fibrous connective tissue encloses internal organs including muscles. Dense connective tissue is muscle that contracts.

Dense connective tissue is muscle that contracts.

"Artificial kidneys" do not function in all respects like a natural kidney. What is one inherent problem and what is its practical solution? Artificial systems are less efficient; run the artificial kidney 24 hours a day. Artificial kidneys are complex and must be operated at hospitals; train home care nurses. Dialysis uses passive diffusion and some kidney functions require selective active transport; restrict diet to limit the variety of waste molecules. Artificial kidneys treat the blood directly requiring IV tubing, etc.; invent an alternative to avoid the bloodstream. Blood coagulates any time it leaves the body; dilute the blood.

Dialysis uses passive diffusion and some kidney functions require selective active transport; restrict diet to limit the variety of waste molecules.

Which is NOT a correct association describing aspects of the cardiac cycle? Each heartbeat constitutes a cardiac cycle. Diastole is contraction of the heart and systole is relaxation. A normal heart rate varies from 60 to 80 beats per minute. A pulse is the expansion and recoil of artery walls felt near the body surface. Valves prevent backflow of blood into the heart when the heart relaxes.

Diastole is contraction of the heart and systole is relaxation.

Why do physicians prescribe diuretic drugs to patients with high blood pressure? Diuretic drugs decrease urine flow and the more fluid and watery blood is easier to pump. Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and decrease the blood volume that must be pumped. Diuretic drugs decrease urine flow and the kidney does not have to work as hard. Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and the loss of nitrogenous wastes helps the heart. Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and salt loss. Salt is bad for the heart.

Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and decrease the blood volume that must be pumped.

Which of the following organisms show the typical method of acquiring food that is found in animals? Euglena, who are autotrophic and heterotrophic. Basidiomycetes, club fungi, who decompose wood and other plant material. Earthworms, annelids, who feed on any available organic matter that they can take into their mouths Volvox, a colonial alga that is autotrophic Archaea, who are chemotrophic.

Earthworms, annelids, who feed on any available organic matter that they can take into their mouths

Which statement is NOT true about epithelial tissue? Epithelial tissue helps to protect the body from bacterial invasion. Epithelial tissue can be glandular. Epithelial tissue can be found lining the tubules of the kidney. Epithelial tissue may contain column-shaped cells. Epithelial cells have spaces between them.

Epithelial cells have spaces between them.

A home heating system is an example of a positive feedback mechanism. True False

False

A muscle but not the muscle fiber will obey the all-or-none law. True False

False

A muscle cramp happens when the actin and myosin filaments "seize up". True False

False

Bacterial metabolism is quite diverse and can range from heterotrophic individuals that are anaerobic to ones that use mitochondria to run cellular respiration. True False

False

In the tissues, oxygen and nutrients enter the capillaries and carbon dioxide and wastes leave the capillaries. True False

False

Inflammation or the inflammatory response is a harmful process that should be avoided. True False

False

Innate immunity involves B and T cells since you were born with them. True False

False

Lophotrochozoa are animals that are organized circularly, so no matter how they are sliced in half longitudinally, mirror images are obtained. True False

False

Most respiratory infections are caused by viruses and can successfully be treated with antibiotics. True False

False

Muscles that are not used or used for very weak contractions experience hypertrophy. True False

False

Sponges exhibit radial symmetry. True False

False

In the movies, there are often scenes where someone is holding a person to prevent them from falling. All of a sudden, the person's grip gives way and the other person falls. What is this most likely due to? The person changes their mind and lets go. Fatigue, following sustained muscle contraction, is apparent when a muscle relaxes even though stimulation continues. A muscle twitch has a contraction period followed by a relaxation period. Some of the muscle fibers contract while others relax at any given time. When more muscle fibers relax than contract, the grip would be broken. The slow-twitch muscle fibers take over after the fast-twitch muscle fibers fail. These do not have the same strength and endurance as the fast-twitch fibers and the person lets go.

Fatigue, following sustained muscle contraction, is apparent when a muscle relaxes even though stimulation continues.

Urine and feces are both considered excretions or wastes. How do they biologically compare? Undigested food passes through as feces; urine is just unused or surplus water. Although they are processed by separate systems, feces and urine are bacteria-laden and unsanitary. Feces is undigested food plus bacteria that was never inside the tissue; urine carries metabolic wastes from cell metabolism but should be bacteria-free. Both feces and urine were molecules that were for a short time part of cell metabolism. Both are ways of excreting excess water from the body.

Feces is undigested food plus bacteria that was never inside the tissue; urine carries metabolic wastes from cell metabolism but should be bacteria-free.

Which of the following is not true of ferns? erns are seedless vascular plants. Ferns can grow in dry, cold conditions. The gametophyte of ferns is nonvascular. Ferns can reproduce asexually through the growth of rhizomes in the soil. The gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte for nourishment.

Ferns are seedless vascular plants.

What tissue is found in pads between the vertebrae? Bone Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage Hyaline cartilage Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Fibrocartilage

The kingdom ____ are characterized by having filaments called hyphae that are used to absorb nutrients. Archaea Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae

Fungi

____ are mostly saprotrophic decomposers that assist in recycling of nutrients in ecosystems. Algae Viruses Fungi Protozoans Ciliates

Fungi

What is the role of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors? Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors cause the bone marrow stem cells form into different types of white blood cells. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors cause the bone marrow stem cells form into different types of red blood cells. Increase the number of fibroblasts. Increase the number of smooth muscle cells. Stimulate the healing of wounds.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors cause the bone marrow stem cells form into different types of white blood cells.

Which of the following is a way that crayfish and grasshoppers are different? Crayfish have an exoskeleton while grasshoppers do not. Grasshoppers have compound eyes while crayfish have a camera type of eye. Grasshoppers have well developed nervous systems while crayfish have a ladder network of nerves. Grasshoppers have spicules and tracheal tubes that serve as the means of gas exchange while crayfish have gills. Crayfish have an open circulatory system while grasshoppers have a closed circulatory system.

Grasshoppers have spicules and tracheal tubes that serve as the means of gas exchange while crayfish have gills.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch tradesman and scientist who is famous for all but one of the following. Which is the exception? He thought that animals were able to arise spontaneously from inorganic sources. He was skilled at grinding glass and made improvements in the microscope. He was the first to see living organisms in a drop of water. He invented the microscope. He called the organisms that he saw in a drop of water 'wee animals'.

He invented the microscope.

In a hypothetical experiment, the blood flow between two dogs is joined and one dog is stressed so that its heart rate goes up rapidly. What will happen to the heart rate of the second dog? It will remain calm because the heart rate is determined intrinsically in each heart. Heart rate will go up due to an increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood. Heart rate will go up due to signals from the first dog's SA node. It will remain calm because there is no connection of the dogs' sympathetic nervous systems. The heart rate of the second dog will decrease to compensate for the speed of the first dog's heart.

Heart rate will go up due to an increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood.

Public health workers look for ways to prevent diseases. Which of the following jaundice-causing disease has the potential to be currently reduced by public health measures? Obstructive jaundice caused by gallstones. Obstructive jaundice caused by a cancerous tumor. Hepatitis A by sewage control. Cirrhosis caused by excessive alcohol consumption. Hemolytic jaundice by blood screening.

Hepatitis A by sewage control.

Which is NOT a correct step in the hormone regulation of blood pressure and reabsorption? When blood volume and pressure are low, the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin. When blood pressure is high, the heart atria secrete ANH. High blood pressure causes the kidneys to secrete aldosterone. Renin leads to production of angiotensin I and II and eventual reabsorption of sodium ions and water. If you drink more water, the pituitary reduces ADH and more water and urine is excreted.

High blood pressure causes the kidneys to secrete aldosterone.

In the later 1800s, the brilliant French chemist Louis Pasteur worked with chicken cholera, passing the disease agent from sick to healthy chickens. He suspended his research and went on vacation for several weeks. When he returned, the old cholera culture he gave to healthy chickens failed to kill them. He assumed his culture was bad and injected these same chickens with a fresh culture of chicken cholera. These chickens remained healthy while new chickens injected with the fresh culture of chicken cholera rapidly became sick and died. From our current knowledge of immunity, how would these observations be explained? Pasteur had accidentally discovered a strain of chickens that had natural immunity. His first disease culture had weakened over time and stimulated the development of active immunity. His first disease culture had weakened over time and the chickens developed a form of passive immunity. The chickens apparently had better B cells for development of more effective antibodies. The first set of chickens served as a control group to the second set that showed the development of antibodies.

His first disease culture had weakened over time and stimulated the development of active immunity.

Of the following fossils, which is arranged in the correct order from oldest to the most recent? Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Homo habilis Homo sapiens, Homo erectus, Homo habilis Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo sapiens Homo sapiens, Homo habilis, Homo erectus

Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens

Louis Pasteur conducted an experiment to answer the question of whether or not living things can arise spontaneously from nonliving materials. In this experiment he used two flasks of sterile broth. How could this demonstrate the invalidity of spontaneous generation? In the flask in which no outside materials could enter, no growth occurred while growth did occur in the flask that allowed outside air to enter demonstrating that the living things came from outside the sterile broth. No growth occurred in either flask demonstrating that sterile broth could not promote growth. Both flasks showed growth demonstrating that spontaneous generation does occur. While both flasks showed growth, the flask that did not allow air to enter showed a higher growth demonstrating that while spontaneous generation does not occur that it does not take air to permit growth. No growth occurred in either flask demonstrating that sterilizing the broth removed its nutrients so growth could not occur regardless of whether or not life was present.

In the flask in which no outside materials could enter, no growth occurred while growth did occur in the flask that allowed outside air to enter demonstrating that the living things came from outside the sterile broth.

What is the potential benefit for a woman to choose a mate who has a different major histocompatibility complex than themselves? Increased immune response for their offspring. Increased intellectual ability of the offspring. Greater chance of fertility. Greater chance for attracting a successful mate. Increased chance of producing multiple offspring.

Increased immune response for their offspring.

A person enters a heat chamber carrying a raw egg on a plate. As the temperature is gradually increased, the exposed egg is cooked while the subject continues to have a normal internal temperature by mouth thermometer. What mechanism is lacking in the egg but is present in the human subject that maintains homeostasis? Lack of a circulatory system prevents the egg from distributing the heat. The egg cannot "breathe away" hot air to "air condition" its body. The surface-area-to-volume ratio prevents the smaller body from losing heat as fast. Increased sweating causes evaporation that carries away heat. The human subject contains more fluid volume to absorb heat.

Increased sweating causes evaporation that carries away heat.

Which of the following is NOT true about the myelin sheath? It is composed of layers of cellular membrane containing myelin around nerve fibers. It gives nerve fibers their white glistening appearance. It provides a pathway for new fiber growth if the axon is severed. It decreases the speed of nerve impulse conduction. It is formed from Schwann cells.

It decreases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.

Which of the following is NOT true about the autonomic nervous system? It uses two motor neurons and one ganglion for each impulse. It uses preganglionic and postganglionic axons. It is a part of the peripheral nervous system. It functions voluntarily and consciously. It innervates all internal body organs.

It functions voluntarily and consciously.

Which of these is NOT true of the autonomic nervous system? It controls heartbeat, peristalsis, and secretion of glands. It is composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. It is composed only of fibers that have an inhibitory function on various organs of the body. The impulses require two motor neurons to reach their destination. The system coordinates organ responses.

It is composed only of fibers that have an inhibitory function on various organs of the body.

Which of the following is NOT true about the cerebrum? It is the largest part of the human brain. The gray matter is outermost. It is responsible for maintenance of breathing and heart rate. The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum. Association areas integrate information from different lobes.

It is responsible for maintenance of breathing and heart rate.

Why is it advantageous to have blood move slowly in the capillaries? It will not cause damage to the valves. It maintains the high pressure in the capillaries. It provides time for substances to be exchanged between blood and tissue fluids. It creates a greater osmotic pressure for cells. It is the major way to control blood pressure.

It provides time for substances to be exchanged between blood and tissue fluids.

Once a true cell was formed biological evolution began. Biological evolution is all the changes that have occurred in living things since the beginning of life due to differential reproductive success. This means that Living things have been evolving toward the perfect form. Living things have begun reproducing. Living things have all evolved from a common ancestor. Life has recently begun to change through evolutionary processes. Life has evolved to become increasingly complex.

Living things have all evolved from a common ancestor.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases? In both cases, the patient slowly loses memory and slowly drifts into inactivity. In both cases, the patient becomes increasingly excited and over stimulated. Patients with AD produce too much beta amyloid while those with PD produce too little dopamine. Patients with AD produce too little beta amyloid while those with PD produce too little dopamine. Patients with AD produce too much beta amyloid while those with PD produce too much dopamine.

Patients with AD produce too much beta amyloid while those with PD produce too little dopamine.

Which of these statements is NOT correct about the flatworms? Tapeworms do not have a larval stage. Planaria ingest food through a mouth located in the head region. Flukes have two suckers by which they attach to and feed from host tissues. Tapeworms have a scolex with hooks and suckers by which they attach to the host's intestinal tissues. Tapeworms enter the human body through undercooked meat, especially pork, which contains encysted larval forms.

Planaria ingest food through a mouth located in the head region.

Why are green algae placed in the Protista while plants are placed in a separate kingdom? The green algae use chlorophyll a while plants use chlorophyll b. Green algae have a cell wall of chitin while plants have cell walls of cellulose. Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant while green algae do not. All plants are vascular while all green algae are non-vascular. Algae are sporophytes that reproduce only asexually while plants are gametophytes and reproduce sexually.

Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant while green algae do not.

A member of the sporozoan group of protists that can cause diseases is Amoeba proteus. Plasmodium vivax. Chlamydomonas. Penicillium. Paramecium.

Plasmodium vivax.

One adaptation that was necessary for charophytes to move onto land was the protection of the embryo from desiccation. In mosses the embryo, called a developing sporophyte, is Protected within the archegonium and nourished by the 'foot' growing down into the gametophyte tissue. Protected by the antheridia and nourished by the rhizoids. Protected by the protonema and nourished by the 'foot' growing down into the gametophyte. Protected within the antheridia and nourished by the 'foot' growing down into the sporophyte tissue. Not protected since mosses are not vascular plants.

Protected within the archegonium and nourished by the 'foot' growing down into the gametophyte tissue.

How can urine contain a higher concentration of wastes (be hypertonic) than the blood? Urine cannot since the process is passive diffusion. Reabsorption of water in the loop of the nephron and collecting ducts leaves behind a more concentrated urine. All stages in the kidney involve active transport. Urine can be hypertonic for small molecules if it is hypotonic for an equal number of big molecules. The whole nephron is impermeable to water.

Reabsorption of water in the loop of the nephron and collecting ducts leaves behind a more concentrated urine.

The pacemaker of the heart is termed the AV node. cardiac center in the medulla. SA node. vagus nerve. Purkinje fibers.

SA node.

What is the most probable evolutionary path for genus Homo? Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Sahelanthropus tchadensis -Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis Australopithecus afarensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Homo erectus Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus afarensis - Australopithecus anamensis - Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Homo habilis Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo ergaster

Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis

____ are organisms that break down dead organic matter in order to absorb the nutrient molecules. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Parasites Saprotrophs Heterotrophs

Saprotrophs

Which statement is NOT true about the maintenance of variation in a population? Selection for adaptation to a particular environment ensures that the population will become stronger and more viable under any conditions. Only phenotypes are acted on by selection, so heterozygotes serve as a reservoir of recessive alleles that may be adaptive in a different environment. Heterozygote superiority may lead to selection for the heterozygote above either homozygote. Variation is maintained through mutation, recombination, gene flow, and changed conditions. Variations allow for the presence of conditions such as sickle cell anemia.

Selection for adaptation to a particular environment ensures that the population will become stronger and more viable under any conditions.

Which of the following statements about the glomerulus is INCORRECT? Blood pressure primarily accounts for filtration. Small molecules move from the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule into the glomerulus. It is composed of capillaries. It is connected to arterioles at both ends. It is surrounded by the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

Small molecules move from the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule into the glomerulus.

Which statement is NOT true about steroid hormones? It includes hormones such as estrogen. It does not bind to cell surface receptors. The hormone-receptor complex can enter the nucleus. The hormone-receptor complex can bind to chromatin. Steroid hormones act faster than peptide hormones.

Steroid hormones act faster than peptide hormones.

What is the role of the epidermal growth factors? Stimulates the healing of wounds. Increases the number of fibroblasts. Increase the number of smooth muscle cells. Bone marrow stem cells form into different types of white blood cells. Increases the chances of developing a wound.

Stimulates the healing of wounds.

Which genus of bacteria causes more diseases in humans than any other? E coli Staphylococcus Streptococcus Mycobacterium Clostridium

Streptococcus

Nervous control of urination involves what mechanism(s)? The brain determines need for urination from an internal clock. Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder directly send impulses to the sphincters to cause urination. Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder send impulses to the spine causing a urinary reflex but the brain can delay the reflex. Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder directly send impulses to the brain that consciously decides to stimulate sphincters to relax. Chemical receptors in the bladder detect urine concentration and trigger a reflex action.

Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder send impulses to the spine causing a urinary reflex but the brain can delay the reflex.

Which of the following statements about T3 and T4 is not true? T4 has more potent activity than T3. They are both produced from tyrosine. They are both considered peptide hormones. T3 contains 3 iodine atoms while T4 contains 4 iodine atoms. Both increase the metabolic rate.

T4 has more potent activity than T3.

Which group of pituitary hormones will act upon other endocrine glands? TSH, ACTH, and gonadotropic hormones TSH, ADH, and gonadotropic hormones Oxytocin, ACTH, and gonadotropic hormones ADH, oxytocin, and gonadotropic hormones PRL, MSH and gonadotropic hormones

TSH, ACTH, and gonadotropic hormones

An antibiotic such as penicillin that is taken orally is soon excreted in the urine. Since infections last for a short period of time, what is the best strategy for overcoming this continual loss? Provide another oral medication that stops cellular metabolism. Provide a medication that prevents the filtration of all metabolites in the kidney. Take a much larger single dose of penicillin. Take continual doses of penicillin sufficient to maintain it in the bloodstream. Provide a medication that prevents all reabsorption in the kidneys.

Take continual doses of penicillin sufficient to maintain it in the bloodstream.

Lamarck's ideas on evolution were adopted by some Russian scientists, including Michurin and Lysenko in Stalinist Russia. Their textbooks printed Lysenko's assertions that a wheat plant could be made cold-hardy by conditioning in cold storage, or that workmen who develop strong muscles due to working in the mines would produce children who would be born stronger. Which of the major premises of evolution by natural selection was violated? The organisms vary in traits. The acquired characteristics are inherited. More young are born than can survive. Some individuals are better adapted to the environment. The environment selects for phenotype.

The acquired characteristics are inherited.

In contrast to most other hormones, oxytocin has what unique property? Oxytocin only has one effect on one tissue. Oxytocin is a sex hormone found in equal amounts in both males and females. The action of oxytocin builds in a positive feedback loop rather than maintaining an equilibrium. Oxytocin affects all cells in the human body, not just one target tissue. Oxytocin is produced by the embryo and transferred across the placenta to the mother.

The action of oxytocin builds in a positive feedback loop rather than maintaining an equilibrium.

Which statement is correct about the location of adrenal glands in the body? The adrenal glands sit on the superior surface of the kidneys. The adrenal glands sit on the inferior surface of the kidneys. The adrenal glands sit on the superior surface of the thyroid. The adrenal glands sit on the lateral surface of the thyroid. The adrenal glands sit on the lateral surface of the kidneys.

The adrenal glands sit on the superior surface of the kidneys.

Some anesthetics are also very effective in stopping the food from moving through the intestine. Therefore, after an operation, the surgeon will not permit a patient to eat until the digestive system is moving food again, and a patient has to suck on ice until there is some evidence the digestive tract is functioning. Without knowing more about the anesthetics, what is the likely mode of action of the anesthetic? The anesthetic probably slows the cardiac muscle which in turn slows all other organ systems. The anesthetic probably affects nerves that slow all skeletal muscle actions. The anesthetic probably affects nerves that slow all smooth muscle actions. The anesthetic probably affects nerves that stop all homeostatic actions. The anesthetic probably affects nerves that stop all muscle contraction.

The anesthetic probably affects nerves that slow all smooth muscle actions.

One side effect of taking testosterone as a steroid to increase muscle bulk is that the testes often shrink. Since the testes also produce testosterone, what is the likely mechanism for this shrinkage? The anterior pituitary assumes overproduction and drops the level of hormones that cause the testes to develop. Artificial testosterone causes a negative feedback to the anterior pituitary that in turn tries to stimulate ovary development. Testosterone has a negative feedback effect directly on testes. Artificial testosterone is toxic to testicular cells. Excess testosterone actually "back-fires" and reverses the effects of puberty.

The anterior pituitary assumes overproduction and drops the level of hormones that cause the testes to develop.

Which statement about cnidaria is NOT true? Reproduction is both sexual and asexual. Some forms are sessile and others are motile. They live in either marine or freshwater environments. To capture food the animal wraps itself around its prey. The body plan is tube-within-a-tube, with both mouth and anus.

The body plan is tube-within-a-tube, with both mouth and anus.

In time, bread becomes stale and grows mold on the exposed surfaces. Why does mold not begin growing inside the bread loaf? Mold can grow only on dry surfaces. Only molds at the surface of the bread can get oxygen to respire. Mold actually begins from anywhere inside but produces colored spores only at the surface. There is an antibiotic antagonism between the bread mold and the internal yeasts that made the bread rise. The bread was sterilized when it was baked and thereafter mold spores settle only on the outside of the cooled bread.

The bread was sterilized when it was baked and thereafter mold spores settle only on the outside of the cooled bread.

