Unit 1 US HISTORY HNRS TEST
what did las casas do?
abolish encomienda system and recommended africans as slaves
What was the final destination for most slaves coming to the New World?
Brazil
Which item originated in the Old World?
Sugarcane
Maize cultivation
emerged in Mexico and spread north
The Pilgrims' motivation for migrating to North America was
religious freedom
cortes
(aztecs) formed alliances w aztec enemies who were upset w aztecs bc of human sacrifice
french motivation to come to new world
- looking for NW passage: landbridge from NA->Asia -precious metals -came in smaller #'s -colonies in florida failed bc spanish were threatened so they stuck to Canada where they allied w indians and had control over fur trade
The highest population estimate for North America (excluding Mexico) in 1492 is
18 mil
Before 1820, approximately how many people coming to the Americas were enslaved?
80 percent
The precedent established in the Mayflower Compact created which of the following foundations for governing?
A society based upon the rule of law
Which of the following was a major complaint of Nathaniel Bacon and his followers?
All American Indian tribes were a threat to English colonists and must be eliminated.
What strategy did Hernán Cortés use to achieve victory over the Aztecs?
Alliances with Indians who also wanted to defeat the Aztecs
Wee must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekeness, gentlenes, patience and liberality. Wee must delight in eache other; make other's conditions our oune; rejoice together, mourne together, labour and suffer together, allwayes haueving before our eyes our commission and community in the worke, as members of the same body. Soe shall wee keepe the unitie of the spirit in the bond of peace. The Lord will be our God, and delight to dwell among us, as his oune people, and will command a blessing upon us in all our wayes. Soe that wee shall see much more of his wisdome, power, goodness and truthe, than formerly wee haue been acquainted with. Wee shall finde that the God of Israell is among us, when ten of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies; when hee shall make us a prayse and glory that men shall say of succeeding plantations, "the Lord make it likely that of New England." For wee must consider that wee shall be as a citty upon a hill. The eies of all people are uppon us." John Winthrop, A Modell of Christian Charity, 1630 This excerpt from John Winthrop's sermon, given while en route to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, might be used by a historian to support the development of which of the following ideas in U.S. history?
American exceptionalism
What best describes the way the Stono Rebellion ultimately ended?
An impromptu militia of white planters used weapons to wound and maim the rebellious slaves.
Pontiac's War in 1763 was a conflict that broke out in response to
British policies that angered American Indians in the Great Lakes region
Before European colonization, which region was among the most densely populated and culturally diverse in North America?
California
Before European involvement in the Atlantic slave trade, what was the most common form of slavery in Africa?
Captives taken during war
The global transfer of plants, animals, disease, and food between the Eastern and Western hemispheres during the colonization of the Americas is called the
Columbian Exchange
What was the source of tension between England and Spain in the sixteenth century?
Competition for wealth and religious differences
Which of the following helped motivate both the Pilgrims' voyage to the New World on the Mayflower and the Salem Witch trials?
Concern for purity of the church and obedience to God
Which of the following was not a reason that colonization became a major focus of European exploration in the Americas during the period from 1607 to 1763?
Cooperative native populations invited colonization to increase trade.
How did local ministers feel about George Whitefield and other traveling preachers coming to their towns uninvited?
They worried that revivalists undermined their spiritual authority.
Which of the following statements is true of the change in relationships between the English and American Indians between the time of the 1622 Powhatan War and King Philip's War in 1675-1676? By the 1670s,
English settlements had overwhelmed American Indian control in both the Chesapeake region and New England
Which statement best describes the interaction between Europeans and Africans in capturing slaves on the African continent?
Europeans relied on Africans as business partners to capture and provide them with slaves for payment.
Although there is little documentation of the perspective of Native Americans, the few reports that do exist indicate that Native Americans held which of the following views regarding European explorers?
Europeans tools and goods that were deemed useful should be adopted selectively.
Many historians believe the Great Awakening helped set the stage for the American Revolution. Which of these ideas best supports that argument?
Evangelical teaching during the Great Awakening proposed that each individual believer was equal before God, which made it easier to accept the radical implications of democracy.
Who were the "New Lights"?
Followers of Great Awakening evangelical preachers whose sermons were notable for their emotion and dramatic appeal
To provide defense against a French counterattack, George Washington built a fort called
Fort Necessity
Which was not an impact of the Stono Rebellion on the social structure in South Carolina during the middle of the eighteenth century?
Freedom for those who instigated the rebellion
In the New England region, all the following were direct effects of King Philip's War except
French colonists from Quebec united with the English to defeat the American Indians.
What natural resource was so abundant in the Ohio River Valley that the American Indians, the French, and the British all desired it?