You are traveling across the Pacific Ocean when you come across a small island, island #1. There is lush vegetation and several species of beetles that vary in the color of their carapace. The colors you find are green, blue, purple, and black. A second island 200 miles closer to the mainland (island #2) is mostly sand with some palm trees and has a single species of beetle that has a brown carapace. You examine the colored beetles and discover that they are all related and that they are related to the brown species on the second island. Which of the following is the most likely scenario? The brown beetle migrated to island #1 and gave rise to the colored species on island #2 through adaptive radiation. The colored species of beetle on island #1 migrated to island #2 and gave rise to the brown beetle through extinction. The brown beetle evolved from the colored beetles on island #1 and then migrated to island #2. The brown beetle gave rise to all of the colored beetles on island #2 which then migrated to island #1. A beetle of some undetermined color gave rise to all of the colors of beetle brown, green, purple, and black and they then migrated to different islands.

The brown beetle migrated to island #1 and gave rise to the colored species on island #2 through adaptive radiation.

The two layers of tissue in a hydra are The epidermis which covers and protects and the inner layer that contains flame cells. The epidermis that covers and protects and the gastrodermis where cells that complete digestion are found. The epidermis that contains flame cells and the gastrodermis that contains the nephridia. The epidermis that covers and protects and the gastrodermis that contains the nephridia. The epidermis that covers and protects and the gastrodermis that contains a ladder-like nervous system.

The epidermis that covers and protects and the gastrodermis where cells that complete digestion are found.

Which statement is NOT true about echinoderms? The exoskeleton is made up of bony tissue. Gas exchange occurs through gills on the skin. Larvae are free-swimming and bilaterally symmetrical. A water vascular system allows the tube feet to produce suction. Symmetry is radial in the adult, usually with parts in fives or multiples of five.

The exoskeleton is made up of bony tissue.

In an accident, the extensor muscles across the back of the fingers of one hand are completely severed. What is the result if no surgery is done to rejoin them? The fingers will dangle and extend out limp. The fingers will curl and remain permanently flexed. The fingers will forcibly extend and remain extended. Hand movements will continue as before the accident. It depends on how the muscles heal.

The fingers will curl and remain permanently flexed.

Which of the following is NOT true about protostomes? They are types of advanced invertebrates. They form a true coelom. The first opening during embryonic development becomes the anus. They will become mollusks, annelids, and arthropods. They are more advanced than acoelomates, but not as advanced as deuterostomes.

The first opening during embryonic development becomes the anus.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about angiosperms? The reproductive structures are located in flowers. The flower protects the developing male gametophyte. They are divided into monocots and eudicots. The seeds are enclosed by fruit. They exhibit double fertilization.

The flower protects the developing male gametophyte

Which piece of evidence did Darwin observe during his 5 year journey aboard the HMS Beagle? The geological formations of the Earth indicate it is much older than the 5000 year old view. Species do not change over time. The environment can bring about inherited change in an individual. All species share the same basic genetic and molecular makeup. The Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old.

The geological formations of the Earth indicate it is much older than the 5000 year old view.

Why are real bath sponges so soft? The silica is washed away and the calcium carbonate remains. The spongin spicules are washed away and the silky silica remains. The choanocytes are softer and the amoebocytes are washed away. The harder silica or calcium spicules are absent and the softer spongin remains. The silica and spicules are washed away and the spongin treated with softening chemicals.

The harder silica or calcium spicules are absent and the softer spongin remains.

Which of these is NOT true of the heart? The heart is a double pump. The heart helps maintain blood pressure. The heart helps make red blood cells. The heart is composed primarily of muscle. The heart has an inner lining of endothelium.

The heart helps make red blood cells.

You spray an insect with common insecticide that destroys the ability of acetylcholinesterase to recycle acetylcholine. What then happens? This kills the neuron directly. The lack of recycled acetylcholine brings the cell metabolism to a halt. The insect is unable to move anything because nerve impulses quit flowing. The insect runs out of acetylcholine and becomes paralyzed. The insect loses control of body functions as nerve impulses flow continuously.

The insect loses control of body functions as nerve impulses flow continuously.

Which of the following statements about the role of the respiratory system in maintenance of blood pH is not true? Increasing the breathing rate rids the body of hydrogen ions because more carbon dioxide is breathed out. The respiratory center in the medulla oblongata increases the breathing rate if the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood rises. The lungs are able to rid the body of a wide variety of acidic and basic substances, thereby directly adjusting the pH of the blood. Breathing readjusts the proportion of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions in the blood. When the buffer system of the blood is overwhelmed by an acidic or basic substance, the respiratory center adjusts the breathing rate to compensate.

The lungs are able to rid the body of a wide variety of acidic and basic substances, thereby directly adjusting the pH of the blood.

If you play with a living anemone with a probe, it will withdraw even if you vibrate the probe like a food animal would vibrate; it also withdraws if you just add sugar. However, it reaches out and grasps an object that both vibrates and tastes like food. The use of such a double system prevents unnecessary firing of expensive nematocysts. Why are nematocysts "expensive"? The organism dies without nematocysts. The research equipment to detect them is very expensive. Nematocysts are used in medicine and are very expensive to harvest. The nematocyst is very complex and costs the anemone much energy to build. The nematocyst can only be used for food and doesn't "fire" for non-food objects.

The nematocyst is very complex and costs the anemone much energy to build.

Non-vertebrate chordates, tunicates and lancelets, differ from other chordates in that They do not have a notochord. They have gills while other chordates have lungs. They do not have jaws while all other chordates do have them. The notochord of non-vertebrate chordates does not become a vertebral column. Non-vertebrate chordates do not have a internal bony skeleton while all other chordates do.

The notochord of non-vertebrate chordates does not become a vertebral column.

Which statement is correct about the location of the parathyroid glands? The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands are located on the anterior surface of the thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior surface of the thymus gland. The parathyroid glands are located on the anterior surface of the thymus gland. The parathyroid glands are located on the superior surface of the thyroid gland.

The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

Which of the following statements is NOT true in regard to active immunity? It forms a specific defense against a particular antigen. It will last for some time. The particular antibody that is formed will react against any virus or bacterial cell. It is the result of B and T lymphocyte activity. An antigen-antibody reaction must occur.

The particular antibody that is formed will react against any virus or bacterial cell.

Which is NOT one of the preconditions in a population where natural selection is at work? There is variation that can be inherited in a population. The population becomes adapted to its environment. Many more individuals are produced by a population than can survive and reproduce. Adaptive characteristics in some individuals make them more likely to survive and reproduce. Heritable variations must be passed on the subsequent generations.

The population becomes adapted to its environment.

Which of the following is not an effect of insulin? The small intestine decreases the absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract. Liver stores glucose from the blood as glycogen. Muscle cells store glycogen and build protein. Adipose tissue uses glucose from blood to form fat. Glucose level drops.

The small intestine decreases the absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract.

Which of these statements is NOT true about fertilization in a fern plant? An egg is produced in an archegonium. A sperm is produced in an antheridium. The sperm is carried by the wind to the egg. The eggs and sperm are produced on the same plant. Eggs and sperm are produced by the gametophyte generation.

The sperm is carried by the wind to the egg.

Both corals and calcareous sponges have calcium carbonate structures. What is the relationship between these two groups? The calcareous sponges were ancestors of the corals. The corals were ancestors of the calcareous sponges. Both use the calcium carbonate to form a rock-like or crusty basal skeletal structure. The corals are actually colonial forms of the independent calcareous sponges. The sponges use calcium carbonate to form sharp spicules while the corals independently use the same material to form a skeleton.

The sponges use calcium carbonate to form sharp spicules while the corals independently use the same material to form a skeleton.

Which statement is NOT true about ferns? The sporophyte stage lacks vascular tissue. Antheridia and archegonia develop on the prothallus of the gametophyte stage. Fertilization requires moisture for the sperm to swim to the egg within the archegonia. The sporophyte stage is the dominant generation. The gametophyte stage lacks vascular tissue.

The sporophyte stage lacks vascular tissue.

Which of the following is the main difference between the urinary system of males and females? Men have 2 urethras while women have only one urethra. The urethra is shorter in females. Men have longer ureters than females. Kidneys tend to be larger in females. The female urethra passes through the prostate gland.

The urethra is shorter in females.

If an athlete is training for the olympic weight lifting team, what type of exercising should they be doing? Their training routine should include weight lifting, sprinting or any other type of activity that requires an explosion of energy in order to increase their fast-twitch fibers. Their training routine should include weight lifting, sprinting or any other type of activity that requires an explosion of energy in order to increase their slow-twitch fibers. Their training routine should include swimming, biking, jogging and any other type of activity that requires an explosion of energy in order to increase their fast-twitch fibers. Their training routine should include swimming, biking, jogging and any other type of activity that produces their energy aerobically in order to increase their slow-twitch fibers.

Their training routine should include weight lifting, sprinting or any other type of activity that requires an explosion of energy in order to increase their fast-twitch fibers.

What is the numerical relationship of neuroglial cells compared to neurons? Because they are big, one neuroglial cell can serve many neurons so there are about nine neurons for every neuroglial cell. There are about an equal number of both; each neuron has a companion neuroglial cell. There are about 9 neuroglial cells for every neuron. The numbers vary widely from animal to animal and depend on how large the animal is. Brain volume is made of approximately two thirds neurons and one third neuroglial cells.

There are about 9 neuroglial cells for every neuron.

Which of the following statements about planaria is NOT true? There is a rudimentary circulatory system with a small central heart. Planaria cut in half can regenerate to form two complete worms. Active movement occurs through ciliary cells and muscle movement. Tissue levels include endoderm (inner), mesoderm (middle), and ectoderm (outer). Cephalization is shown by the formation of a brain and sense organs in a head region.

There is a rudimentary circulatory system with a small central heart

Generally, nerve impulses do not move "backward" along a series of neurons. What is the reason for this? There is a short refractory period during which sodium gates cannot open and an action potential cannot move backwards. Once the signal has passed, the nerves separate from each other so it cannot go backwards. At the synapse, the pre-synaptic membrane has receptors ensuring the transmission only goes one way. Once the sodium channels open, they cannot be closed. The resting potential of the neuron prevents it from conducting an impulse.

There is a short refractory period during which sodium gates cannot open and an action potential cannot move backwards.

Disruptive selection is described in the text with the case of British land snails. In the grassy fields, the light-banded snails escape bird predators. In the darker forest, the dark snails survive and the light-banded snails are eaten. As long as the snails continue to cruise across the British landscape mating at the same season, why doesn't this "disruptive selection" eventually lead to two separate species? There is no reproductive isolation to prevent gene flow. They are already two separate species and the intermediate forms are hybrids. The color forms are probably not genetically determined. There must be some unknown factor producing an equal stabilizing selection "to hold the species together." This will result in the formation of two species if given long enough time.

There is no reproductive isolation to prevent gene flow.

Which statement is NOT true about neutrophils? They are phagocytic. They have a multilobed nucleus. They are agranular leukocytes. They do not produce antibodies. They are the most abundant white blood cell.

They are agranular leukocytes.

In what way are fungi like heterotrophic bacteria? They both produce gametes. They are both heterotrophic and play an important role in ecosystems. They both have cell walls of the same material. They are both photosynthetic and thus are producers. They are both eukaryotic.

They are both heterotrophic and play an important role in ecosystems.

Which statement is NOT true about cyanobacteria? They were formerly called blue-green algae. They release sulfur during photosynthesis. They can combine with fungi to form lichens. They are eukaryotic like fungi. They can colonize rocks.

They are eukaryotic like fungi.

Which statement is NOT true about fiddleheads? They are young fronds curled up. They are found in ferns. They are part of the sporophyte generation. They are haploid. They are part of a vascular plant.

They are haploid.

Which of the following is NOT true about the vertebrae? They are part of the appendicular skeleton. They form a dorsal backbone. They help form four curvatures of the spine. They are separated by intervertebral disks. They help protect the spinal cord.

They are part of the appendicular skeleton.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding monoclonal antibodies? The antibodies produced are all of the same type. They are produced from plasma cells derived from different B cells. They are formed when B lymphocytes are fused with malignant plasma cells. They are used in the diagnosis of various diseases. They are used to treat some cancers.

They are produced from plasma cells derived from different B cells.

Bacteria can be beneficial in all but which of the following ways? They can be used to clean up oil spill in a process called bioremediation. They can be used in industry to generate products particularly in food processing. They are present on the skin and help crowd out harmful bacteria. They are the primary producers of most ecosystems. They function in waste water purification to remove both organic and inorganic substances.

They are the primary producers of most ecosystems.

Which statement is NOT true regarding cross bridges? They involve the use of Ca2+. They are used to split ATP. They form a complex with actin. They are extensions of myosin molecules. They attach to active sites on myosin.

They attach to active sites on myosin.

How is a seed like a spore? They both are haploid. They both contain the sporophyte generation. They both contain the gametophyte generation. They both are flagellated. They both disperse the species.

They both disperse the species.

Which statement is true regarding both gymnosperms and angiosperms? They both have swimming sperm. They both lack the gametophyte generation. They both have a separate male and female gametophyte generation. They both produce cones and flowers. They both rely on pollinators.

They both have a separate male and female gametophyte generation.

Which of the following is NOT true of both T cells and B cells? They are both lymphocytes. They both pass through the thymus. They both function in immunity. They both are specific. They both originated in bone marrow.

They both pass through the thymus.

Both land plants and algae use starch as a storage medium and cellulose in their cell walls, this means that They both produce glucose since this is the molecule that both starch and cellulose are made from. They both use chlorophyll as a photosynthetic pigment. They both use tubers to store starch and they both use the same enzymes to make cellulose. They both produce galactose which gives rise to maltose the molecule that both starch and cellulose are made from. If algae are transported to land they will be able to survive the same as a land plant.

They both produce glucose since this is the molecule that both starch and cellulose are made from.

Which is NOT true of human salivary glands? They produce an enzyme to begin the digestion of starch. The set near the ears swell when infected by the virus that causes mumps. There are three pairs that open by ducts into the mouth. Paired ducts open into the mouth near the ear, the inside back cheek, and under the tongue. They can become inflamed and cause tonsillitis.

They can become inflamed and cause tonsillitis.

Which statement is true about bacteria? They contain a nucleus. They lack ribosomes. They usually lack a cell wall. They divide sexually. They contain a single, circular DNA molecule as the genetic material.

They contain a single, circular DNA molecule as the genetic material.

Which of the following is NOT true about viruses? The genome may be DNA or RNA. The nucleic acid may be single or double stranded. They contain nucleic acid, protein, and mitochondria. They exhibit host specificity. They are obligate intracellular parasites.

They contain nucleic acid, protein, and mitochondria.

Which statement is NOT true about peptide hormones? They are derived from peptides, proteins, polypeptides, and derivatives of amino acids. They bind to receptors on the cell surface. They initiate the formation of cyclic AMP inside the cell. They create an enzyme cascade effect. They enter the cell in order to have an effect.

They enter the cell in order to have an effect.

Both echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes, this means that They have a similar development in their embryonic stages. They both have eyes that have retinas. They both start with radial symmetry in their early embryonic stages. They both use calcium based endoskeletons. They are both invertebrates.

They have a similar development in their embryonic stages.

Which of the following characteristics is NOT true about deuterostomes? The second opening during embryonic development becomes the mouth. They include the echinoderms and humans. They have a coelom. They include the simplest of invertebrates. They are typically more advanced than protostomes.

They include the simplest of invertebrates.

Which of the following is NOT true about T cells? They are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They can stimulate B cells. They produce antibodies. Helper T cells can secrete cytokines. They require an antigen-presenting cell.

They produce antibodies.

Which statement is NOT correct about the sporophyte generation in gymnosperms? It is the diploid generation. It contains vascular tissue. It is the dominant generation. They produce winged naked seeds. They produce homospores.

They produce homospores.

Which description best fits a chemoautotroph bacteria? They reduce carbon dioxide to an organic compound by using energetic electrons derived from chemicals. They reduce carbon dioxide to an inorganic compound by using energetic electrons derived from chemicals. They run photosynthesis that uses solar energy to produce their own food. They transfer electrons to sulfate, producing hydrogen sulfate. All of these are descriptions of a chemoautotroph bacteria.

They reduce carbon dioxide to an organic compound by using energetic electrons derived from chemicals.

Which statement is NOT true about bacteria? They lack mitochondria. They lack a nucleus but contain DNA. They reproduce sexually. They occur in three basic shapes. They have a single circular chromosome.

They reproduce sexually.

What problems would occur if an individual were to tear their biceps brachii? They would be unable to flex the forearm. They would be unable to extend the forearm. They would be unable to abduct their arm. They would be able to curl their fingers. All of these movements would be unable to be performed

They would be unable to flex the forearm.

When he arrived at the Galapagos Islands, Darwin did not observe the amazing tool-using "woodpecker finch" that can modify twigs to pry out grubs. Because there are no true woodpeckers on the Galapagos Islands, this behavior allows this finch to exploit an untapped food source. However, not all members of this species exhibit this behavior, which is probably learned from watching other finches. Therefore which of the following is NOT true? Young isolated at hatching will not know how to do this. It is probably not "hardwired" in the brain as a behavior passed on genetically. There must be a great advantage to reaching this food source for this learned behavior to be repeated by most descendants each generation. As an acquired characteristic, in a strict sense this is not part of the adaptive radiation of finches on the Galapagos. This "learned" behavior will not lead to evolutionary change in the woodpecker population.

This "learned" behavior will not lead to evolutionary change in the woodpecker population.

Earthworms possess both male and female organs on separate segments; thus mating consists of "parallel parking" in opposite directions and cross-fertilizing. Given this, which of the following is/are true? This is evidence of a primitive state that is generally less efficient than separate sexes. This is primarily to allow them to self-fertilize if no other worm is in their sector of the soil. This is an advantage since they can mate with any other earthworm of the same species that they encounter. Maintaining any system not clearly male or female is disadvantageous; the earthworm is trapped in an evolutionary dead end. This demonstrates the how ineffective self-fertilization is as a means of reproduction.

This is an advantage since they can mate with any other earthworm of the same species that they encounter.

Which of the following is a true statement about tissue fluid? Tissue fluid exits from white blood cells. Tissue fluid exits the capillary at the venous end. Tissue fluid is collected by the lymphatic capillaries. Tissue fluid contains more protein than blood. Tissue fluid forms at the venous end of a capillary.

Tissue fluid is collected by the lymphatic capillaries.

Which association is NOT correct? Periodontitis is a loss of bone and loosening of teeth that occurs in old age. Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums that can spread to the periodontal membrane. The loss of twenty deciduous teeth is a natural process that occurs when young. Tooth decay or dental caries is a natural erosion of teeth from wear-and-tear. Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils.

Tooth decay or dental caries is a natural erosion of teeth from wear-and-tear.

A person can fulfill all of their protein requirements without consuming any animal products. True False

True

A stroke results from a disruption of the blood supply to the brain. True False

True

A tight junction forms an impermeable barrier between two cells. True False

True

All types of cartilage are associated with bones. True False

True

Although it sounds like science fiction, human bladders can be grown in the laboratory. True False

True

An autoimmune disease means that the body attacks itself because it does not recognize itself. True False

True

An example of a negative feedback system is when there is too much of a particular chemical in the body, a sensor detects it and brings about a response that causes the levels to drop. True False

True

An infection with Mycobacterium can cause tubercles in the lungs. True False

True

Blood in the pulmonary capillaries has a higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide than atmospheric air. True False

True

Both meningitis and kuru involve infectious agents. True False

True

Capillaries exchange oxygen and nutrients for wastes in the tissues. True False

True

Crohn's disease is considered an autoimmune disease. True False

True

Currently, the one year survival rate following a kidney transplant is 95-98%. True False

True

Cytokines may be used in cancer and AIDS because they stimulate white blood cell formation and/or function. True False

True

Depending on the degree of stimulation, more and more individual muscle fibers contract resulting in a stronger muscle contraction. True False

True

Fungal infections are difficult to treat because of the similarity in their nucleus, organelles and ribosomes to those in human cells. True False

True

Hemophilia is an inherited clotting disorder found most often in males. True False

True

Hyptertension is sometimes called the silent killer because no symptoms may be experienced until a stroke or heart attack occurs. True False

True

If a person has chronic bronchitis, will they cough up mucous? True False

True

If a population goes from an allele frequency of 0.12 A & 0.88 A to 0.23 A & 0.77 a in the course of 7 generations we can conclude that it is evolving. True False

True

If you have extreme difficulties learning how to hit a baseball or play the piano, there may be a problem with your cerebellum. True False

True

In order to prevent an allergic reaction, injections of the allergen are sometimes given. True False

True

It may be possible to "fix" a coronary blockage by gene therapy. True False

True

Jeremy has broken his leg during a soccer match. Although this is bad, from a healing standpoint, it is not as bad as if he had torn his cartilage. True False

True

Leptin, growth factors, and prostaglandins are not produced by organs we call "glands". True False

True

Myasthenia gravis can be treated with immunosuppressive drugs although there is no cure. True False

True

Sodium is considered one of the major minerals needed in the human diet. True False

True

Somatostatin is produced by the pancreas, stomach, and small intestine. True False

True

Sphincter muscles regulate the opening and closing of arterioles leading to capillary beds, directing the flow of blood to different areas of the body depending on the body's needs. True False

True

Steroid hormones always have the same complex of four carbon rings. True False

True

The ability to throw spears and kill animals from a distance gave Cro-Magnon an advantage in their environment. True False

True

The australopithecines evolved and diversified in Africa from 4 MYA until 1.5 MYA and are the possible direct hominin ancestors for humans. True False

True

The cells of the distal convoluted tubules have numerous mitochondria to support active transport. True False

True

The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain in humans. True False

True

The deltoid muscle is shaped like a triangle. True False

True

The major portion of the heart is the myocardium, made up mainly of cardiac muscle. True False

True

The majority of cases of lung cancer are associated with smoking. True False

True

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is called a sarcolemma. True False

True

The sex hormones produced by the gonads will negatively feedback and regulate the production of hormones from the anterior pituitary. True False

True

The wall of the ureter has three layers, an inner mucosa, a smooth muscle layer, and an outer fibrous coat of connective tissue. True False

True

There is an osmotic gradient within the tissues of the renal medulla: the concentration of salt is greater in the direction of the inner medulla. True False

True

Urine contains substances that underwent pressure filtration and substances that underwent tubular secretion True False

True

Urine contains substances that underwent pressure filtration and substances that underwent tubular secretion. True False

True

Urine excreted from the body should be sterile. True False

True

We purchase and consume iodized salt because the thyroid needs iodine and the lack of iodine interferes with thyroid function. True False

True

When a person is bitten by a venomous snake, a donation of blood plasma from another person who has recently survived the same type of snake bite would provide some passive immunity. True False

True

Within the field of systematic biology scientists use the characteristics of living and fossil organisms to infer the evolutionary relationships among organisms. True False

True

Which of the following would not show the five characteristics typically found in animals? Sponges, which have no true tissues but have two layers of cells that perform different functions. Planaria, who have an incomplete digestive tract but do have muscles and excretory and reproductive systems. Trypanosoma, a single celled organism that causes sleeping sickness in humans. Leeches, segmented worms that are predatory on other animals. Tapeworms, flatworms that infest the intestines of humans.

Trypanosoma, a single celled organism that causes sleeping sickness in humans.

In the late 1800s, a Frenchman observed that individuals who recovered from a disease were not susceptible to that same disease again. Therefore, he proposed that the agent that caused syphilis should be given to all young healthy people as a vaccine to prevent them from getting a serious case of the disease. Although the mode of action of vaccines was not yet known, Pasteur argued vehemently against this proposal. And today, we do not follow this procedure for syphilis. Why? Vaccines only work against a few pathogens. Vaccines do not work for pathogens that are vulnerable to antibiotics. Syphilis is an autoimmune disease. It might work, but Pasteur was a famous authority and his ideas prevail today. Vaccines are made from weakened disease agents and using the syphilis organisms would spread a full-blown serious disease agent.

Vaccines are made from weakened disease agents and using the syphilis organisms would spread a full-blown serious disease agent.

Which feature possessed by most land plants is missing in mosses, which grow low to the ground in damp, shaded areas? Cell walls, so they cannot stand upright. A protected zygote, so they must grow in damp areas to supply the zygote with moisture. Vascular tissue, so they must grow along the ground in damp areas to supply water to the cells. Chlorophyll b, so they can only use filtered light for photosynthesis. Starch production, so they only produce small amounts of glucose since any beyond what they use immediately cannot be stored.

Vascular tissue, so they must grow along the ground in damp areas to supply water to the cells.

Although microbes are often equated with pathogens not all are pathogenic and some help humans maintain their health. Which of the following are produced by bacteria that live in the human intestine? Folic acid and vitamin B12 Insulin and vitamin K Lipids and folic acid Vitamin K and lipids Vitamins K and B12

Vitamins K and B12

An example of a colonial green alga is Ulva. Chlamydomonas. Volvox. Spirogyra. Fucus.

Volvox.

For the ancestors of land plants, supplying water to all cells of the organism would have been possible because Algae have vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients to all parts of the organism. Water would simply diffuse into the cells from the surrounding environment. The circulatory system of algae evolved early in the history of life. Algae take water in through root-like cilia that move water into the cells. Algae have specialized structures called desmosomes that move water into the cells.

Water would simply diffuse into the cells from the surrounding environment.

Imagine you are trying to fit down an isle at the local store that is filled with boxes. In order to squeeze between two stacks of boxes you need to "suck it in". Which of the following descriptions best explains why "sucking it in" isn't the best way to fit through a tight space? While sucking it in, your diaphragm contracts and moves down causing the lung volume to increase. This causes the rib cage to move up and out, making your chest larger. While sucking it in, your diaphragm contracts and moves upward causing the lung volume to increase. This causes the rib cage to move up and out, making your chest larger. While sucking it in, your diaphragm contracts and moves down causing the lung volume to decrease. This causes the rib cage to move up and out, making your chest larger. While sucking it in, your diaphragm contracts and moves down causing the lung volume to increase. This causes the rib cage to move down and out, making your chest larger. While sucking it in, your diaphragm contracts and moves upward causing the lung volume to increase. This causes the rib cage to move down and out, making your chest larger.

While sucking it in, your diaphragm contracts and moves down causing the lung volume to increase. This causes the rib cage to move up and out, making your chest larger.

It is possible to take the mature frond of many ferns and rub the brown growths on the lower surface over a wet plug of peat moss. Soon small heart-shaped green structures grow on the nutritious peat moss plugs. What has happened? You have broken off male and female structures from the bottom of the fern frond and they united on the wet plug to form the sporophyte generation called a prothallus. You have broken the sori on the bottom of the fern frond and spores fell on the plug to germinate and form the gametophyte called a prothallus. You have broken the sori on the bottom of the fern frond and spores fell on the plug to germinate and form rhizomes that develop an indusium. You have broken the indusium on the bottom of the fern frond and zygotes germinated on the plug to form the sporophyte made of an archegonium and an antheridium. You have broken the sori on the bottom of the fern frond and zygotes germinated on the plug to form the fiddleheads that will develop into more fronds.

You have broken the sori on the bottom of the fern frond and spores fell on the plug to germinate and form the gametophyte called a prothallus.

Consider that the rock outcrops at the surface of the land in your neighborhood are Permian. What would be true if you dig downward? You may find dinosaur fossils below. You may find fossils of first flowers. The Mesozoic layers will be present underneath. A road cut in your area would reveal exactly the same species of fossils as a road cut through a Permian layer in Asia. You may find fossils of the first reptiles or jawed fishes below.

You may find fossils of the first reptiles or jawed fishes below.

The clonal selection theory states that all B cells are exact clones of one another. all T cells are exact clones of one another. a B or T cell is activated by binding to/recognizing an antigen, then that cell will be cloned into cells that recognize the same antigen. when a B or T cell is stimulated by encountering the correct antibody, it divides to form a clone of cells that will respond to the same antibody. T cells are stimulated by B cells to divide and form plasma cells, which secrete antibodies.

a B or T cell is activated by binding to/recognizing an antigen, then that cell will be cloned into cells that recognize the same antigen.

When only a few individuals survive unfavorable times, thereby losing the majority of genotypes in the next generation, it is called natural selection. a bottleneck effect. a founder effect. vestigial structures. industrial melanism.

a bottleneck effect.

A woman is not getting enough calcium in her diet. One of the first symptoms she may experience would be a broken bone. anemia irregular heart beat muscle spasms night blindness

a broken bone.

A sea star's nervous system includes no actual nerve cells. a complex of nerve ganglia in each ray. a central nervous system, including a brain. a central nerve ring that gives off radial nerves in each arm. a dorsal hollow nerve cord.

a central nerve ring that gives off radial nerves in each arm.

A nerve impulse is caused by the movement of a sodium ion all the way from dendrite to axon tip. the movement of a potassium ion all the way from dendrite to axon tip. the movement of an electron all the way from dendrite to axon tip. a change in the difference in positive and negative ions on the outer and inner surfaces of the neuron membrane, a change that opens adjacent channels and propagates its flow. a change in the difference in sugar molecules on the outer and inner surfaces of the neuron membrane that opens adjacent channels.

a change in the difference in positive and negative ions on the outer and inner surfaces of the neuron membrane, a change that opens adjacent channels and propagates its flow.

A floating Portuguese man-of-war is a cubozoan. merely an inflated, noncircular jellyfish. a free-swimming polyp in the hydra group. the first animal with complete organ systems. a colony of polyps composed of different types of individuals.

a colony of polyps composed of different types of individuals.

Wherever an evolutionary tree branches, there is assumed to be no living member of that group. always a living member of that group. a common ancestor. an embryo only. a suddenly new species.

a common ancestor.

A chain of asexual spores produced by a sac fungus is called a mycelium. a conidia. an ascospore. a basidiospore. a hypha.

a conidia.

If a burn victim loses most of his skin, what symptom would NOT be present? a decrease in thirst and water intake due to dry surface tissues intense pain from exposed nerve endings constantly cold due to a lack of body insulation serious risk of infection from microbial agents vitamin D deficiency

a decrease in thirst and water intake due to dry surface tissues

An increased amount of ADH leads to an increased amount of urine. a decreased amount of urine. no change in the amount of urine. kidney failure. a decreased amount of filtrate.

a decreased amount of urine.

Double fertilization in an angiosperm produces a diploid zygote and a haploid polar nucleus. a diploid zygote and a diploid endosperm. a diploid embryo and a triploid zygote. a triploid embryo and a diploid endosperm. a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm.

a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm.

Which body structure describes the freshwater hydra? a swimming medusa with mouth pointing downward a swimming medusa with mouth pointing upward a sessile medusa with mouth pointing upward a sessile polyp form with mouth pointing downward a freely moving polyp with mouth pointing upward

a freely moving polyp with mouth pointing upward

During allopatric speciation gene flow continues between subpopulations. reproduction between all subpopulations is impossible. a geographic separation occurs between subpopulations. wide phenotype differences appear between subpopulations. subpopulations are still able to interbreed.

a geographic separation occurs between subpopulations.

Sea stars and sea urchins operate their tube feet by a hydraulic system that regulates water pressure. cilia transporting hemolymph from chamber to chamber. sticky threads leading from the mouth. actin and myosin fibers that slide and give muscle actions to the five arms or "rays". an extensive net of nerve and muscle cells.

a hydraulic system that regulates water pressure.

One morning when Jon is urinating, he experiences an incredible stabbing pain in his groin. What is most likely causing this pain? a bladder infection kidney failure inflammation of the urethra bladder cancer a kidney stone, perhaps stuck in the urethra

a kidney stone, perhaps stuck in the urethra

Some, but not all, viruses contain ______, located on their outer surface. a membranous envelope composed of the host's plasma membrane both DNA and RNA from the host either DNA or RNA a protein capsid a protein spore coat

a membranous envelope composed of the host's plasma membrane

The extinction of the dinosaurs has been associated with a virus leading to disease and massive loss of life. dinosaurs preying upon each other until they became extinct. a meteor impact at the end of the Cretaceous Era that caused major cooling. new chemicals and ions in the environment which caused dinosaurs to become sterile. mammals who were more adapted and more able to acquire similar resources.

a meteor impact at the end of the Cretaceous Era that caused major cooling.

The relationship between the fungi and algae in lichens is best described as a mutually beneficial relationship between normally free-living strains. a complete mixing of the genomes of the two groups at the cellular level. an endosymbiotic transfer of the chloroplasts of algae to the hyphae cells. a possible controlled parasitism wherein the fungi withdraw food from the algae and the algae can grow better alone. a possible controlled parasitism wherein the algae are moistened and protected by the fungi but the fungi can grow better alone.

a mutually beneficial relationship between normally free-living strains.

Transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another neuron is NOT dependent on the presence of calcium ions. a neurotransmitter substance. a synaptic cleft. a presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane. a refractory period.

a refractory period.

Simple squamous epithelium has a single layer of cube-shaped cells. a single layer of column-shaped cells. a single layer of flat cells. many layers of flat cells. many layers of cube-shaped cells.

a single layer of flat cells.

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a shark? ability to sense electric currents in the water skeleton of cartilage a sucker used to attach to prey ability to sense pressure of other swimming objects ability to detect blood in minute amounts

a sucker used to attach to prey

In the movie Bubble Boy, Jimmy lives inside a plastic bubble where he is protected from all outside agents. Which type of disease would require a child to live inside a plastic bubble? an autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus multiple sclerosis AIDS a total immune deficiency

a total immune deficiency

It is NOT correct to say that arthropods have a solid ventral nerve cord. an open circulatory system. a well-developed nervous system. jointed appendages and a segmented body. a tough exoskeleton that grows by expansion.

a tough exoskeleton that grows by expansion.

An adaptation exhibited by the tapeworm for survival in a host's intestine is proglottids coated with calcium carbonate. alkaline secretions from the scolex. a protective lining of chitin. eggs before the proglottids are digested. a tough integument resistant to host digestive fluids.

a tough integument resistant to host digestive fluids.

The madreporite helps the sea star reproduce. locate food. digest food and distribute it to the arms. absorb water to regulate its vascular system. keep its surface clean of algae and barnacles and debris.

absorb water to regulate its vascular system.

Edema can be caused by accumulation of tissue fluid. abnormally high amount of plasma proteins. the kidney excreting too little protein. too much tissue fluid drainage. drinking more water than normal.

accumulation of tissue fluid.

The release of secretin is stimulated by the action of the alkaline material in the duodenum. the bile. muscular contractions in the stomach. nerves to the duodenum. acid on the wall of the duodenum.

acid on the wall of the duodenum.

The condition that results when there is an increased production of human growth hormone in an adult is termed Cushing syndrome. Addison disease. gigantism. dwarfism. acromegaly.

acromegaly.

In Figure 17.4, number 3 represents depolarization. repolarization. action potential. threshold. resting potential.

action potential.

Cortisone is derived from the hormone cortisol that is released from the adrenal medulla. adrenal cortex. thyroid. parathyroid. posterior pituitary

adrenal cortex.

Which structure is NOT stimulated by the anterior pituitary? thyroid. adrenal cortex. adrenal medulla. testes and ovaries. mammary glands.

adrenal medulla

Which of these is the correct sequence of blood vessels about the nephron? renal artery → peritubular capillary network → afferent arteriole → efferent arteriole → renal vein efferent arteriole → glomerulus → venule → afferent arteriole → collecting duct afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillary network → venule → renal vein afferent arteriole → glomerulus → peritubular capillary network → efferent arteriole → venule → renal vein renal vein → venule → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillary network → glomerulus → afferent arteriole

afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillary network → venule → renal vein

Which of the following is a non-filterable component of the blood? urea glucose amino acids albumin sodium chloride

albumin

Obesity, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa are all alike in that all are difficult to treat and may be caused by a number of factors. all involve eating far less than is required for the body to function. all involve vomiting or purging after eating. in all cases the person is actually starving to death regardless of their outside appearance. in all cases the person is on a very restrictive diet.

all are difficult to treat and may be caused by a number of factors.

Secretin, gastrin, and CCK in humans are all enzymes used to digest food. all hormones that control digestive secretions. all breakdown products of digestion. produced in the gut by an acid pH. proteins found in the intestinal submucosa.

all hormones that control digestive secretions.

Which of these characteristics first developed in reptiles? amniotic egg scales on skin four-legged body skull and vertebral column animals with lungs.

amniotic egg

Which eating disorder is characterized by an irrational fear of getting fat, often associated with a perceived body defect? anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa binge-eating and purging binge-eating pica

anorexia nervosa

Swimming sperm are produced in the ____ of the moss gametophyte stage. antheridia archegonia rhizoids protonema sori

antheridia

A vaccine contains penicillin. horse serum. antigens that are no longer virulent. antibodies made by plasma cells. antibiotics against a particular bacterial strain.

antigens that are no longer virulent.

In order to decrease the effects of inflammation, you would take what type of medication? antihistamine vaccine interferon immunoglobulin thromboplastin activator

antihistamine

The blood that enters the coronary artery comes from the pulmonary artery. pulmonary vein. aorta. superior vena cava. inferior vena cava.

aorta.

An arachnid differs from a crustacean because arachnids have book gills. arachnids are mostly aquatic and crustaceans are mostly terrestrial. only arachnids shed their exoskeletons. only arachnids have two major body segments of cephalothorax and abdomen. arachnids have four pairs of walking legs.

arachnids have four pairs of walking legs.

Which group does NOT have members that cause human disease? archaea bacteria fungi prions viruses

archaea

Which type of prokaryotes are able to live in the most extreme environments? cyanobacteria anaerobic bacteria archaea heterotrophic aerobic bacteria

archaea

According to the proposed three domain system, archaea and eukarya are more closely related than either is to the bacteria. archaea and bacteria are more closely related than either is to the eukarya. bacteria and eukarya are more closely related than either is to the archaea. all three groups arose separately. all three groups are equally related.

archaea and eukarya are more closely related than either is to the bacteria.

Which of the following does not pertain to hormones? are all carried in the bloodstream they affect the behavior by acting on the brain influence the metabolism of cells essential components of the body's response to stress can promote cell division and mitosis

are all carried in the bloodstream

Echinoderms and cnidarians are both radially symmetrical. both have three germ layers. both have the sac body plan. are both deuterostomes. are both found in freshwater.

are both radially symmetrical.

Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart? capillaries venules veins arteries lymph vessels

arteries

Interleukin and interleukin antagonists may be used for all of the following except as treatments for B cell deficiencies. as adjuncts for vaccines. as treatment for chronic infectious diseases. to prevent skin and organ rejection. to prevent allergies.

as treatments for B cell deficiencies.

The concentration of protein in the blood is higher in postglomerular blood as compared with that in arterial blood because protein is digested in glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. the kidney manufactures protein. reabsorption of protein occurs. as water passes into the capsule, the concentration of protein in the blood will increase. water is a small molecule.

as water passes into the capsule, the concentration of protein in the blood will increase.

Which is a type of neuroglial cell? astrocyte lacunae dendrocytes macroglia myelin

astrocyte

Animals that have no particular symmetry exhibit asymmetry. radial symmetry. bilateral symmetry. trilateral symmetry. spherical symmetry.

asymmetry.

If we inject three different antigens into a human at the same time, one plasma cell will produce three different antibodies. plasma cells will produce three times the amount of one antibody. at least three different plasma cells will be involved in antibody production since each plasma cell only produces one specific antibody. three different immunoglobulins will assist one plasma cell in responding to the antigen. three complement plasma proteins will assist one plasma cell in responding to the antigen.

at least three different plasma cells will be involved in antibody production since each plasma cell only produces one specific antibody.

Accumulation of cholesterol beneath the inner linings of arteries is called hypertension. heart attack. stroke. atherosclerosis. thrombus.

atherosclerosis.

Which stage of viral reproduction takes place when the spikes of the virus bind to a specific receptor molecule on the surface of a host cell? attachment stage penetration stage biosynthesis stage maturation stage release stage

attachment stage

In the axon, the nerve impulses travel toward the cell body. away from the cell body. bidirectionally toward AND away from the cell body. away from the synapse. toward the dendrites.

away from the cell body.

The three shapes of bacteria are haplontic, diplontic, and alternations. anaerobic, aerobic, and facultative. heterotrophic, autotrophic, and chemosynthetic. bacillus, coccus, and spirillum. helical, spiral, and streptococci.

bacillus, coccus, and spirillum.

Which type of organism will form endospores when faced with unfavorable environmental conditions? viruses bacteria algae protozoans fungi

bacteria

Comparisons are made among a broad range of organisms for similarities in amino acid sequences. However, it is necessary to use structural proteins. basic biochemical molecules that are universal. blood type molecules. similarities only based on available dietary proteins. There are no restrictions, any amino acids for any structure would provide a legitimate comparison among organisms.

basic biochemical molecules that are universal.

A mushroom will produce a sexual spore at the tip of a club-shaped mycelia. conidia. ascus. basidia. hypha.

basidia.

Why would it make sense to have the birthing process controlled by a positive feedback loop? because there is a definite cutoff point to be reached because birth is a positive experience because there is no sensor involved because there is no stimulus involved because there is a fluctuation of hormones above and below the level necessary to induce birth

because there is a definite cutoff point to be reached

If two adjacent populations of the same species show gene flow, then the two populations will become more similar in their gene pools. become isolated from each other. develop into different species. adapt to different conditions and become separate. become the same population.

become more similar in their gene pools.

In the life cycle of a fern, the zygote becomes the sporophyte generation. becomes the gametophyte generation. does not occur. undergoes meiosis. is haploid.

becomes the sporophyte generation.

Gulls recognize their own species by the type of ring around the eye. This is an example of geographical isolation. ecological isolation. behavioral isolation. physiological isolation. temporal isolation.

behavioral isolation.

Which of the following features was NOT necessary for adaptation by reptiles to life on land? hard, horny scales internal fertilization by means of a penis shelled egg being cold-blooded well-developed lungs

being cold-blooded

Name the tissue in which the cells are separated by a liquid. cartilage nerve blood muscle bone

blood

Lymph, such as that collected under a blister, contains all the components of blood except water. salts. sugars. dissolved gases. blood cells, albumin and other plasma proteins.

blood cells, albumin and other plasma proteins.

The liquid that collects in the cavity of the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is concentrated urine. blood plasma minus blood proteins. old bile ready for excretion. glycogen and water. albumin.

blood plasma minus blood proteins.

Venous return does not depend on respiratory movements. skeletal muscle contractions. the presence of valves. limb movement. blood pressure.

blood pressure.

Which of the following would not lead to an immunodeficiency? inherited lack of B cells blood transfusion surgical removal of the thymus SCID AIDS

blood transfusion

In the processing of food through the digestive tract, what is the correct order? bolus → feces → chyme bolus → chyme → feces chyme → feces → bolus chyme → bolus → feces feces → bolus → chyme

bolus → chyme → feces

Spinal nerves contain only sensory fibers. only motor fibers. both sensory and motor fibers. only parasympathetic fibers. only ganglia.

both sensory and motor fibers.

The main features that place Homo habilis in the genus Homo rather than Australopithecus are human facial appearance and lack of hair. advanced use of language and total carnivorous diet. brain size, posture, and dentition. care of young and altruistic behavior. hand grip, extensive use of tools, and house-building.

brain size, posture, and dentition.

Nitrogenous wastes are produced by the breakdown of complex sugars. salts that are not incorporated in cellular metabolism. production of proteins. breakdown of proteins. production of nucleic acids.

breakdown of proteins.

Which part of the respiratory system will have the least amount of cartilage and the thinnest walls? larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles pharynx

bronchioles

Which of the following symptoms is NOT characteristic of diabetes mellitus? cells unable to take up glucose increased breakdown of fats and protein frequent urination sugar in the urine bronzing of the skin

bronzing of the skin

Stem cells are formed from the formed elements in the blood. are found only in bone marrow. are found only in embryos. can differentiate into many cell types, including neurons. will remain as stem cells no matter how many cell divisions take place.

can differentiate into many cell types, including neurons.

Bacteria living in the large intestine are a source of fiber. can produce vitamins. are found only in the appendix. can produce excess acid. are found only in the rectum.

can produce vitamins.

Which is NOT a correct association of bone structures and functions? osteoblasts—cells that build up bone tissue osteoclasts—cells that break down bone tissue osteons—tubular units of compact bone canaliculi—holes through which blood vessels run lacunae—tiny chambers in concentric circles around a central cana

canaliculi—holes through which blood vessels run

Which blood vessels will have walls only one cell thick? capillaries venules veins arterioles arteries

capillaries

Which statement is NOT a correct association? arteries—have a thick muscular layer capillaries—oxygen and nutrient exchange arteries—can control blood pressure capillaries—contain most of overall blood volume veins—valves to return blood to heart

capillaries—contain most of overall blood volume

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone causes the mammary glands in the breasts to develop and produce milk. is a major regulator of daily cycles and timing of puberty. is in relatively high concentration in most humans. causes dramatic skin color changes in some fish, amphibians, and reptiles. is responsible for sleep and wake cycles.

causes dramatic skin color changes in some fish, amphibians, and reptiles.

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a fruit according to a biologist? apple grapes tomato peas in a pod celery

celery

Which of the following does NOT pertain to neurons? sodium pumps Schwann cells myelin nodes of Ranvier cell walls

cell walls

Which structures are associated with the limbic system? cerebral lobes, basal nuclei, and diencephalon cerebral lobes, basal nuclei, and spinal cord cerebral lobes, peripheral nerves, and diencephalon cerebellum, basal nuclei, and diencephalon spinal cord, basal nuclei, and diencephalon

cerebral lobes, basal nuclei, and diencephalon

Consciousness is best associated with the whole brain. frontal lobe only. cerebrum. whole central nervous system. cerebellum.

cerebrum.

The complement system contains either half of an antigen-antibody complex. certain plasma proteins. a serious infection. an autoimmune reaction. cells that secrete antibodies.

certain plasma proteins.

A voice changes from high to low pitch in speaking by changing the volume of air that flows across the vocal cords. controlling the growth of the tissue. increasing the amplitude of the vocal cord vibrations. changing the tension on the vocal cords. changing the tension on the epiglottis.

changing the tension on the vocal cords.

Which item is commonly eaten by an individual who suffers from pica? charcoal cookies cakes ice cream all of these are associated with pica

charcoal

Which of these is the most accurate description of a virus? a noncellular living organism one of the smallest bacteria known a member of the kingdom Virusae a cell at the boundary between living and nonliving things chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein

chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein

Antioxidants are toxic chemicals that must be avoided in the diet. the breakdown products of protein digestion. another name for free radicals. chemicals found in fruits and vegetables that defend against free radicals. only found in food supplements in pill form.

chemicals found in fruits and vegetables that defend against free radicals.

Fungi are NOT photosynthetic because they lack sporangium. xylem. cell walls. chlorophyll. cell membrane.

chlorophyll.

In flame cells light is detected. ciliated sperm are stored. undigested food is expelled. slow fires actually burn food for energy. cilia drive fluids through tubules for excretion of excess water.

cilia drive fluids through tubules for excretion of excess water.

Which is the largest group of protozoans? amoeboids zooflagellates ciliates sporozoans slime molds

ciliates

The "lub" heart sound is due to the onward rush of blood to the heart. contraction of aortic muscle tissue. closing of the semilunar valves. closing of the atrioventricular valves. the recoil of the aorta following the ventricle contraction.

closing of the atrioventricular valves.

Which of the following organisms exhibit radial symmetry as adults? flatworms cnidarians roundworms clams fish

cnidarians

The stinging cells or nematocysts are characteristic of sponges. clams. cnidarians. flatworms. roundworms.

cnidarians.

Amphibians most likely evolved from ancestors most similar to the hagfish. lamprey. coelacanth. skate. ray-finned fish.

coelacanth.

Which of the following does NOT represent a category of the MyPlate food guide symbol? skim milk orange chicken breast whole wheat bread coffee

coffee

Oxygen is transported in blood most efficiently by being dissolved in the plasma. chemical conversion to water. combining with hemoglobin. combining with carbon dioxide to form bicarbonate ions. a free oxygen ion or radical.

combining with hemoglobin.

Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) is more likely to appear on home-baked bread than commercially-distributed bread. A possible explanation is the commercially-distributed bread has been refrigerated while the home-baked bread has not. home-baked bread is more likely to contain chemical preservatives than commercially distributed bread. commercially-distributed bread is more likely to contain chemical preservatives than home-baked bread. home ingredients are more likely to contain fungal spores. home-baked bread will contain more nutrients than commercial breads.

commercially-distributed bread is more likely to contain chemical preservatives than home-baked bread.

The lancelets are found in tropical Amazon streams. as parasites inside the tracts of fish. very rarely in mountain streams, where they are almost extinct. commonly in the sandy bottoms of shallow coastal waters around the world. on the bottom of the ocean.

commonly in the sandy bottoms of shallow coastal waters around the world.

A nerve is a neuron. composed of sensory axons and motor dendrites. composed of the long fibers of long axons. a part of the central nervous system. any cell located in the brain or spinal region.

composed of the long fibers of long axons.

One bacterial cell passes DNA to a second cell in the process of transformation. transduction. conjugation. infection. replication.

conjugation.

Spirogyra practice a type of sexual exchange called budding. aggregation. fruiting body. conjugation. gametogenesis.

conjugation.

Collagenous and elastic fibers are found in what type of tissue? epithelial muscle nerve connective simple squamous

connective

A simplified list of characteristics of "algae" includes the following Green Algae- mostly freshwater, cell wall, chlorophylls a and b Euglenoids- mostly freshwater, no cell wall, chlorophylls a and b Brown Algae- mostly marine, cell wall, chlorophylls a and c Diatoms- marine and freshwater, cell wall, chlorophylls a and c Dinoflagellates- mostly marine, cell wall, chlorophylls a and c Red Algae- mostly marine, chlorophylls a and phycobilin From examination of this restricted set of data, and referring back to discussions of systematics and taxonomy, it is most likely that the most primitive algae were marine. were freshwater. contained cell walls. contained chlorophyll a. contained chlorophyll c.

contained chlorophyll a.

What is "tetany"? continuous muscle contractions due to high blood calcium continuous muscle contractions from low blood calcium the random contractions of fibers in a muscle that keep a person upright inability to function caused by low blood sugar due to diabetes ultimate muscle fatigue where the oxygen debt exceeds all ATP available

continuous muscle contractions from low blood calcium

The blood vessel that provides oxygen to the heart tissue is the pulmonary artery. coronary artery. left carotid artery. renal artery. left subclavian artery.

coronary artery.

Which of these bones is found in the pelvic girdle? humerus ulna femur coxal tibia

coxal

Which of the following is NOT an echinoderm? sea star sea urchin sea cucumber sand dollar crayfish

crayfish

The loop of the nephron (loop of Henle) is necessary for glucose reabsorption. creates a low osmotic pressure in the medulla. creates a high osmotic pressure in the medulla. creates a low osmotic pressure in the cortex. creates a high osmotic pressure in the cortex.

creates a high osmotic pressure in the medulla.

Which molecule can be used directly to regenerate ATP? ADP glucose lactate creatine phosphate tropomyosin

creatine phosphate

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps (processes) involved in urine formation? glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption creatinine production tubular secretion filtration of small molecules into glomerular filtrate

creatinine production

Which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and lines kidney tubules? hyaline cartilage nerve tissue columnar epithelium cuboidal epithelium squamous epithelium

cuboidal epithelium

Which organisms form lichens? archaea and algae archaea and fungi cyanobacteria and algae cyanobacteria and fungi cyanobacteria and archaea

cyanobacteria and fungi

Plants that flourished in the Mesozoic era along with dinosaurs were the ferns. bryophytes. cycads. flowering plants. conifers.

cycads.

The radius bone in Figure 19.1 is the bone labeled b. a. c. d. e.

d.

Edward Jenner promoted the use of cowpox infection, that was very similar to more dangerous smallpox, as a vaccination to provide patients immunity from future smallpox epidemics. This was a case of these subjects developing passive immunity. developing active immunity. developing an inflammatory response that increased the IgG production. developing high levels of complement. developing high levels of interferon although Jenner did not realize these diseases were viral.

developing active immunity.

Which is NOT a correct association for hormonal disorders? acromegaly—overproduction of GH in adult pituitary dwarf—too little GH produced during childhood Cushing syndrome—oversecretion of ACTH due to an adrenal cortex tumor diabetes—either the pancreas produces too much insulin or liver and muscle cells have too many receptors goiter—thyroid is unable to produce thyroxine due to too little iodine in diet

diabetes—either the pancreas produces too much insulin or liver and muscle cells have too many receptors

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood occurs by the process of diffusion. osmosis. filtration. active transport. ionic bonding.

diffusion.

The physical principle upon which kidney dialysis is based is active transport. diffusion. heat transfer. hydrogen ion transfer. pinocytosis.

diffusion.

Administration of norepinephrine would dilate the bronchi and increase oxygen for blood. slow heartbeat. stimulate the digestive system to supply more sugar to the blood. cause the pupil of the eye to contract. promote an overall relaxed state.

dilate the bronchi and increase oxygen for blood.

"Red tides" are produced by massive blooms of diatoms. dinaflagellates. red algae. brown algae. multicellular green algae.

dinaflagellates

Which type of organism causes a "red tide"? euglenoids water molds brown algae green algae dinaflagellates

dinaflagellates

In the fern life cycle, the ______ generation is dominant. haploid gametophyte diploid gametophyte haploid sporophyte diploid sporophyte monoploid sporophyte

diploid sporophyte

The fiddlehead is a _______ that unfolds into a ______. diploid gametophyte; fern frond diploid sporophyte; fern frond haploid sporophyte; fern frond haploid gametophyte; fern frond diploid gametophyte; moss plant

diploid sporophyte; fern frond

Which type of natural selection increases the frequency of an extreme phenotype? directional diversifying stabilizing disruptive nonrandom

directional

There is a condition where a baby is born with an opening [foramen ovale] in the septum or wall between the atria. What are reasonable consequences? more efficient pumping of blood through the body with pressure from both ventricles an equal reading for blood pressure, that is diastole equals systole disability when deoxygenated blood is mixed and sent to the body and partly oxygenated blood is sent to the lungs death due to loss of blood from the circulatory system no significant differences would occur

disability when deoxygenated blood is mixed and sent to the body and partly oxygenated blood is sent to the lungs

How could you possibly become infected with adult tapeworms? eating insufficiently cooked pork being bitten by a mosquito ingesting eggs in contaminated water eating freshly peeled fruit wading in contaminated water

eating insufficiently cooked pork

In Figure 17.16, the structure at "a" is a(n) interneuron. sensory neuron. receptor. motor neuron. effector.

effector.

The innermost core of a virus's structure is made up of a membranous envelope. both DNA and RNA. either DNA or RNA. a protein capsid. a protein spore coat.

either DNA or RNA.

Which difference distinguishes protostomes from deuterostomes? nervous system embryonic development circulatory system cephalization presence or lack of notochord

embryonic development

The most likely ancestors of the chordates are considered to be echinoderms because tunicates are echinoderms. there is a direct lineage from sea stars to tunicates. embryos of echinoderms and chordate embryos are deuterostomes. adult echinoderms display similar characteristics as adult chordates. the nervous system of echinoderms is similar to that of chordates.

embryos of echinoderms and chordate embryos are deuterostomes

Which of the following diseases make up chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma emphysema, tuberculosis, and cystic fibrosis chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis, and pulmonary fibrosis tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, and asthma pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, and cystic fibrosis

emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma

Which is NOT a correct association of lower respiratory problems and causes or symptoms? chronic bronchitis—ongoing inflammation and possible infection of bronchi with loss of cilia pulmonary fibrosis—loss of lung elasticity due to breathing silica, coal dust, asbestos, etc. emphysema—reduced lung and chest volume due to collapsed alveoli and overventilation pulmonary tuberculosis—a bacterial infection that the body tries to isolate and seal off Pneumocystis carinii—pneumonia caused by a protozoan in absence of a healthy immune system

emphysema—reduced lung and chest volume due to collapsed alveoli and overventilation

In what order does a dentist drill through tooth layers? dentin →enamel →pulp enamel →dentin →pulp enamel →pulp →dentin pulp →dentin →enamel dentin →pulp →enamel

enamel →dentin →pulp

Which system is one of the two main body systems that helps maintain homeostasis by regulating other body systems? digestive endocrine respiratory lymphatic cardiovascular

endocrine

Which body system coordinates activities of body parts by releasing hormones into the blood? nervous system digestive system respiratory system circulatory system endocrine system

endocrine system

Heroin binds to receptors on neurons that travel from the spinal cord to the region of the brain that feels pleasure. These receptors are normally meant for epinephrine. norepinephrine. dopamine. endorphins. acetylcholine.

endorphins.

Which part of a seed provides nourishment for the embryo enabling seed plants to survive on land? ovary seed coat egg sac endosperm ectosperm

endosperm

Which part of an angiosperm seed is triploid (3n)? embryonic sporophyte generation embryonic gametophyte generation protective seed coat fruit around the seed endosperm

endosperm

The idea that mitochondria may have resulted when a nucleated cell engulfed aerobic bacteria is known as the chemiosmotic theory. endosymbiotic hypothesis. Lyon hypothesis. theory of evolution by means of acquired characteristics. theory of acquisition of organelles.

endosymbiotic hypothesis.

Which feature distinguishes birds from the rest of the reptiles? endothermic scales egg laying lungs four appendages

endothermic

Which layer of the skin protects the body from bacterial infection and water loss? dermis epidermis connective tissue layer hyaline cartilage basement membrane

epidermis

Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the pharynx. larynx. bronchioles. saliva. epiglottis.

epiglottis.

Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the pharynx. larynx. epiglottis. glottis. sphincter muscle.

epiglottis.

Which type of memory is associated with specific facts, persons, and events? episodic skill semantic short term All of these are associated with specific facts, persons, and events.

episodic

Which of the following tissues would line the mouth? muscular connective epithelial nervous glandular

epithelial

Which two types of tissue come together to make "basement membrane"? muscle and connective connective and nervous nervous and epithelial epithelial and connective nervous and muscle

epithelial and connective

Which type of tissue contains cells close together and connected to a basement membrane? hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage muscle tissue nerve tissue epithelial tissue

epithelial tissue

Which of these organs has contact with food for the least amount of time and does not participate in digestion? mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine

esophagus

Which of the following can prevent osteoporosis? aspirin therapy estrogen replacement therapy treatment with chondroitin sulfate treatment with glucosamine treatment with corticosteroids

estrogen replacement therapy

A unicellular alga that has both plant-like photosynthesis and animal-like motility is a(n) diatom. dinoflagellate. euglenoid. zooflagellate. red algae.

euglenoid.

Phylogeny refers to the development of an organism. evolutionary history of a species. taxonomic hierarchies of cladistics. reproductive isolation of species. relatedness of species.

evolutionary history of a species.

You suddenly develop explosive and frequent diarrhea. Which of the following is most likely not the cause? stress excess fiber in your diet infection by a protozoan infection by a virus infection by a bacteria

excess fiber in your diet

Which of the following function would not be lost or seriously compromised if someone suffered a severe burn over most of their body? prevention of heat and water loss prevention of massive and continuous infection from invasion by external bacteria, viruses, and parasites production of sweat that evaporates and cools the body when it is overheating protection of muscle and other surface tissues from abrasion and pain exchange of gases

exchange of gases

What components does respiration include? only the exchange of oxygen in the lungs exchange of gases in the lungs and in the tissues only the exchange of oxygen in the tissues only exchange of carbon dioxide in the lungs only the exchange of carbon dioxide in the tissues

exchange of gases in the lungs and in the tissues

Which of the following does not contribute to homeostasis? excretion of metabolic wastes maintenance of water-salt balance maintenance of acid-base balance excretion of proteins and nucleotides secretion of hormones

excretion of proteins and nucleotides

Which of the following is not related to obesity? sedentary activities family eating habits exercise and sensible diet excessive intake of fatty foods body fat content above 20% ideal body weight

exercise and sensible diet

Glands that secrete their products into ducts are classified as serous glands. mucous glands. endocrine glands. exocrine glands. salivary glands.

exocrine glands.

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a distinguishing feature of all primates? opposable thumb fingernails usually single birth extended period of parental care expanded hindbrain

expanded hindbrain

In the past, ulcers were treated by a bland diet and drugs to reduce the acidity of the stomach. Today, ulcers are often treated with antibiotics. What evidence caused the change in treatment? experiments that showed that antibiotics reduce stomach acidity better than the drugs used prior experiments that showed that Helicobacter pylori infection was the cause of many ulcers experiments that showed that the healing of ulcers required a more acidic, not a less acidic, environment experiments that showed that bland diets actually led to an increase in ulcers experiments that showed that ulcers were most due to stress

experiments that showed that Helicobacter pylori infection was the cause of many ulcers

Judo is a sport that requires an explosion of energy more than endurance. The better type of muscle would be slow-twitch fibers with many mitochondria and high blood supply. slow-twitch fibers with fewer mitochondria and lower blood supply. fast-twitch fibers with many mitochondria and high blood supply. fast-twitch fibers with fewer mitochondria and lower blood supply. fast-twitch fibers with a reserve of glycogen and fat.

fast-twitch fibers with fewer mitochondria and lower blood supply.

What is not removed from the body via the urinary system? uric acid salt feces bicarbonate urea

feces

Which of these characteristics is NOT associated with flight requirements in birds? feet with claws light hollow bones a light horny beak with no teeth respiratory air sacs and lungs with one way air flow an enlarged breastbone with strong muscles attached

feet with claws

In Hong Kong, as in many Asian countries, there is not enough countryside to have everyone buried in cemeteries. Therefore they require reburial of the human bones only in an ossarium, a wall that consists of many cubicles for a "shoe box"—like concrete box that holds all of the bones intact but disarticulated. The size of this box is about ten inches high, twelve inches wide, and about two feet long. What are the largest skeletal structures that require that the box be this minimal size? humerus and skull ulna and pelvis femur and skull femur and pelvis tibia and humerus

femur and skull

The small heart-shaped gametophyte called a prothallus is part of the life cycle of the mosses. ferns. liverworts. ginkgoes. gnetophyte.

ferns.

The organisms examined by Darwin on the Galapagos Islands that were most important in his development of the theory of natural selection were rabbits and hares. plants. finches. fish. monkeys and armadillos.

finches.

Jaws are believed to have evolved from the cranium. first ribs. first pair of gill arches. tooth buds. suckers of lampreys.

first pair of gill arches

A lily (a monocot) would have rhizoids rather than true roots. flower parts in threes. seeds in a cone. netted leaf veins. two cotyledons.

flower parts in threes.

Which of the following is correct in matching the common name with a phylum name? planarian—Nematoda fluke—Platyhelminthes coral—Porifera roundworm—Cnidaria sponge—Arthropoda

fluke—Platyhelminthes

Which of the following is NOT a mineral required by the body? iron folic acid (folacin) copper sodium calcium

folic acid (folacin)

Which is NOT part of a description of an antibody molecule? contains a constant and a variable region on each chain forms an X-shaped protein molecule contains an antigen-binding site on each arm contains two light chains and two heavy chains contains hypervariable regions where antigens bind

forms an X-shaped protein molecule

Which evidence for evolution uses impressions of plants and animals pressed into sedimentary rock? fossil record biogeography comparative anatomy comparative embryology comparative biochemistry

fossil record

Which of the following is responsible for the storage of extra bile? small intestine liver stomach gallbladder pancreas

gallbladder

Which sequence is correct in the life cycle of alternation of generations? gametophyte → spores → sporophyte gametophyte → gametes → spores → sporophyte gametophyte → gametes → zygote → spores → sporophyte gametophyte → spores → gametes → zygote → sporophyte gametophyte → gametes → zygote → sporophyte → spores

gametophyte → gametes → zygote → sporophyte → spores

Structures in plants that produce the gametes are called sporangia. fruit. gametophyte. homosporophyte. sporophyte.

gametophyte.

Which type of junction permits small molecules to pass between two cells? desmosome tight junction gap junction intercalated disk cross junction

gap junction

Which is NOT a correct association? adhesion junctionsskin adhesion junctionsbladder gap junctionsstomach tight junctionsintestines tight junctionsbladder

gap junctionsstomach

Movement of alleles between populations such as by the migration of breeding individuals is called mutations. genetic drift. gene flow. nonrandom mating. natural selection.

gene flow

A random alteration in the sequence of DNA nucleotides that provides a new variant allele is gene mutation. polymorphism. gene frequency. disruption. allele frequency.

gene mutation.

The ____ is the total number of alleles of all the gene loci in all the members of a population genetic drift gene flow gene pool adaptive radiation community

gene pool

Defining characteristics of chordates are segmentation, dorsal hollow nerve cord, gill arches or pharyngeal pouches. dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, bilateral symmetry, and post-anal tail. bilateral symmetry, segmentation, and well-developed coelom. well-developed coelom, gill arches or pharyngeal pouches, and notochord. gill arches or pharyngeal pouches, dorsal tubular nerve cord, notochord, and post-anal tail.

gill arches or pharyngeal pouches, dorsal tubular nerve cord, notochord, and post-anal tail.

Which of the following is NOT a unique characteristic of chordates at some time in their life history? a notochord a dorsal hollow nerve cord pharyngeal pouches gill clefts a post-anal tail

gill clefts

Inflammation of the gums is called gingivitis. periodontitis. dental caries. gumma infections. gummitis.

gingivitis.

What capillaries are enclosed by the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule? peritubular glomerular loop of nephron (loop of Henle) collecting tubule pulmonary

glomerular

What is the correct order an excreted water molecule moves from glomerulus to collecting duct? loop of nephron → glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → distal convoluted tubule glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of nephron → distal convoluted tubule glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → distal convoluted tubule → loop of nephron proximal convoluted tubule → glomerular capsule → loop of nephron → distal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule → glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of nephron

glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of nephron → distal convoluted tubule

Which mechanism used to form urine, requires a high blood pressure? glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion phagocytosis countercurrent mechanism

glomerular filtration

Glucose is found in glomerular filtrate but NOT in the urine because the kidney stores glucose as glycogen. kidney cells require glucose because energy is needed for active transport. glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. glucose is converted to amino acids in the kidney. glucose molecules are too large to pass through the loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)

glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.

Which amino acid, in mice, was discovered to play a role in memory? glutamate valine serine histidine methionine

glutamate

What is the name of the muscle that you sit on? deltoid quadriceps femoris group hamstring group gluteus maximus pectoralis major

gluteus maximus

In the body, glucose is stored in the liver as starch. protein. glycogen. fat. amino acids.

glycogen.

The buildup of the products of nucleic acid metabolism can lead to gout. creatinine. erythropoietin. renal failure. urethritis.

gout.

The ____ algae are thought to be closely related to the first plants because they share most of the characteristics of plants. brown red green white pink

green

Which hormone stimulates the rate at which amino acids enter the cell, increasing protein synthesis? oxytocin melanocyte-stimulating hormone anti-diuretic hormone growth hormone gonadotropic hormone

growth hormone

Which is NOT an effect of the hormone estrogen? accumulation of a fat layer beneath the skin pelvic girdle grows wider breast development egg maturation and menstrual cycle control growth of hair and muscular tissue

growth of hair and muscular tissue

In young persons who are still developing, what is the band of cartilage called that remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary ossification center? chondrocytic mediastinum osteoclastic border osteon promoter fontanel growth plate

growth plate

The flower protects the developing male gametophyte ferns club mosses whisk ferns gymnosperms horsetails

gymnosperms

Which of the following types of plants will produce a naked seed? moss ferns algae gymnosperms angiosperms

gymnosperms

The living coelacanths discovered off the coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean in 1938, and near Indonesia in 1998, proved that it was a modern fish unrelated to fossil coelacanths. was the "missing link" between fish and amphibians. was the link between cartilage and bony fishes. had changed very little and had not gone extinct. had gone extinct and then evolved from other fish still present.

had changed very little and had not gone extinct.

When researchers videotaped the body of a dead whale on the bottom of the ocean, it was rippling with the activity of many scavengers inside the carcass. These scavengers would have been hagfish. lampreys. coelacanths. skates. ray-finned fishes.

hagfish.

The chief distinguishing characteristic of all mammals is the presence of constant internal temperature. four limbs. a four-chambered heart. hair and mammary glands. a placenta.

hair and mammary glands.

In the moss life cycle, the ______ generation is dominant. haploid gametophyte diploid gametophyte haploid sporophyte diploid sporophyte diploid antheridium

haploid gametophyte

If a virus is latent, it cannot be a retrovirus. has integrated itself into the host cell genome. must be a retrovirus. is gaining a new envelope via "budding." is easy to develop immunity against.

has integrated itself into the host cell genome.

Compared to the moss, the fern is better adapted to life on land because the fern produces seeds, but the moss does not. does not have swimming sperm, but the moss does. does not have a gametophyte generation, but the moss does. has vascular tissue, but the moss does not. can be found in dry areas.

has vascular tissue, but the moss does not.

Sharks have bone skeletons. lack jaws. have a keen sense of smell. lack the lateral line system of bony fishes. do not have paired fins.

have a keen sense of smell.

The molluscs look so different, and yet we can tell they are related because they all are segmented. are predators. have an external skeleton. have a mantle, visceral mass, and a foot. have shells.

have a mantle, visceral mass, and a foot.

In order to infect a cell, a virus must inject its protein into the cell while the nucleic acid remains attached to the host cell surface. have a special protein on its surface capsid that can interact with a protein on the surface of the host cell. actively burrow through the cell wall or cell membrane of the host cell to reach the cell's nucleus. produce a special extension of its cytoplasm when it comes into contact with the appropriate host cell. have enzymes to break down the cell wall or cell membrane of the host cell.

have a special protein on its surface capsid that can interact with a protein on the surface of the host cell.

Mass extinctions are the result of humans damaging the natural environment. are the result of humans exploiting wildlife and using pesticides. occurred in cycles when organisms fail to evolve. have occurred about 4 or 5 times in fossil record, due in some cases to catastrophic changes. require life to evolve again from protocells.

have occurred about 4 or 5 times in fossil record, due in some cases to catastrophic changes.

The major insect body parts are head, cephalothorax, and abdomen. cephalothorax, midsection, and abdomen. head, thorax, and abdomen. head, pyothorax, and metathorax. head, cephalothorax, and genitalia.

head, thorax, and abdomen.

When discussing homeostasis in body temperature, it is NOT true to state that the body responds to heat by stimulating sweat release. heat by constricting the blood vessels in the skin. cold by contracting the arrector pili muscles. cold by contracting skeletal muscles causing shivering. cold by rerouting blood away from the skin.

heat by constricting the blood vessels in the skin.

Which type of T cell has a TCR that can recognize an antigen fragment presented by antigen-presenting cells with MHC class II proteins? helper T cells cytotoxic T cells major histocompatibility complex B cells monocytes

helper T cells

The AIDS virus attacks helper T cells. suppressor T cells. cytotoxic T cells. memory T cells. B cells.

helper T cells.

Which of the following proteins is found in abundance within red blood cells? albumin hemoglobin globulin fibrinogen myoglobin

hemoglobin

Which is NOT a correct association of intestinal disorders? diarrhea—rapid movement of feces that may result in dehydration constipation—too slow movement of feces permitting hard and dry feces polyps—small growths on the epithelial lining that can become cancerous hemorrhoids—a sexually contracted disease hepatitis—inflammation of the liver

hemorrhoids—a sexually contracted disease

Usually there is only one capillary bed between an artery and vein; an exception to this is the coronary vessels that serve the heart. pulmonary system that serves the lungs and where all factors are reversed. hepatic portal system which runs from the capillary bed in the intestine to the capillary bed in the liver via a hepatic portal vein. brain circulation which requires special continuous blood flow. large bones that lack capillaries but are fed by an artery/vein system.

hepatic portal system which runs from the capillary bed in the intestine to the capillary bed in the liver via a hepatic portal vein.

Which of the following disease is not caused by deficient/excess nutrients in the diet? scurvy anemia cardiovascular disease hepatitis osteoporosis

hepatitis

Which of the following is an infectious cause of jaundice? trauma gallstones cancer alcoholism hepatitis B

hepatitis B

Which of the following associations is correct? herpesvirus - chicken pox Streptococcus pyogenes - measles trypanosome - Chlamydia mycoses - Entamoeba tinea - fungi

herpesvirus - chicken pox

Which type of nutrition is believed to have come first? autotrophic heterotrophic aerobic photosynthetic catalytic

heterotrophic

Metabolically, the archaea are photosynthetic. not metabolically active. heterotrophic and some are autotrophic as well. parasitic. all autotrophs.

heterotrophic and some are autotrophic as well.

Phillip is breathing at approximately 40 ventilations per minute. What is the respiratory center indicating? low oxygen concentration in the lungs high carbon dioxide concentration in the blood low oxygen concentration in the blood the firing of the intercostal nerves stretch receptors in the alveolar walls

high carbon dioxide concentration in the blood

Normally, concentrations of metabolically important substances, such as glucose, are high in glomerular filtrate but only a trace in urine. low in glomerular filtrate but high in urine. high in both glomerular filtrate and urine. low in both glomerular filtrate and urine. excluded from entering the excretory system altogether.

high in glomerular filtrate but only a trace in urine.

Normally, concentrations of wastes, such as urea, are high in urine in comparison to plasma. high in the filtrate but low in urine. in trace amounts in urine but are high in blood. not in the filtrate but are present in low concentrations in the urine. only found in the excretory organs where they originate from metabolism.

high in urine in comparison to plasma.

Because most birds travel through the air at high speeds, they must have a crop and a gizzard. highly sensitive sensory systems. complex songs. eggs and no placenta. a three chambered heart.

highly sensitive sensory systems.

Due to experimentation, it was discovered that which structure was involved in the conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories? hippocampus diencephalon amygdala brain stem cerebellum

hippocampus

Which brain structure serves as a bridge between the sensory association areas and the prefrontal area? hippocampus amygdala pons brain stem cerebellum

hippocampus

Which part of the brain is a seahorse-shaped structure deep in the temporal lobe? ganglia medulla corpus callosum hippocampus occipital area

hippocampus

Which structure communicates with the prefrontal area of the brain and is involved in learning and memory? hippocampus amygdala pineal gland thalamus hypothalamus

hippocampus

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary via nerve stimulation. blood osmotic concentrations. blood glucose concentrations. hormones in a portal blood system. ACTH.

hormones in a portal blood system.

Sometimes biologists are alleged to have said that "man comes from monkeys." The correct way for a modern biologist to explain the apparent sequence of human evolution is monkeys have evolved less than humans. humans and monkeys share a common ancestor. humans and monkeys are biologically identical. evolution leads toward more perfect forms and humans therefore came after modern monkeys. humans continue to evolve while monkeys do not.

humans and monkeys share a common ancestor.

Higher than normal blood pressure is called atherosclerosis. coronary heart disease. hypertension. heart murmurs. an embolism.

hypertension.

Which portion of the antibody binds to the antigen? variable region constant region heavy chain light chain hypervariable region

hypervariable region

What is the cascade of events that follows a stress or trauma to produce adrenal reaction? hypothalamus (ACTH-releasing hormone) → anterior pituitary (ACTH) → adrenal cortex glucocorticoids hypothalamus (ACTH-releasing hormone) → anterior pituitary (ACTH) → adrenal medulla epinephrine and norepinephrine anterior pituitary (ACTH) → hypothalamus (ACTH-releasing hormone) → adrenal medulla epinephrine and norepinephrine adrenal cortex glucocorticoids → anterior pituitary (ACTH) → hypothalamus (ACTH-releasing hormone) adrenal medulla epinephrine and norepinephrine → hypothalamus (ACTH-releasing hormone) → anterior pituitary (ACTH)

hypothalamus (ACTH-releasing hormone) → anterior pituitary (ACTH) → adrenal cortex glucocorticoids

The part of the brain controlling the anterior pituitary gland secretions is the medulla. thalamus. cerebral cortex. hypothalamus. cerebellum.

hypothalamus.

The complex eye that can distinguish shapes is found only in advanced vertebrates. in molluscs and indicates that vertebrate eyes originated with ancestors common with this group. in molluscs but the eye structure evolved differently. in arthropods and indicates that vertebrate eyes originated with ancestors common with this group. in echinoderms and indicates that vertebrate eyes originated with ancestors common with this group.

in molluscs but the eye structure evolved differently.

Some twentieth-century authors wrote that the earliest protocells would have to be autotrophs. This concept appears to be correct, since heterotrophs would depend upon eating autotrophs. correct, since life is not possible without ATP which is only available in living systems. correct, since glycolysis and fermentation only occur after oxygen is present from photosynthesis. incorrect, since the primordial soup could contain many preformed food molecules. incorrect, since glycolysis and fermentation require complex enzymes for catalytic reactions.

incorrect, since the primordial soup could contain many preformed food molecules.

The importance of dietary fiber includes all of the following EXCEPT dilution of bile salts. addition of bulk to the digestive tract. a decreased risk of constipation. a possible decreased risk of polyp formation. increased blood cholesterol levels.

increased blood cholesterol levels.

Edema cannot be caused by increased amounts of tissue fluid. not enough tissue fluid being drained away. increased blood pressure. increased capillary osmotic pressure. poor circulation such as constricted veins during pregnancy.

increased capillary osmotic pressure.

Patients with diabetes mellitus have frequent urination and increased thirst because less water passes from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule. more water is driven from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule than normal. more salt is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule. an increase in sodium ions causes more nerve stimulation and triggers urination. increased glucose in the urine increases its osmolarity and less water is reabsorbed by blood.

increased glucose in the urine increases its osmolarity and less water is reabsorbed by blood.

Scientific studies have shown that which of the following is NOT associated with smoking? increased risk of lung cancer increased severity of allergies increased risk of ulcers increased risk of stroke increased risk of diabetes

increased risk of diabetes

Which is a combination of physiological and psychological dependence? tolerance and withdrawal increasing a drug to get the same effect and preoccupation with trying to get more drugs seizures and craving for cocaine the rush of cocaine and the hallucinations of marijuana a cocaine binge and a nicotine craving

increasing a drug to get the same effect and preoccupation with trying to get more drugs

Simple goiter can be prevented by surgery to remove the thyroid gland. removal of the pituitary. administration of ACTH. administration of insulin. increasing intake of iodine in the diet.

increasing intake of iodine in the diet.

Which of the following features is associated with pica? individuals are at a greater risk for various poisoning person has an irrational fear of getting fat individual engages in extreme physical activity to avoid weight gain self-induced vomiting and laxative abuse frequently eat large amount of foods while feeling a loss of control

individuals are at a greater risk for various poisoning

Social research indicates that a person is most likely to marry someone from the same village or city, or a high school or college classmate. Therefore, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium does not apply well to human populations because allelic changes in one direction are balanced by changes in the opposite direction. there is no directional trend in selection of mates since most individuals marry someone. individuals are not pairing up by chance across the whole population, and genetic drift is more likely to change gene frequencies. this increases gene flow. we accumulate adaptive traits that improve the population.

individuals are not pairing up by chance across the whole population, and genetic drift is more likely to change gene frequencies.

Influenza strains that sweep around the world often carry names such as Shanghai H1N1 or Mexico City H2N2. The viruses vary in H and N surface spikes because the viruses reproduce on their own and attack people in cities more often. these viruses emerged as stray DNA from the genomes of people in these cities. this is where the antibodies of immune people began to break down and the old virus was again virulent. infected people develop immunity to the present strain, and strains that mutate sufficiently to be outside the range of immunity are soon spread in highly populated areas. the H and N surface spikes are obtained from the human hosts.

infected people develop immunity to the present strain, and strains that mutate sufficiently to be outside the range of immunity are soon spread in highly populated areas.

Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease? multiple sclerosis systemic lupus rheumatoid arthritis inflammation type I diabetes

inflammation

Platelets phagocytize bacteria. are responsible for blood type. initiate clotting. transport oxygen in the blood. are responsible for the buildup of plaques on artery walls.

initiate clotting.

The largest animal group, both in number of species and number of individuals, is the annelids. crustacea. insects. reptiles. fishes.

insects.

Which hormone will decrease blood glucose levels? thyroxin aldosterone cortisol insulin glucagons

insulin

Which of these characteristics is NOT found in the amphibians but is developed in reptiles? thin moist skin internal fertilization small inefficient lungs aquatic larvae eggs with gelatinous covering

internal fertilization

In Figure 17.16, the structure at "c" is a(n) interneuron. sensory neuron. receptor. motor neuron. effector.

interneuron.

Which types of cells are found only in the Central Nervous System? interneurons sensory neurons motor neurons interneurons and sensory neurons interneurons and motor neurons

interneurons

Which of these organs are found in the coelom? brain, spinal cord, kidneys, heart salivary glands, vertebrae, heart intestines, heart, lungs, liver intestines, brain, lungs, liver reproductive organs, heart, lungs, brain

intestines, heart, lungs, liver

Which specific component in hemoglobin combines with oxygen? heme globin iron in the heme iron in the globin the polypeptide

iron in the heme

A reflex is an automatic, involuntary response. does not require the central nervous system. is normally controlled consciously. has no protective value. involves only sensory neurons.

is an automatic, involuntary response.

Bone is made of only a hard matrix of inorganic (mainly calcium) salts. lacks the collagen fibers found in cartilage. is laden with blood vessels and canaliculi to deliver nutrients. is built by bone cells called osteons. is formed by concentric rings of bone cells in canaliculi.

is laden with blood vessels and canaliculi to deliver nutrients.

Protist reproduction is asexual only. is sexual only. is neither sexual nor asexual. is mostly sexual with asexual as a second option. is mostly asexual with sexual as a second option.

is mostly asexual with sexual as a second option

Which of the following sequences correctly represents vertebrate evolution? jawless fish → lobe-finned fish → amphibians → reptiles → mammals jawless fish → amphibians → reptiles → lobe-finned fish → mammals mammals → lobe-finned fish → reptiles → jawless fish → amphibians lobe-finned fish → mammals → reptiles → jawless fish → amphibians lobe-finned fish → reptiles → mammals → jawless fish → amphibians

jawless fish → lobe-finned fish → amphibians → reptiles → mammals

A major characteristic of the arthropods is the presence of flame cells. radial symmetry. a soft exoskeleton. a closed circulatory system. jointed appendages.

jointed appendages.

The structure which monitors blood pressure in the kidney is called the juxtaglomerular apparatus. glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. juxtanephritic apparatus. ascending tubule. renal pelvis.

juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Which molecule is responsible for the waterproofing of the skin? mucus keratin hyaline cartilage myosin lanolin

keratin

Which of the following are NOT considered lymphoid organs? bone marrow thymus spleen lymph nodes kidneys

kidneys

The reason red blood cells only live about 120 days is because red blood cells lack a nucleus and therefore cannot defend themselves from pathogen attack. lack a nucleus and therefore cannot repair and rebuild cell structures. are attacked and eaten by white blood cells. are physiologically inferior cells that are not made to last very long. are destroyed by the high levels of oxygen they carry.

lack a nucleus and therefore cannot repair and rebuild cell structures.

Earthworms differ from most of the marine annelids in that earthworms lack setae that marine annelids have. lack paddlelike parapodia that marine annelids have. have segments, while marine annelids do not. develop from a larval form, while marine annelids do not. have well-developed brains and sensory organs in the head region, while marine annelids do not.

lack paddlelike parapodia that marine annelids have.

Which of the following will increase during strenuous muscular activity? oxygen carbon monoxide lactic acid liver glycogen myosin

lactic acid

Oxygen debt may be associated with low oxygen demand by the cells. lactic acid buildup. too much oxygen in the body. too little carbon dioxide in the body. failure to convert potential energy into kinetic energy.

lactic acid buildup.

What is the name of the cavity that contains the bone cells themselves? osteons fibrocartilage lacunae central canals adipose

lacunae

The jawless fish that is parasitic, attaching itself to and sucking fluids from the tissues of a living fish, is the hagfish. lamprey. coelacanth. skate. ray-finned fish.

lamprey.

Which of the following would be an indication of kidney failure? urea in the urine salts in the urine uric acid in the urine large amount of protein in the urine dilute urine

large amount of protein in the urine

Water is absorbed primarily by the large intestine. duodenum. stomach. anal canal. esophagus.

large intestine.

Which of the following associations is NOT correct? collagen—white fibers elastin—yellow fibers large matrix—epithelial tissue muscle—contraction nerve—impulse conduction

large matrix—epithelial tissue

The Adam's apple is actually a part of the pharynx. larynx. glottis. vocal cords. trachea.

larynx.

In modern surgery, it is possible to lengthen a short leg bone, because new bone tissue can rapidly grow to fill a cavity. However, it would be important to administer a chemical to kill all osteoblasts. leave the periosteum intact to provide nutrients and define the boundary for bone growth. ensure the growth plates are all ossified. remove calcium from the diet. remove the red bone marrow from the bone.

leave the periosteum intact to provide nutrients and define the boundary for bone growth.

Oxygenated blood enters the heart at the left atrium. left ventricle. right atrium. right ventricle. pulmonary arteries.

left atrium.

The systemic circuit circulates blood from the right ventricle to left atrium. left ventricle to left atrium. right ventricle to right atrium. left ventricle to right atrium. pulmonary artery to the lungs.

left ventricle to right atrium.

Which of the following correctly traces the path of blood from the heart to the kidneys and back to the heart again? left ventricle → vena cava → renal vein → kidney → renal artery → aorta → right atrium right atrium → aorta → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → hepatic portal vein → vena cava → left atrium left ventricle → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → vena cava → right atrium left ventricle → aorta → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → vena cava → right atrium right ventricle → aorta → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → vena cava → hepatic portal vein → right atrium

left ventricle → aorta → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → vena cava → right atrium

A hormone that acts on the hypothalamus to signal satiety is melatonin. thymosin. leptin. growth hormone. prostaglandins.

leptin

If the blood is alkaline, more hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions are excreted. less hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed. less hydrogen ions are excreted and less bicarbonate are reabsorbed. the kidneys reabsorb increased amounts of water. the diet must be low in necessary acids.

less hydrogen ions are excreted and less bicarbonate are reabsorbed.

When individuals experience fear and pleasure, what part of the brain has been stimulated? hypothalamus pons reticular activating system limbic system thalamus

limbic system

In humans, what is the sequence of fat digestion from the lumen of the small intestine to the bloodstream? lipids → fatty acid and glycerol (converted in liver) → bloodstream lipids → fatty acid and glycerol (converted in lacteal) → bloodstream lipids → fatty acid and glycerol (converted in epithelial cell) → bloodstream lipids → fatty acid and glycerol (converted in epithelial cell) → lacteal → bloodstream lipids → fatty acid and glycerol (converted in liver) → lacteal → bloodstream

lipids → fatty acid and glycerol (converted in epithelial cell) → lacteal → bloodstream

Which are NOT among the phylum Mollusca? clams squids lobsters nautiluses snails

lobsters

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of echinoderms? adult is radially symmetrical locomotion by muscles endoskeleton of spiny, calcium-rich plates larva is bilaterally symmetrical both sexual and asexual reproduction

locomotion by muscles

Mammals are different from birds in all these characteristics EXCEPT having hair. having mammary glands. maintaining a constant body temperature. having young born alive. having a bladder.

maintaining a constant body temperature.

Which of the following is not a function of the cerebrum? maintains posture and balance higher thought processes required for learning and memory higher thought processes required for language and speech receives sensory input commands voluntary motor responses

maintains posture and balance

Which types of embryos have extraembryonic membranes? fish frog salamander shark mammalian

mammalian

A heart with two separate atria and two separate ventricles is seen among fishes and amphibians. amphibians and reptiles. birds and amphibians. mammals and birds. fish and amphibians.

mammals and birds

Transitional forms are seen in the fossil record that link all of these groups EXCEPT birds and reptiles. reptiles and amphibians. fish and amphibians. mammals and birds. mammals and reptiles.

mammals and birds.

The digestive system does NOT function in the chemical breakdown of food. mechanical breakdown of food. elimination of waste products. absorption of food molecules. manufacture of food molecules.

manufacture of food molecules.

A cell that is responsible for the ability of an organism to produce a rapid antibody response against a foreign protein when it is encountered years after the first encounter is a(n) memory B cell. memory T cell. cytotoxic T cell. plasma cell. antigen presenting cell.

memory B cell.

The crescent-shaped pieces of cartilage between the bones in the knee are called ligaments. tendons. patellas. bursae. menisci.

menisci.

Which of the following drugs is a powerful CNS stimulant? methamphetamine heroin marijuana alcohol All of these are powerful CNS stimulants.

methamphetamine

What is the term used to describe the accumulation of small changes in the gene pool of a species over time? genetic drift founder effect microevolution directional selection mutation rate

microevolution

Since the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs molecules by diffusion, what structure would you expect to find at the microscopic level? microvilli to increase surface area smooth muscle to stretch as the volume inside increases numerous mitochondria to allow active transport loose connective tissue so that liquids can pass through the cells many neurons to stimulate the cells to reabsorb

microvilli to increase surface area

What hormones produced by the adrenal cortex regulate salt and water balance? adrenal steroids adrenalins glucocorticoids thymosins mineralocorticoids

mineralocorticoids

The three domain system is primarily based on molecular data showing eukaryotes are much more closely related than previously thought. structural data showing prokaryotes are far more diverse than previously thought. molecular data showing prokaryotes are far more diverse than previously thought. new biogeographical data showing prokaryotes are far more diverse than previously thought. new classification concepts that have shown everything except molecular data to be irrelevant.

molecular data showing prokaryotes are far more diverse than previously thought.

Gladiolus produces leaves with parallel veins and floral parts in multiples of three. This plant is a(n) bryophyte. eudicot. monocot. cycad. fern.

monocot.

Which type of mammal lays eggs? monotremes marsupials placentals snakes birds

monotremes

Which of the following is a nonvascular plant that has the longest evolutionary history on land? ferns bristlecone pine tree moss redwood tree grass

moss

The cephalopods resemble other molluscs because they have focusing camera-type eyes. a siphon for jet-propulsion. a parrot-like beak for tearing prey. well-developed brains with high learning capacity. most of the internal organs located in a visceral mass.

most of the internal organs located in a visceral mass.

According to Fox's laboratory experiments, the protocell could have been composed only of carbohydrates. mostly of polypeptides. of phospholipids. of chitinous threads. of protein and RNA.

mostly of polypeptides.

What is the correct order of structues that a motor nerve stimulation encounters when triggering a contraction? motor nerve → synaptic cleft → sarcoplasmic reticulum → sarcolemma → troponin motor nerve → synaptic cleft → sarcolemma → sarcoplasmic reticulum → troponin motor nerve → sarcoplasmic reticulum → synaptic cleft → sarcolemma → troponin motor nerve → sarcolemma → sarcoplasmic reticulum → synaptic cleft → troponin motor nerve → sarcolemma → synaptic cleft → sarcoplasmic reticulum → troponin

motor nerve → synaptic cleft → sarcolemma → sarcoplasmic reticulum → troponin

Which part of a simple reflex takes the message away from the CNS? sensory neuron receptor interneuron motor neuron effector

motor neuron

The knee is an example of a(n) immovable joint. slightly movable joint. cartilaginous joint. immovable synovial joint. movable, synovial joint.

movable, synovial joint.

Which layer of the intestinal wall will first absorb nutrients from the lumen? serosa longitudinal muscle circular muscle submucosa mucosa

mucosa

Starting from the inside of the esophagus and going to the outside, the layers of the digestive tract in sequence are serosa → smooth muscle → submucosa → mucosa. serosa → submucosa → smooth muscle → mucosa. mucosa → smooth muscle → submucosa → serosa. mucosa → submucosa → serosa → smooth muscle. mucosa → submucosa → smooth muscle → serosa.

mucosa → submucosa → smooth muscle → serosa.

Which of the following is an example of a mechanical barrier to infection? mucous membrane Oil gland secretions pH of the stomach bacteria that live in the intestine inflammatory response

mucous membrane

Which is NOT part of the correct description of a protozoan? heterotrophic multicellular usually motile have usual eukaryotic organelles produce cysts

multicellular

Which of the following types of skeletal material is NOT found in at least some sponges? calcium carbonate silica spicules spongin muscle

muscle

Which of these gives the correct order from large to small? muscle → muscle cell → myofibril → sarcomeres → filaments muscle → muscle fibers → sarcomeres → filaments → myofibrils muscle → sarcomeres → myofibrils → actin filaments → myosin filaments muscle cells → myofibrils → filaments → sarcomeres muscle → myofibrils → sarcomeres → muscle cells → filaments

muscle → muscle cell → myofibril → sarcomeres → filaments

Which of the following tissues is INCORRECTLY matched with a function? epithelial—capillary lining connective—storage of fat muscle—protection from pathogens nervous—integration of data connective—production of blood cells

muscle—protection from pathogens

A hydra moves via nematocysts. alternation of generations. contraction of the nerve net. muscular cells in the epidermis. muscular fibers in the mesoglea.

muscular cells in the epidermis.

A post-synaptic membrane must be either an axon membrane or myelin sheath. must be either a dendrite membrane or cell body membrane. must be a cell body membrane. must be either an axon or dendrite membrane. must be either an axon or cell body membrane.

must be either a dendrite membrane or cell body membrane.

The raw material for evolutionary change is gene flow. genetic drift. mutation. nonrandom reproduction. natural selection.

mutation.

Which of the following is the best description of the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS)? gradual death of brain cells due to calcium influx myelin sheath lesions impair normal coordination of impulses synaptic uptake of dopamine is inhibited degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons in the brain excessive excitatory signals from the motor cortex

myelin sheath lesions impair normal coordination of impulses

Which of the following criteria is not used in the naming of muscles? size shape location name(s) of the bone(s) it attaches to number of attachments

name(s) of the bone(s) it attaches to

Trace the path of an inhaled air molecule. nasal cavity → glottis → larynx → trachea → pharynx → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → glottis → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli nasal cavity → pharynx → glottis → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli nasal cavity → pharynx → glottis → larynx → trachea → bronchioles → bronchi → alveoli nasal cavity → pharynx → glottis → trachea → larynx → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

nasal cavity → pharynx → glottis → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

The production of hormones is usually controlled in what two ways? positive and negative feedback mechanisms neurosecretions and endocrine gland secretions cooperative hormones and antagonist hormones negative feedback and other hormone actions positive feedback and cooperative hormones

negative feedback and other hormone actions

The microscopic anatomical unit of excretion found in the kidney is the nephron. glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. glomerulus. alveoli. microvilli.

nephron.

What system do the cnidaria have that sponges lack? respiratory nervous circulatory excretory reproductive

nervous

Which type of tissue will respond to stimuli and transmit impulses? epithelial connective nervous muscle blood

nervous

Which of these is NOT a part of a neuron? cell body dendrite axon neuroglial cell nucleus

neuroglial cell

Dendrites and an axon are parts of a(n) epithelial cell. muscle cell. reproductive cell. neuron. cartilage cell.

neuron.

What is the function of sodium bicarbonate in the digestive tract? destruction of bacteria digestion of fat in the small intestine neutralization of chyme arriving at the small intestine breakdown of connective tissue in the stomach activation of pepsin in the stomach

neutralization of chyme arriving at the small intestine

Which blood cells are usually the first to arrive at the site of an infection? neutrophils natural killer cells red blood cells interferons monocytes

neutrophils

If the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is met, what is the net effect? evolution leading to a population better adapted to an unchanging environment evolution leading to a population better adapted to a changing environment very slow and continuous evolution with no increased adaptation no evolution because the alleles in the population remain the same no evolution because the alleles in the population will change

no evolution because the alleles in the population remain the same

To be an effective antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent, it is necessary not to kill the human host or cause allergic reactions. to be able to kill a bacterial cell only. not to kill the human host or cause allergic reactions AND to be able to kill a bacterial cell only. to change the genome of the bacterial disease agent. to stop any universal living cell process.

not to kill the human host or cause allergic reactions AND to be able to kill a bacterial cell only.

In vertebrates, the embryonic ____ is replaced by tissues that form a vertebral column. notochord nerve cord pharyngeal pouches gill clefts deuterostomes

notochord

What is the correct evolutionary pathway for the key features of chordates? notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands vertebrae - notochord- jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - amniotic egg - 4 limbs- mammary glands notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - mammary glands - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg mammary glands - notochord - vertebrae - jaws - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - bony skeleton

notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands

In vertebrates, the _______ is/are usually replaced by ________. pharyngeal pouches; gill arches dorsal hollow nerve cord; a ventral solid nerve cord gill arches; pharyngeal pouches notochord; a dorsal hollow nerve cord notochord; a vertebral column

notochord; a vertebral column

Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for vision? frontal parietal temporal occipital insular

occipital

Sac fungi take their name from the shape of their spores. of the structure that produces the spores. of their fruiting bodies. of their hyphae. made by clusters of sac fungi together.

of the structure that produces the spores.

The out-of-Africa hypothesis of human evolution proposes that Homo sapiens evolved from several populations of Homo ergaster that existed in Asia, Africa, and Europe one population of Homo ergaster and the other populations were supplanted by H. sapiens old world monkeys new world monkeys chimpanzees

one population of Homo ergaster and the other populations were supplanted by H. sapiens

What is correct order of the steps regarding speciation? geographic isolation → one species → reproductive isolation → two species two species → geographic isolation → one species → reproductive isolation one species → geographic isolation → reproductive isolation → two species reproductive isolation → one species → reproductive isolation → two species reproductive isolation → two species → reproductive isolation → one species

one species → geographic isolation → reproductive isolation → two species

Which pairing of occurrence and date is NOT correct? origin of invertebrates-630 million years ago origin of life-4.6 billion years ago origin of eukaryotic cells-2.1 billion years ago origin of prokaryotic cells-3.5 billion years ago chordate evolution-545 million years ago

origin of life-4.6 billion years ago

Bone-forming cells are termed chondrocytes. blood cells. osteoclasts. osteocytes. osteoblasts.

osteoblasts.

What cell type takes calcium from the blood? What cell type deposits calcium into the blood? osteoclasts; osteoblasts osteocytes; osteoclasts osteocytes; osteoblasts osteoblasts; osteocytes osteoblasts; osteoclasts

osteoblasts; osteoclasts

What is the condition in many older women in which the bones become weak and thin? rheumatoid arthritis bursitis osteoarthritis osteoporosis meningitis

osteoporosis

A megasporocyte would be found in the ovary. stigma. anther. filament. style.

ovary.

Ovules are contained within the ovary. stigma. anther. filament. style.

ovary.

The structure that forms most of the flesh of an apple is the carpel. sepal. ovary. petal. stamen.

ovary.

Botanically, a seed is a structure developed from a(n) style. ovule. stigma. anther. sepal.

ovule.

Which of the following kinds of molecules is thought to have been absent from the primitive reducing atmosphere? water vapor (H2O) methane (CH4) hydrogen (H2) oxygen (O2) nitrogen (N2)

oxygen (O2)

Some very important persons such as Japanese Emperor Hirohito and China's Premier Zhou Enlai were kept alive during their last days by many transfusions of blood. Without knowing further details of their ailments, which of the following functions most likely provided the most significant contribution to keeping them alive? oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying capacity supplement of hormone levels provision of organic nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fats provision of albumin and fibrinogen provision of immune antibodies

oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying capacity

When Rebekah went in to deliver her first child, her labor did not progress. The doctors gave her a hormone to speed the birthing process. Which hormone did they give her? oxytocin prolactin ADH HGH epinephrine

oxytocin

Which of these is a bivalve? slug octopus earthworm snail oyster

oyster

Which of the following glands has both an endocrine and an exocrine function? mammary gland pancreas pituitary adrenal gland thyroid gland

pancreas

Which of the following is considered an accessory gland in the digestive system? pharynx esophagus stomach cecum pancreas

pancreas

In order for fats to be digested into fatty acids and glycerol efficiently the pH must be around 2 and pepsin must be activated. pancreatic juice must be secreted and pepsin must be activated. bile must be present and the pH must be around 2. the pH must be around 2 and pancreatic juice must be secreted. pancreatic juice must be secreted and bile must be present.

pancreatic juice must be secreted and bile must be present.

Weakened bones can result from an oversecretion of the thyroid gland. adrenal gland. pancreas. parathyroid gland. pituitary.

parathyroid gland.

Neurotransmitters are molecules that cross the synaptic cleft via active transport and always inhibit the postsynaptic neuron. acitve transport and always excite the postsynaptic neuron. passive diffusion and either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron. passive diffusion and always inhibit the postsynaptic neuron. passive diffusion and always excite the postsynaptic neuron.

passive diffusion and either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.

Babies generally appear to be immune to diseases for approximately the first six months of life. After this, they develop more diseases. What could be responsible for this immunity? active immunity due to the mother passive immunity from the mother babies not being exposed to diseases until around six months babies born with excellent active immunity that wanes the older the child gets active immunity due to being exposed to numerous antigens during the birthing process

passive immunity from the mother

When you have been bitten by a highly venomous snake and received a dose of venom sufficient to kill several people, you do not have the time to build up your own immunity over the next week. However, hospitals carry "antivenom" made from injecting horses with small-to-larger dosages of snake venom, and then harvesting the antibodies from the horse plasma. This is a case of passive immunity. active immunity. developing an inflammatory response to increase the IgG production. high levels of complement. high levels of interferon.

passive immunity.

Disease-causing agents like viruses or bacteria are considered a(an) antibody. vaccine. thrombin. allergen. pathogen.

pathogen.

Usually it is not possible to penetrate inside a body cavity without cutting through protective tissues. However, sperm reach the egg via the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes (oviducts). Without crossing any epidermal barrier, the sperm can find itself inside which body cavity? thoracic pelvic pericardial dorsal pleural

pelvic

The digestive juices found in the stomach include trypsin and bile. trypsin and pepsin. bile and hydrochloric acid. amylase and trypsin. pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

The outer sac that encloses the heart and provides lubrication is the myocardium. endocardium. ectocardium. pericardium. coronary capsule.

pericardium.

In a liquid environment, ____ molecules will automatically form droplets called liposomes. amino acid protein glucose phospholipid nucleic acid

phospholipid

Which gland will produce melatonin? pancreas pineal gland adrenal gland thyroid gland pituitary

pineal gland

Which is NOT a correct consequence of surgical removal of portions of these glands? adrenal cortex—bronzing of skin, no increase in blood glucose levels in response to stress, dehydration and death pineal gland—decrease in T cell immune function parathyroid glands—drop in blood calcium level and tetany (muscles shake) ovaries—alteration in menstrual cycle and change in secondary sex characteristics adult thyroid—low pulse rate and body temperature and lethargy

pineal gland—decrease in T cell immune function

The organ of nutrition used in fetal development in the most successful mammals is the mammary gland. egg. pouch. placenta. amniote egg.

placenta.

Which type of cell will produce antibodies that are released into the bloodstream? B cell T cell plasma cell memory cell mast cell

plasma cell

Which of the following is NOT an example of innate immunity? natural killer cells complement inflammation histamine plasma cells

plasma cells

Which is NOT a correct association? leptin—signals satiety platelet-derived growth factor—increases the size of platelets nerve growth factor—promotes growth of nerves epidermal growth factor—stimulates growth of skin granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factor—helps stem cells decide on blood cell production

platelet-derived growth factor—increases the size of platelets

Which are cell fragments that help initiate blood clotting? erythrocytes leukocytes platelets osteocytes fibroblasts

platelets

A complex protein-rich cell shelters and supports the DNA genetic code, and the code is the blueprint for the cell proteins; thus is set the "chicken-or-the-egg" dilemma of which came first. This is probably solved by the discovery that polypeptides and RNA could have evolved simultaneously. reverse transcriptase can convert RNA back into DNA. all DNA and protein can be distributed evenly inside and outside the nucleus. some proteins are simply assemblages of guanine, cytosine, thymine, and adenine. viruses can give rise to all of the cell molecules.

polypeptides and RNA could have evolved simultaneously.

Which of the following is NOT a correct association? thyroid—thyroxine anterior pituitary—FSH and LH adrenal gland—norepinephrine posterior pituitary—growth hormone pancreas—insulin

posterior pituitary—growth hormone

If you were assigned the task of constructing a cladogram representing the evolutionary relationship between humans, gorillas, tigers, lizards and sharks, what feature could you use as the shared derived trait? presence of a jaw presence of hair give birth to live young lay eggs production of milk to nourish their young

presence of a jaw

In humans, fats are absorbed in the large intestine. in the rugae of the stomach. primarily into the blood capillaries. primarily into the ducts of the lacteal of the small intestine. by the liver.

primarily into the ducts of the lacteal of the small intestine.

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or "mad cow disease" is caused by a(n) archeon. bacterium. cyanobacterium. prion. virus.

prion.

Some human diseases appear to be due to protein agents that may convert other proteins in the cell to also become these agents; this new disease protein agent is called a(n) archeon. prion. cyanobacterium. phage. retrovirus.

prion.

The duodenum is NOT a site of a duct from the liver that introduces bile. a pancreatic duct that introduces basic fluids to neutralize the stomach acid. arrival of highly acidic stomach contents. villi for absorption. production of HCl.

production of HCl.

Which is NOT a function of the urinary system? monitoring and maintaining blood pH at about 7.4 regulating blood pressure by regulating salt balance in the blood elimination of nitrogenous wastes including urea, uric acid, and creatinine hormone secretion to stimulate red blood cell production and regulate sodium ion levels production of water from oxygen and bicarbonate ions (HCO3)

production of water from oxygen and bicarbonate ions (HCO3)

The ____ of the tapeworm contains both male and female sex organs and becomes filled with developing embryos. proglottids scolex cyst gastrovascular cavity nematocyst

proglottids

The segments of a tapeworm consisting primarily of eggs, which hang in bags as a long chain behind the head, are called proglottids. cercariae. sporocysts. scolexes. glycocalyxes.

proglottids.

The likely effect on a neuron of two excitatory signals and twenty inhibitory signals is transmission of a nerve impulse. transmission of a nerve impulse releasing excitatory neurotransmitters at the next synapse. transmission of a nerve impulse releasing inhibitory neurotransmitters at the next synapse. prohibiting the axon from firing at all. confused integration.

prohibiting the axon from firing at all.

The most primitive primates are considered to be the prosimians. apes. New World monkeys. Old World monkeys. humans.

prosimians.

Aspirin interferes with the synthesis of which molecule? leptin growth factors prostaglandins melatonin thymosins

prostaglandins

Which of the following is matched to the incorrect body system? helps control pH of body fluids—urinary system protects against disease and infections—cardiovascular system produces body heat—muscular system helps regulate metabolism—endocrine system produces blood cells—skeletal system

protects against disease and infections—cardiovascular system

At body temperature, which of these combinations is most likely to result in digestion? protein, water, pepsin protein, HCl, pepsin protein, bile, pepsin protein, sodium bicarbonate, pepsin pepsin, HCl, sodium bicarbonate

protein, HCl, pepsin

The synthesis of DNA or RNA from the organic soup would have been guided by the actions of enzymes in the protein-first hypothesis. RNA-first hypothesis. clay-catalyst hypothesis. chloroplast. DNA-first hypothesis.

protein-first hypothesis.

The capsid of a virus is composed of RNA. protein. DNA. cellulose. lipid.

protein.

The two enzymes in the clotting process are fibrin and prothrombin activator. prothrombin activator and thrombin. platelets and fibrin. prothrombin and calcium. albumin and hemoglobin.

prothrombin activator and thrombin.

When a moss spore lands on an appropriate site, it germinates into the first stage of the gametophyte called a(n) antheridium. rhizoid. archegonium. protonema. thallus.

protonema.

Which of the following is NOT a function of bones? provide protection provide support allow flexible and controlled movement provide a storehouse of inorganic salts provide a non-living architecture to build the body around

provide a non-living architecture to build the body around

Reabsorption of water, nutrients, and required salts occurs in the what part of the nephron? glomerulus distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule collecting duct loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)

proximal convoluted tubule

Which blood vessel has the highest concentration of carbon dioxide? pulmonary artery pulmonary vein aorta renal vein hepatic portal vein

pulmonary artery

By what route does CO2 leave the body? pulmonary artery → alveolus → bronchus → bronchiole → trachea → pharynx → larynx pulmonary vein → bronchiole → alveolus → bronchus → trachea → pharynx → larynx pulmonary artery → alveolus → bronchiole → bronchus → trachea → larynx → pharynx pulmonary vein → alveolus → bronchus → bronchiole → trachea → larynx → pharynx pulmonary artery → alveolus → bronchiole → bronchus → trachea → pharynx → larynx

pulmonary artery → alveolus → bronchiole → bronchus → trachea → larynx → pharynx

Contraction of the right ventricle forces blood initially into the left atrium. right atrium. aorta. pulmonary vein. pulmonary artery.

pulmonary artery.

The part of the circulation involved with pumping blood to and from the lungs is the systemic circuit. internal respiration circuit. microcirculation circuit. pulmonary circuit. ECG circuit.

pulmonary circuit.

Which of the following diseases is caused by exposure to particles inhaled primarily in the workplace (silica, coal dust, etc.)? emphysema pneumonia rheumatic fever tuberculosis pulmonary fibrosis

pulmonary fibrosis

Blood richest in oxygen is found in the inferior vena cava. superior vena cava. pulmonary arteries. pulmonary veins. systemic capillaries.

pulmonary veins.

The alternating expansion and recoil of an arterial wall is termed a(n) ECG. EEG. pulse. hypertension. heart murmur.

pulse.

The new model of evolution that proposes that organisms spend most of their time in fairly unchanging form and undergo occasional bursts of speciation is called genetic drift. phyletic gradualism. sympatric speciation. punctuated equilibrium. the biological species concept.

punctuated equilibrium.

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched? prostate enlargement—decreased urethral flow cystitis—bladder infection pyelonephritis—urethral infection uremia—nephron damage kidney stones—granules in the renal pelvis

pyelonephritis—urethral infection

Press a sponge through a coarse cloth bag and extrude the whole cells through the holes. The cells then reproduce sexually. die from being separated. form spicules in the pattern of the cloth. all go back to primitive cells and soon differentiate into another sponge. reassemble into a new organized sponge with each cell resuming its original job.

reassemble into a new organized sponge with each cell resuming its original job.

Which of the following mechanisms does NOT result in variation in the gene frequencies from the ancestral population? founder effect differential reproduction recombination of alleles genetic drift natural selection

recombination of alleles

Timothy has really "ripped" abdominal muscles. What muscle(s) has he exercised extensively to get that appearance? rectus abdominis biceps brachii latissimus dorsi external oblique adductor longus

rectus abdominis

Earlier in the history of Western medicine, surgeons did not know the immune function of the thymus gland and it was sometimes removed in children. What symptoms would you now predict these patients might display afterward? increased inflammatory and allergic responses to foreign material including viruses reduced ability to recognize foreign material and distinguish it from body proteins serious problems following receiving blood transfusions of any type of blood complete rejection of all normal body tissues failure to produce any white blood cells

reduced ability to recognize foreign material and distinguish it from body proteins

The primary functions of the spinal cord involve intelligence and memory. speech, taste, smell, vision, and hearing. reflex actions and communication between the brain and peripheral nerves. controlling muscle activity and maintaining balance. local control and decision-making for local anatomy.

reflex actions and communication between the brain and peripheral nerves.

Secretin functions to stimulate the release of bile. release of pancreatic juices, particularly sodium bicarbonate. release of gastrin. release of CCK. release of bile from the gallbladder and the release of pancreatic juices.

release of bile from the gallbladder and the release of pancreatic juices.

The portion of the kidney which is continuous with the ureter is the renal cortex. renal medulla. glomerulus. renal pelvis. nephron.

renal pelvis.

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a metabolic waste? CO2 formed by cellular respiration urea formed during amino acid metabolism creatinine formed in the muscles fiber that's not absorbed from the digestive tract renin from the kidneys

renin from the kidneys

Tapeworms are specialized for parasitism by an excessive development of which system? muscular reproductive excretory circulatory digestive

reproductive

The urethra serves what other body system in males? endocrine lymphatic reproductive digestive immune

reproductive

During sympatric speciation evolution ceases for a time. wide phenotype differences disappear between subpopulations. reproductive isolation between certain subpopulations occurs. a geographic separation occurs between certain subpopulations. mutations begin to appear making the subpopulations distinctly different.

reproductive isolation between certain subpopulations occurs.

The sodium/potassium pump is primarily responsible for the resting potential. action potential. excretion of salts. contraction of muscle fibers. maintaining isotonic water balance.

resting potential.

Which is not true of osteoarthritis? typically beings after age 40 is more common than rheumatoid arthritis may be treated by replacing damaged joints may be caused by overuse of a joint result of the immune system attacking the joints

result of the immune system attacking the joints

Lymph is excreted by the kidneys. returned to the circulatory system via arteries. returned to the circulatory system at the subclavian vein. absorbed by tissues. excreted as sweat.

returned to the circulatory system at the subclavian vein.

Which is NOT a correct association of diseases and description or symptoms? atrophy—decrease in size of muscles from lack of use or stimulation fibromyalgia—chronic pain in the muscles and ligaments osteoarthritis—degenerative joint disease osteoporosis—weakening or thinning of solid bone sometimes due to low estrogen levels rheumatoid arthritis—simple wear and tear on joints

rheumatoid arthritis—simple wear and tear on joints

What is the correct sequence in which a drop of blood returning from the body encounters the heart valves? right atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve →left atrioventricular valve →pulmonary semilunar valve right atrioventricular valve →pulmonary semilunar valve →left atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve left atrioventricular valve →pulmonary semilunar valve →right atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve pulmonary semilunar valve →left atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve →right atrioventricular valve left atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve →right atrioventricular valve →pulmonary semilunar valve

right atrioventricular valve →pulmonary semilunar valve →left atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve

What is the correct sequence in which a drop of blood returning from the body encounters the heart chambers? left atrium →left ventricle →right atrium →right ventricle left ventricle →left atrium →right ventricle →right atrium right atrium →left atrium →left ventricle →right ventricle right atrium →left ventricle →left atrium →right ventricle right atrium →right ventricle →left atrium →left ventricle

right atrium →right ventricle →left atrium →left ventricle

Ascaris is considered to be a(n) flatworm. earthworm. roundworm. cnidarian. arthropod.

roundworm

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland? hypothalamus salivary glands pituitary thyroid adrenal cortex

salivary glands

Organisms that feed on dead organic matter are called chemosynthetic. autotrophic. heterotrophic. saprotrophs. parasitic.

saprotrophs.

Which of these would you NOT expect to find in a long bone? compact bone spongy bone sarcomeres cartilage medullary cavity

sarcomeres

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton? ribs sternum scapula vertebrae skull

scapula

The head region of a tapeworm is called the proglottid. cercaria. sporocyst. scolex. glycocalyx.

scolex.

What disease is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine? rheumatoid arthritis bursitis osteoarthritis osteoporosis scoliosis

scoliosis

Planaria move by flame cells. small pseudopodia. lateral undulation of muscles. expulsion of fluids as with squid. secreting a film of mucus and pushing against it with epidermal cilia.

secreting a film of mucus and pushing against it with epidermal cilia

Which is NOT a correct association of memory type? skill memory—ability to perform motor activities long-term memory—telephone number you "know by heart" short-term memory—brief or temporary recall of recent events semantic memory—non-language memory episodic memory—persons or events

semantic memory—non-language memory

A heart murmur that sounded "lub-dup-shush" would indicate which of the following? atrioventricular valve is not closing properly semilunar valve is not closing properly high blood pressure in the atria ventricles are not contracting properly low blood pressure in the ventricles

semilunar valve is not closing properly

Aortic and carotid bodies are the same as the SA and AV nodes. types of valves in the heart. present in the lungs. sensitive to changes in CO2 and H+ in the blood. sensitive to oxygen changes.

sensitive to oxygen changes.

Which is NOT a correct association of structure and function? axons—outgoing signals sensory neuron—controls sensory organs such as eyes cell body—nucleus and organelles dendrites—incoming signals interneuron—sums up input before sending signals to muscle or gland

sensory neuron—controls sensory organs such as eyes

The respiratory advantage provided by a four-chambered heart over a three-chambered heart in vertebrates is combination of oxygen-rich blood with oxygen-poor blood. reduction of hemoglobin requirement. elimination of alveolar dependency. separation of oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood. more blood gets sent to the lungs.

separation of oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood.

The type of membrane that covers the heart is called a mucous membrane. serous membrane. basement membrane. pleural membrane. plasma membrane.

serous membrane.

The chitinous bristles that earthworms use to anchor themselves in the earth and pull themselves along are aortic arches. lateral ventricles. setae. parapodia. nephridia.

setae.

The multiregional continuity hypothesis of human evolution proposes that Homo sapiens evolved from several populations of Homo ergaster that existed in Asia, Africa, and Europe one population of Homo ergaster and the other populations were supplanted by H. sapiens old world monkeys new world monkeys chimpanzees

several populations of Homo ergaster that existed in Asia, Africa, and Europe

The cell wall of diatoms is embedded with carbon. magnesium. plastic. silica. cellulose.

silica.

From the inside of the lungs, what is the first cell type the air must pass through to reach the blood? simple squamous epithelium cartilage muscle red blood cells pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

simple squamous epithelium

Sarah comes home from school with a horrible pressure behind her eyes. Her nose is running and she has a headache. She recently had a cold. What is Sarah most likely suffering from? otitis media sinusitis bronchitis asthma pneumonia

sinusitis

Based on molecular data, the split between apes and humans is thought to have occurred about ______ million years ago. one two three five six

six

The muscle group in your upper arm is composed of what type of muscle tissue? skeletal muscle smooth muscle cardiac muscle both cardiac and skeletal adipose

skeletal muscle

Larval Trichinella worms live in the liver. lungs. lymph glands. skeletal muscle of pork. water.

skeletal muscle of pork.

During a football game an offensive lineman is hit in the legs from the side. Upon examination by the physical trainer it was determined that the player has a dislocated knee. There was a significant amount of damage to the entire knee joint. What are the main tissues and membranes that would have been damaged? skeletal muscle, connective tissues, and the synovial membrane skeletal muscle, connective tissues, and the mucous membrane smooth muscle, connective tissues, and the synovial membrane skeletal muscle, connective tissues, and the serous membrane none of these choices are correct

skeletal muscle, connective tissues, and the synovial membrane

People claim that once you have learned to ride a bicycle you can always ride a bicycle, even if you haven't ridden for a long time. What type of memory is associated with this? short-term memory episodic memory semantic memory long-term memory skill memory

skill memory

Melanin is a substance responsible for cell growth. muscle contraction. nerve impulses. skin pigmentation to protect from harmful light. always causing skin cancer or melanomas.

skin pigmentation to protect from harmful light.

The joints found between the vertebrae are classified as being immovable. slightly movable. freely movable. synovial joints. discoidal.

slightly movable.

Which can have a cellular form as well as an acellular (plasmodial) form with multiple nuclei? sporozoa zooflagellates slime molds diatoms ciliates

slime molds

Which of the following is not a feature of punctuated equilibrium? slow and steady change within a lineage before and after a divergence long periods of stasis no visible change in a species rapid periods of speciation relatively few transitional species

slow and steady change within a lineage before and after a divergence

Blood flow in the capillaries is slower because there are more capillaries and they represent more flow volume. faster because they are smaller and blood must speed up to get through. the same speed as in the arteries and veins since they are the input and output points. highly variable due to different tissues, but must average the same as speeds in arteries and the veins. slower than in other blood vessels because of the presence of valves.

slower because there are more capillaries and they represent more flow volume.

Which organ in the human produces maltase and peptidases? mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine

small intestine

Which of these conditions is NOT among the requirements of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? no net mutations no net migration of alleles into or out of the population small population with genetic drift no selection of one genotype over another sexually reproducing and random mating population

small population with genetic drift

Viruses are smaller than bacteria. usually more than 1 micron long. larger than protists. immeasurable. unicellular.

smaller than bacteria.

Which type of muscle is involuntary and lacks striations? skeletal smooth cardiac triceps the heart

smooth

Heartburn occurs when the heart responds painfully to chemical changes due to diet. bacteria cause the stomach lining to ulcerate. the glottis fails to prevent food from entering the trachea. some of the stomach contents escape back into the lower esophagus. the bile duct is blocked.

some of the stomach contents escape back into the lower esophagus.

Spores are produced in the ____ of a fern. sori antheridia archegonia ovule ovary

sori

Which of the following forms of energy is NOT one of those thought to have been involved in the production of large organic molecules in the primitive reducing atmosphere? radioactivity electrical energy heat radiation from the sun sound

sound

Considering the various theories, the energy used in forming organic molecules in the primitive atmosphere could have come from all EXCEPT lightning. ultraviolet radiation. heat from volcanoes. electric spark. sound.

sound.

Carbonic anhydrase is a digestive enzyme. is dissolved in plasma. speeds up the conversion of carbonic acid to carbon dioxide and water. speeds up the conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen. speeds up the conversion of oxyhemoglobin.

speeds up the conversion of carbonic acid to carbon dioxide and water.

Muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves are called constrictors. dilators. sphincters. lacteals. mucosa.

sphincters.

A recent study of the marine hawksbill turtle's stomach contents revealed that sponges constitute a major portion of their diet. Sponge beds are generally protected from predators by the sponge's calcium and silica crystals, but these were found in quantity in the turtles' digestive systems. These structures that protect the sponges from most predators, but not turtles, are amoebocytes. the osculum. choanocytes. spicules. spongin.

spicules.

Which pair exhibits the closest relationship? spider—tick housefly—mite earthworm—grasshopper crayfish—planarian scorpion—clam

spider—tick

The name Echinodermata literally means soft skin. circulation of water. spiny skin. skinless. ability to store water.

spiny skin.

Respiratory structures in insects are commonly termed book lungs. spiracles and tracheae. hemolymphic. lamellae. lungs.

spiracles and tracheae.

Which lymphoid organ has sinuses filled with blood instead of lymph? thymus lymph nodes spleen bone marrow kidneys

spleen

Aged red blood cells are destroyed in the red bone marrow. lungs. lymph nodes. spleen and liver. capillaries.

spleen and liver.

What type of bone contains numerous bony plates separated by irregular spaces? compact spongy marrow elastic fibrous

spongy

Haploid spores are produced in the ___ of a moss. sori antheridia archegonia sporangium anther

sporangium

In the black bread mold conjugation between hyphal cells occurs. binary fission produces haploid spores. spores are used in both the sexual and asexual portions of the life cycle. a diploid zygote enlarges to form a sporangium. spores are only produced by sexual reproduction.

spores are used in both the sexual and asexual portions of the life cycle.

Which of the following is NOT correct? xylem-conducts water up from the soil phloem-transports organic nutrients vascular tissue-xylem and phloem vascular plants-sporophyte is dominant sporophyte-haploid

sporophyte-haploid

Which form of protist has a complicated parasitic life cycle that nearly always involves the production of infective spores? sporozoans zooflagellates slime molds diatoms ciliates

sporozoans

Which protist is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement it shows? amoeboids—pseudopodia ciliates—cilia zooflagellates—flagella sporozoa—flexing the pellicle Paramecium—cilia

sporozoa—flexing the pellicle

Which type of natural selection occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored? disruptive selection directional selection stabilizing selection genetic drift selection adaptive radiation

stabilizing selection

Many lung ailments are "not curable but treatable." Which is more curable? advanced lung cancer with metastases standard tuberculosis asthma emphysema COPD

standard tuberculosis

Pollen would land on the ______ during pollination. ovary stigma anther filament style

stigma

During pollination in angiosperms, pollen grains will stick to the enlarged knob in the center of the flower called the stigma. style. ovary. ovule. anther.

stigma.

What are the two most common applications of cytokine therapies? stimulation of blood cells and treatment of cancer stimulation of blood cells and treatment of HIV treatment of cancer and HIV production of antibodies providing immunization against various diseases

stimulation of blood cells and treatment of cancer

Which organ of the digestive tract functions to store food, kill bacteria, and partially digest proteins? mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine

stomach

Protein digestion takes place in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. stomach and small intestine. stomach, esophagus, and small intestine. mouth and large intestine. small intestine, large intestine, and mouth.

stomach and small intestine.

When the paramedic shouts "stand back" and applies the paddles to administer a strong current, this is an attempt to restart ventricular contractions that have completely stopped. reverse control of heartbeat from AV to SA nodes. align the P-QRS waves with the electrical paddle waves. stop the ventricles from uncontrolled contractions so the SA node can reestablish a coordinated beat. destroy heart tissue that is out of control.

stop the ventricles from uncontrolled contractions so the SA node can reestablish a coordinated beat.

A correct function of the human stomach is to produce highly basic fluids to kill most bacteria. to begin the absorption of most small food molecules, especially sugars. storage of food and mixing with digestive fluids to allow chemical digestion. to pass food from the esophagus to the large intestine. absorption of iron to build hemoglobin for red blood cells.

storage of food and mixing with digestive fluids to allow chemical digestion.

It is advantageous to have a bladder because it helps with defecation. is a place where white cells attack bacteria. stores urine to prevent constant urination. transports urine to the outside of the body. filters wastes and recycles nutrients back into the bloodstream.

stores urine to prevent constant urination.

What type of epithelium contains thin, flat cells stacked upon each other? simple squamous stratified squamous simple cuboidal statified cuboidal simple columnar

stratified squamous

The part of the skin that has adipose tissue to help insulate the body is the epidermis. dermis. subcutaneous layer. connective tissue. muscle layer.

subcutaneous layer.

Africa, Asia, South America, and Antarctica share some patterns of primitive (fossil) plants and early reptiles, but do not have similar mammal populations. This therefore casts serious doubts upon the theory of continental drift and fused land masses. is an unsolved puzzle probably due to the random nature of biological evolution. suggests that a pattern of land bridges existed at different times in geological history. suggests that the earlier plants and reptiles evolved while continents were joined but mammals radiated into diverse groups after separation. suggests that the mammals evolved earlier while continents were joined but plants and reptiles radiated into diverse groups after separation.

suggests that the earlier plants and reptiles evolved while continents were joined but mammals radiated into diverse groups after separation.

A red bone marrow transplant would be used to increase fat storage. supply bone forming material or osteoblasts. supply blood cell forming material. help bones grow longer. increase the amount of dense fibrous connective tissue.

supply blood cell forming material.

What is the function of neuroglial cells? support and nourish neurons conduction of nerve impulses production of new neurons deposition of inorganic salts produce the matrix

support and nourish neurons

What keeps the alveoli open so that gas exchange can take place? rings of cartilage surfactant smooth muscle mucous air

surfactant

Exophthalmia can sometimes be cured by injections of thyroid hormone. adding iodine to the diet. a pancreatic implant. surgically removing a portion of the pancreas, or destroying part of it with radiation. surgically removing a portion of the thyroid, or destroying part of it with radiation.

surgically removing a portion of the thyroid, or destroying part of it with radiation.

One group of neurotransmitters retards heart rate, promotes digestion, contracts the eye pupil, etc. The other group has the opposite effect. These drugs are affecting the motor and sensory nerves. cerebrum and cerebellum, respectively. central and peripheral nervous systems. neurostimulatory and neuroinhibitory synapses. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

The summing up of excitatory and inhibitory signals in a neuron is called repolarization. inhibition. synapse. synaptic integration. sympathetic response.

synaptic integration.

In order for transmission across the synapse to occur, synaptic vesicles fuse with the postsynaptic membrane. neurotransmitters are released from the postsynaptic membrane. synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane. neurotransmitters are actively transported from the presynaptic to the post synaptic membrane. the post synaptic membrane must be in the refractory period.

synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane.

Which membrane is composed of loose connective tissue and lines moveable joint cavities? synovial serous mucous meninges pleurae

synovial

If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80, the "120" refers to the diastolic pressure. systolic pressure. pulse pressure. capillary pressure. venous pressure.

systolic pressure.

Which of these is NOT associated with a roundworm infection? hookworm trichinosis elephantiasis tapeworm pinworm

tapeworm

Planaria feed by attaching with a sucker(s) and extracting blood. tearing and sucking food particles via a muscular pharynx. slurping food particles through a mouth and excreting waste via an anus. soaking all nutrients from the environment through its thin epidermal surface. grabbing food with tentacles and pulling them into a ventrally located mouth.

tearing and sucking food particles via a muscular pharynx.

Muscles are connected to bones by nerve tissue. epithelial tissue. ligaments. tendons. a basement membrane.

tendons.

Which structure can be classified as an endocrine and reproductive organ? testes lungs lymphocytes uterus oocytes

testes

A maximal sustained muscle contraction is called a twitch. a threshold. tetanus. tone. summation.

tetanus.

Absence of the parathyroid hormone causes lethargy and hair loss. tetany. sleepiness. mental retardation. cretinism.

tetany.

Which part of the brain is used to integrate incoming information and send it to the appropriate portion of the cerebrum? hypothalamus cerebellum thalamus limbic system basal nuclei

thalamus

Which is NOT a correct association of brain structures and functions? midbrain—reflex centers for visual, auditory, and tactile responses cerebellum—coordinates smooth and coordinated motions cerebrum—higher thought processes including learning, memory, and speech pons—regulates breathing rate thalamus—regulates heartbeat and blood pressure

thalamus—regulates heartbeat and blood pressure

Saltatory conduction occurs when salt (or sodium) levels are highest. the sodium (salt) gates open. the resting potential fails to be reset. there is no synapse and the axon is continuous with the next dendrite. the action potential jumps from node to node.

the action potential jumps from node to node.

The difference between a weak stimulus and an intense stimulus is the action potential is gradated and a weak stimulus causes a small change in polarity. weak stimuli only open sodium gates, strong stimuli also open potassium gates. the axon fires at a greater frequency for an intense stimulus. a strong stimulus does not allow repolarization but sends a constant flow of ions. an intense stimulus causes more sodium ions to diffuse into the cell.

the axon fires at a greater frequency for an intense stimulus.

What is the main reason for hemolytic uremic syndrome? the bacteria Escherichia coli increased animal protein in the diet accumulation of granules within the renal pelvis increased usage of diuretics all are reason for hemolytic uremic syndrome

the bacteria Escherichia coli

A sponge actually feeds by acting as a net in a current that sweeps food particles through it. squeezing the spongocoel cavity and sucking debris in and out through the osculum. the beating of the flagella of collar cells, forming a current; food is absorbed by collar cells. the beating collar cells form a current from osculum to pores; the food is engulfed by amoebocytes in the central cavity of the sponge. water the moves gently through the sponge and the amoebocytes that engulf passing food.

the beating of the flagella of collar cells, forming a current; food is absorbed by collar cells.

If the hepatic portal vein was blocked, where would the blood that was supposed to flow into the hepatic portal vein back up? the inferior vena cava the capillaries of the small intestine the capillaries of the liver the hepatic artery the hepatic vein

the capillaries of the small intestine

Lamarck's theory of evolution included the idea that the continual stretching of giraffe's necks to reach leaves led to longer necks. local catastrophes cause mass extinctions of species. species are only produced through special creation. species are fixed and unchanging over time. organisms are acted on by the environment.

the continual stretching of giraffe's necks to reach leaves led to longer necks

Which organ of the body contains very few, if any, capillary beds? the heart the cornea the liver the stomach the skin

the cornea

Which of the following is not a symptom of addiction to a certain drug? the drug continues to cause physical or psychological changes in your body it takes more drug to cause the same changes as before you cannot function without having the drug you spend more and more time trying to get the drug and/or thinking about using the drug you quit eating as long as you can use the drug

the drug continues to cause physical or psychological changes in your body

According to Lamarck which variable would have the greatest influence on the evolution of an organism? the environment the genetics of the individual both the environment and genetics are equally responsible for the evolution of an organism neither the environment nor the genetics of an organism play a role in its evolution a creator would determine the evolution of an organism

the environment

Why does the primary somatosensory area have a larger section dedicated to the fingers and hand, than to the feet and toes? the fingers and hand are how we take in more sensory information from our surroundings than the feet and toes the fingers and hand are above the spinal cord termination while the feet and toes are below it the feet and toes require more motor area so they get less somatosensory area the feet and toes are not innervated the fingers and hand do not have motor area sections, so they are controlled by the somatosensory

the fingers and hand are how we take in more sensory information from our surroundings than the feet and toes

Systole occurs when the heart tissue is contracting. the heart tissue is relaxing. the semilunar valves open and close. the aortic valves open and close. there is no heartbeat.

the heart tissue is contracting.

What are the two parts of the diencephalon? the cerebellum and the cerebrum the hypothalamus and the thalamus the midbrain and the pons the 3rd and 4th ventricles the medulla oblongata and the brain stem

the hypothalamus and the thalamus

The equation, p2 + 2 pq + q2 = 1.0, describes the process of evolution. the size of a population. the rate of speciation of species p and q. the makeup of a gene pool. evolution of a population

the makeup of a gene pool.

Which of the following is not part of the brain? the cerebrum the diencephalon the cerebellum the brain stem the meninges

the meninges

Ammonia in urine is NOT evidence of tubule cells deaminating amino acids. a mechanism to neutralize acidic urine. buffering of excess hydrogen ions in urine (NH3 + H+ → NH4+.) the need to reabsorb more water. regulation of pH of body fluids.

the need to reabsorb more water.

Carpal tunnel syndrome results in damage to the median nerve, resulting in lack of control to the wrist and also numbness. This indicates that the nerve contained sensory neurons. the nerve contained motor neurons. the nerve contained both sensory and motor neurons. the damage was to a central body in a ganglion. the damage was to the spinal cord interneuron.

the nerve contained both sensory and motor neurons.

What happens to the pH of the bloodstream if a person hypoventilates? the pH of the blood will decrease the pH of the blood will increase the pH of the blood will initially increase and then dramatically decrease the pH of the blood will initially decrease and then dramatically increase nothing will happen to the pH of the blood

the pH of the blood will decrease

What happens to the blood pH if a person hyperventilates? the pH will increase the pH will remain the same the pH will decrease the pH will initially increase but then dramatically decrease the pH will initially decrease but then dramatically increase

the pH will increase

If the hypothesis that protocells were based on an "RNA world" is correct, which would NOT be necessary to shift to a "DNA world"? an enzyme or reaction capable of converting ribose to deoxyribose in nucleotides enzymes for reverse transcription of RNA into DNA new enzymes to replicate the DNA new enzymes for transcribing DNA back to RNA the presence of oxygen

the presence of oxygen

Miller's laboratory experiments showed that the first cell was probably made of nucleic acids. it is possible to form protocells. the primitive gases can react together to produce small organic molecules. atmospheric pressure is required for life to begin. the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old.

the primitive gases can react together to produce small organic molecules.

Which of the following is not a function of the liver? the production of bile the production of digestive enzymes the production of blood proteins the removal of blood toxins the storage of iron and certain vitamins

the production of digestive enzymes

When an enveloped animal virus enters a cell, then the next thing it does is assemble a new virus. the envelope is removed after the virus is inside the cell's nucleus. the protein capsid is removed through uncoating to expose the viral genome. it immediately integrates its nucleic acid genome into the host chromosomes. its cycle always results in the death of the animal cell.

the protein capsid is removed through uncoating to expose the viral genome.

"Artery" and "vein" are defined by whether they leave or enter the heart. If they were defined by whether they carried oxygenated or deoxygenated blood, we would have to change the name(s) of the hepatic portal vein to a hepatic portal artery. the hepatic and renal systems (they would have to be switched). the pulmonary artery and vein (they would have to be switched). the coronary artery and vein (they would have to be switched). the aorta and vena cava.

the pulmonary artery and vein (they would have to be switched).

The term "deuterostome" refers to having a spiny skin. having three germ layers. possessing a notochord. the second embryonic opening becoming the mouth. the coelom forming by outpocketing of the primitive gut.

the second embryonic opening becoming the mouth.

The hepatic portal vein is located between the gallbladder and the liver. the gallbladder and the small intestine. the pancreas and the small intestine. the small intestine and the liver. the large intestine and the small intestine.

the small intestine and the liver.

How fast a person can type or play the piano is ultimately limited by the number of impulses a person can send to their finger muscles per second. This in turn is limited by primarily the type of muscle. whether the signal is pain, sound, motor, etc. the magnitude or strength of the nerve impulse. the number of neurons and synapses involved. the speed with which sodium ion can be pumped back outside the neuron membrane.

the speed with which sodium ion can be pumped back outside the neuron membrane.

Language is NOT dependent on memory. the thalamus. Broca's area. Wernicke's area. the spinal cord.

the spinal cord.

When a moss spore germinates, the single row of cells that first appears will branch and form a(n) antheridium. archegonium. rhizoid. protonema. sori.

the wind.

Which of these parasitic worms is NOT a nematode? Ascaris Trichinella the worm that causes elephantiasis hookworm the worm that causes schistosomiasis

the worm that causes schistosomiasis

Classification of joints is based on their location in the body. the presence or absence of tendons. their ability to move. the length of bones concerned. the type of muscles attached.

their ability to move.

Since the membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+, there are always more positive ions outside the membrane than inside. there are always more negative ions outside the membrane than inside. the outside of the membrane is always negative. the outside of the membrane is always neutral. there really is never a resting potential.

there are always more positive ions outside the membrane than inside.

Which relationship is NOT correct? halobacteria-high salt concentration thermoacidophiles-cold Antarctic ice methanogens-swamps and marshes cyanobacteria-photosynthesis methanogens-biogas and greenhouse warming

thermoacidophiles-cold Antarctic ice

Amphibians are NOT considered to be fully adapted to life on land because they are dependent upon water for external fertilization. their skin is used for respiration. they have hopping legs. their skin is used for respiration. most amphibians live their entire lives in water.

they are dependent upon water for external fertilization.

In dissection, most nerve fibers appear gray to white because the neuron is gray to white colored. sodium ions are part of the salt compound and they flow along the surface. they rapidly die and dead tissues soon become gray or white. they are mostly myelin sheath made of lipid or fat molecules. they consume large amounts of energy in the form of sugar.

they are mostly myelin sheath made of lipid or fat molecules.

The position of mammals in evolution is best described as they dominate life in the sea. they were among the first animals to live on land and their variety outstrips all living things known. they arose from mammal-like reptiles in the Triassic but remained small and insignificant while dinosaurs dominated the land. mammals gave rise to birds. mammals have been present since plants and other organisms first appeared on

they arose from mammal-like reptiles in the Triassic but remained small and insignificant while dinosaurs dominated the land.

Which lymphatic duct will drain the abdomen? lymph capillaries right lymphatic duct left lymphatic duct thoracic duct inguinal duct

thoracic duct

How many openings does the bladder have? one two three four five

three

How many layers does an arterial wall possess? Which is the thickest? two, the inside layer three, the inside layer two, the outside layer three, the outside layer three, the middle layer

three, the middle layer

The kidney was one of the first organs to be successfully transplanted because it is so encapsulated and has limited vessels feeding into or out of it. How many major vessels must be cut in transplant surgery for one kidney? two: the renal artery and vein three: the renal artery and vein and one urethra three: the renal artery and vein and one ureter four: the renal artery and vein and the ureter and urethra five: the renal artery and vein, two ureters and one urethra

three: the renal artery and vein and one ureter

Monocots have their floral parts in ______, while eudicots have their parts in _______, or multiples of those numbers. threes; fours or fives threes or fours; fives fours; threes or fives fours or fives; threes fives; threes or fours

threes; fours or fives

What is a clot called that remains at its origin? What is a clot called that breaks away and becomes lodged in the lungs? thrombus; cerebral embolism embolus; cerebral embolism thrombus; pulmonary embolism embolus; pulmonary embolism thrombus; stroke

thrombus; pulmonary embolism

Which technology was first established by Cro-Magnon? throwing spears scrapers controlled fire group life All of these are unique to Cro-Magnon.

throwing spears

Jason is having problems with his metabolic rate. He cannot seem to burn calories and gains weight even on a severely reduced caloric intake. What endocrine gland is probably not involved in this problem? anterior pituitary thyroid thymus hypothalamus pancreas

thymus

Older people tend to be more susceptible to infections because their immune systems get weaker. Which gland decreases in size as we age and could be responsible for this? thymus thyroid parathyroid pancreas testes in male; ovaries in females

thymus

Which of the following lymphoid organs is largest during a person's childhood but shrinks in adulthood? tonsils lymph nodes spleen bone marrow thymus

thymus

In the past, the parathyroid glands were sometimes mistakenly removed during surgery when another part of the body was removed. Which part was being removed? thyroid tonsils adenoids appendix uterus

thyroid

Which three endocrine glands are effected by hormones from the anterior pituitary? thymus, adrenal cortex, gonads thymus, parathyroids, pancreas thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads adrenal cortex, gonads, pineal gland pineal gland, pancreas, parathyroid

thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads

Which of the following would NOT be found in the pectoral girdle and associated appendages? clavicle scapula humerus tibia phalanges

tibia

The patella is primarily held in place by tendons that attach it to the femur. fibula. tibia. calcaneus. tarsal bones.

tibia.

When we are relaxed, only a small amount of air moves in and out with each breath. This is called static volume. tidal volume. inspiratory reserve volume. expiratory reserve volume. residual volume.

tidal volume.

The urine in your bladder is unable to pass out of the bladder through its epithelial lining. Which type of junction exists between these cells? tight junction there is no special junction between these cells basement membrane gap junction adhesion junction

tight junction

The highest carbon dioxide concentration will be found in (or at) the atmosphere. trachea. alveoli. tissue cells. blood.

tissue cells.

The main function of the cerebrospinal fluid is to provide saltatory transmission. to provide nutrients for the neurons. defense of the nervous system against pathogens. to produce gray matter. to cushion and protect the central nervous system.

to cushion and protect the central nervous system.

Why does the surface of the lungs need to be covered with pleura? to allow the exchange of oxygen within the alveoli to allow the exchange of carbon dioxide within the alveoli to produce the muscular contractions that expand the lungs to enable the lungs to slide past the internal chest wall and diaphragm to prevent the alveoli from collapsing due to pressure

to enable the lungs to slide past the internal chest wall and diaphragm

If all of the muscle fibers in the neck, trunk, and legs were to totally relax, the body would collapse. What is the state called where some of the fibers in a particular muscle are always contracted? twitch threshold tetanus tone summation

tone

Which is NOT a correct association of respiratory problems and symptoms? laryngitis—inflammation of the larynx that causes hoarseness or loss of voice tonsillitis—inflammation of the uvula often cured by removal of the useless tissue otitis media—ear pain due to bacterial infection of the middle ear sinusitis—pain and tenderness in lower forehead and over the cheeks pharyngitis—infection of the throat

tonsillitis—inflammation of the uvula often cured by removal of the useless tissue

Too much urine indicates too little ADH. too much ADH. too little ACTH. too much ACTH. an imbalance between the ADH and ACTH levels.

too little ADH.

Which is NOT a major function of the respiratory tract? warming incoming air before it reaches the lungs moistening incoming air filtering out dust and water particles conducting air with higher O2 to lungs and conducting air with higher CO2 back out transferring and extracting nutrients

transferring and extracting nutrients

Bacterial cells pick up free pieces of DNA from the medium-pieces that were released from dead bacteria-in a process called transformation. transduction. conjugation. infection. replication.

transformation.

Tissue rejection following organ transplantation is due to all of the following except MHC incompatibility between donor and recipient. transplantation of tissues from one part of the body to another in the same person. the destruction of transplanted tissue by the immune system. B cells and plasma cells that do not recognize the transplanted tissue as 'self'. T cells that do not recognize the transplanted tissue as 'self'.

transplantation of tissues from one part of the body to another in the same person.

The main function of the esophagus is to digest proteins. digest carbohydrates. transport food from the small intestine to the large intestine. transport food from the mouth to the stomach. transport food from the stomach to the large intestine.

transport food from the mouth to the stomach.

Which of the following is not involved in digestion? transport of nutrients from food via the blood chewing of the food churning and mixing of the food in the stomach chemical digestion enzymes breaking down proteins

transport of nutrients from food via the blood

Biological evolution (the evolution of living cells) differs from chemical evolution (the evolution of the molecules that make living cells) in that biological evolution would have been possible only after the development of true cells. nucleic acids. enzymes. a metabolic pathway. RNA and enzymes.

true cells.

A lung disease caused by bacteria which become encapsulated is called emphysema. pneumonia. rheumatic fever. tuberculosis. pulmonary fibrosis.

tuberculosis.

Although adult tunicates are stuck to the ocean bottom, they are considered early relatives of vertebrates because tunicate gill slits are like ribs. tunicate adults have a notochord. tunicate larvae have a notochord. all vertebrate embryos go through a stage that resembles adult tunicates. tunicate adults have all four chordate characteristics.

tunicate larvae have a notochord.

The amphibian heart has two separate atria and two separate ventricles that partition oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood. two separate atria and one shared ventricle that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix. two separate ventricles and one shared atrium that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix. one atrium and one ventricle similar to the fish. one atrium and one ventricle but reroutes the blood through the heart after passing through the gills.

two separate atria and one shared ventricle that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix.

Which of the following conditions does NOT contribute to evolution? mutations gene flow genetic drift natural selection unchanging environmental conditions

unchanging environmental conditions

Which features set members of protist apart from the rest of the kingdoms? unicellular and microscopic multicellular and microscopic photosynthetic and unicellular heterotrophic and multicellular none of these features set the protists apart from the rest of the kingdoms

unicellular and microscopic

Which of the following types of lipids do not promote cardiovascular disease? cholesterol trans saturated fatty acids saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids animal fats

unsaturated fatty acids

Damage to the nephrons can lead to uremia, which is characterized by blood cells in the urine. urea in the blood. edema. ionic imbalance. excessive urine.

urea in the blood.

The tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the urethra. ureter. collecting duct. proximal convoluted tubule. loop of the nephron (loop of Henle).

ureter.

The prostate gland in older men may block the flow of fluid in the ureter. urethra. collecting tubule. proximal convoluted tubule. renal vein.

urethra.

To which system do the kidneys and bladder belong? urinary nervous integumentary endocrine musculoskeletal

urinary

Which of the following is NOT a basic type of tissue? muscular nervous urinary epithelial connective

urinary

Characteristics of eudicots include all EXCEPT two cotyledons. leaves with netted veins. woody or herbaceous plants. flower parts in fours and fives. vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem.

vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem.

A waitress that stands for hours and has a habit of crossing her legs when she sits will increase the chances of having blood accumulate in her arteries. veins. capillaries. left ventricle. right ventricle.

veins.

Which structure(s) would be subject to the lowest blood pressure? vena cava aorta atrioventricular valve pulmonary arteries semilunar valve

vena cava

The entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs is called ventilation. external respiration. internal respiration. cellular respiration. inspiration.

ventilation.

What are the interconnecting spaces that produce and serve as a reservoir for cerebrospinal fluid in the brain called? meninges ventricles corpus callosum insula ganglia

ventricles

Which of the following is NOT a correct association? arteries—blood away from heart ventricles—receive blood from body valves—veins right heart—lungs valves—capillary beds

ventricles—receive blood from body

Which represents the correct order of evolution of chordate features? amnion → limbs → lungs → jaws → vertebrae limbs → lungs → jaws → vertebrae → amnion lungs → jaws → vertebrae → amnion → limbs vertebrae → jaws → lungs → limbs → amnion vertebrae → amnion → limbs → lungs → jaws

vertebrae → jaws → lungs → limbs → amnion

Which is the correct arrangement of tissues from outermost to innermost? meninges → vertebrae → spinal cord → central canal meninges → spinal cord → vertebrae → central canal vertebrae → meninges → spinal cord → central canal meninges → vertebrae → central canal → spinal cord vertebrae → meninges → central canal → spinal cord

vertebrae → meninges → spinal cord → central canal

Anatomical features that are fully developed and functional in one group of organisms but reduced and functionless in a similar group are termed vestigial. homologous. analogous. polygenic. sympatric.

vestigial.

Name the structure and organ of the digestive tract that contain microvilli and maltase, and absorb nutrients. villus, large intestine villus, small intestine villus, stomach folds, stomach pyloric sphincter, appendix

villus, small intestine

Naked strands of RNA not covered by a capsid are archaea. retroviruses. viroids. prions. viruses.

viroids.

The maximum volume of air that can be moved in plus the maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath is the tidal volume. inspiratory reserve volume. expiratory reserve volume. vital capacity. residual volume.

vital capacity.

Compared to outside air, describe the air that reaches the lungs. warmer and with more moisture warmer and with less moisture cooler and with more moisture cooler and with less moisture exactly the same

warmer and with more moisture

Which skin disorder is the result of a proliferation caused by the human papillomavirus? warts cancer acne all of these are due to a proliferation caused by the human papillomavirus none of these are due to a proliferation caused by the human papillomavirus

warts

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of sponges? sessile filter feeders body wall has two cell layers flagellated collar cells move water water enters through a single cavity, the osculum amoeboid cells transport food and make skeletal fibers and gametes

water enters through a single cavity, the osculum

Water molds are not placed with the fungi because unlike fungi, water molds are saprotrophic. water molds have cell walls of cellulose while fungi have cell walls of chitin. water molds grow only in water. adult water molds are diploid while adult fungi are haploid. unlike fungi, water molds do not have a filamentous body.

water molds have cell walls of cellulose while fungi have cell walls of chitin.

The stone tools and the dentition of Homo habilis indicate that early humans probably were herbivores. were carnivores. were omnivores. were predators. cooked with fire.

were omnivores.

An insect population lives along the edge of a north-south mountain range. The populations from the east and west slope eventually join in a low northern pass and interbreed, producing fertile offspring; but they do not circle around the southern edge because of a desert barrier. When glaciers move southward, the populations are pushed south of the northern pass and are isolated. While isolated, the two populations develop enough differences over time that when the glaciers retreat north and the insects again share the same pass, they no longer mate at the same time, nor can they produce fertile offspring. These insects began as one species and therefore remain one species. were originally two species and remain two species. were originally two species but are now one species. were originally one species but are now two species. The number of species cannot be determined from the information given.

were originally one species but are now two species.

In the kidney mechanism for buffering the acidity of the blood, when would hydrogen ions be excreted and bicarbonate ions be reabsorbed? only when the lung system is not working when the blood is acidic when the blood is basic when the blood is neutral pH, which is not normal The kidney never excretes or reabsorbs hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.

when the blood is acidic

The response of bacteria that allows them to be identified as Gram-positive or negative is due to the type of DNA or RNA they contain. their ability or lack of ability to fix nitrogen. whether they are aerobic or anaerobic. whether their cell walls have a thin or thick layer of peptidoglycan. the rRNA sequences they demonstrate.

whether their cell walls have a thin or thick layer of peptidoglycan.

Neutrophils and lymphocytes are types of platelets. red blood cells. white blood cells. plasma cells. epithelial cells.

white blood cells.

Researchers have long attempted to find a substitute for red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin carrying ability. With the low but possible risk of disease transfer from blood transfusion, such a synthetic substance could be guaranteed safe if it was effective. Which of the following properties would be important for "artificial red blood cells"? must attach to and never release oxygen must release oxygen to any other medium despite concentration gradient would bind to iron molecules already bound to other artificial blood units must provide the clotting reaction would bind to oxygen in a high oxygen concentration solution and release oxygen when in a low oxygen concentration solution

would bind to oxygen in a high oxygen concentration solution and release oxygen when in a low oxygen concentration solution

The kingdom Protista includes all of the following kinds of organisms EXCEPT protozoa. algae. water molds. yeasts. slime molds.

yeasts.

Which includes the parasites that cause African sleeping sickness? sporozoa zooflagellates slime molds diatoms ciliates

zooflagellates

Which is NOT a correct association of facial bones? zygomatic bones—bridge of the nose mandible—lower jaw maxillae—upper jaw and hard palate temporal—temples frontal—forehead

zygomatic bones—bridge of the nose

A fungal structure that results from sexual reproduction and can survive unfavorable growing conditions is the mycelium. sporangium. ascocarp. basidium. zygospore.

zygospore