Fur-bearing animals
maryland
Haven for Catholics -jamestown feared this colony -"act concerning religion" 1st time all christians were promised free religion -Anglicans eventually take control
Nathaniel Bacon carried out which of the following actions?
He burned the capital city of Jamestown.
roger williams
He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.
Which best explains what happened to King Philip (Metacom) during the war?
He was found and murdered by English leader Benjamin Church.
Which statement best describes Benjamin Franklin's religious outlook?
He was skeptical of organized religion and focused instead on moral virtue.
At her trial, Anne Hutchinson most likely sealed her fate when she referred to which of the following?
Her belief that she had learned God's will through an immediate revelation
Which of the following highlights Benjamin Franklin's high regard for civic virtue?
His founding of the Junto
Which of the following best describes the Pilgrims interactions with American Indians in the first years of their colony?
Interactions varied among the different groups living in the area.
How did the Spanish royal government respond to the critiques of Las Casas and others of Spanish conquistadores?
It issued the Royal Directives for New Discoveries, giving more power to the priests and less to the conquistadores.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Albany Plan of Union?
It was generally ignored by colonial government and the British. -didn't want to lose autonomy
What was the significance of the House of Burgesses?
It was the first European representative body in the New World. (1619)
What was the first permanent English settlement established in 1607 in the Chesapeake Bay area?
Jamestown
Anne Hutchinson was a follower of which Massachusetts Bay Colony Puritan minister?
John Cotton
importance of tobacco
John Rolfe described tobacco as "Virginia's gold and silver". Tobacco played a vital role in putting Virginia back on firm economic ground. Tobacco created a need for cheap, plentiful labor, which promoted the use of the plantation system. -caused conflict w natives bc it takes up a lot of land which meant they had to encroach further on native territory
English motivation for exploration
wealth (god glory gold) -establish a base to attack spanish ships
slave codes
Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights and prevented revolt. (post stono) -cannot learn to read or write -sundays no work -no drums -could not sell alcohol to slaves
The geographic and climate differences between the northern and southern British colonies resulted in which of the following?
Longer lifespans and small family farming in the North
All the following military strategies were successful for the Wampanoag confederation during King Philip's War except
the selling of English settlers into slavery
How did the Great Awakening affect laws in those states that supported an official religion through taxation?
Members of new churches began demanding that they also be supported in proportion to their population in the colony.
How did the Columbian Exchange affect the Americas?
Native Americans suffered massive causalities from Old World diseases such as smallpox.
Shipbuilding was an important industry in which area?
New England
In what region of North America was King Philip's War fought?
New england
What happened to Anglo-Powhatan relations after the death of Opechancanough?
Opechancanough's successor negotiated a peace treaty with the English.
Which of the following does not describe the experience of Native Americans encountering Portuguese explorers and settlers in Brazil?
Peaceful relations based on equitable trade of goods
What issues resulting from the French and Indian War contributed to changes in British colonial policy after the war?
Policies intended to increase tax and customs revenue from the colonies were implemented by the British government.
The first European country to participate in the slave trade was
Portugal
The label "Puritan" describes
Protestants who desired to "purify" the Church of England of all traces of Catholic teachings by working from within
The label "Pilgrim" describes
Puritans who separated from the Anglican Church because they believed it was beyond purification
What did not motivate South Carolina slaves to remain subservient to their masters?
Relative autonomy on Sundays
There goes many a ship to sea, with many hundred souls in one ship, whose weal and woe is common, and is a true picture of a commonwealth, or a human combination or society. It hath fallen out sometimes, that both papists [Catholics] and protestants, Jews and Turks [Muslims], may be embarked in one ship; upon which supposal I affirm . . . these two hinges—that none of the papists, protestants, Jews, or Turks, be forced to come to the ship's prayers of worship, nor compelled from their own particular prayers or worship, if they practice any. I further add, that I never denied, that notwithstanding this liberty, the commander of this ship ought to command the ship's course, yea, and also command that justice, peace and sobriety, be kept and practiced, both among the seamen and all the passengers . . . if any refuse to obey the common laws and orders of the ship . . . the commander or commanders may judge, resist, compel and punish such transgressors, according to their deserts and merits." Roger Williams, Letter to the Town of Providence, 1655 According to the excerpt from Roger Williams, his Letter to Providencechallenges what prevailing norm?
Religious orthodoxy
During the late sixteenth century, the English established a colony that later failed at
Roanoke
Which of the following was a covert way in which enslaved people resisted their forced labor?
Sabotaging farm tools to slow down work
Separatists vs. Puritans
Separatists - we remove ourselves from church of England Puritans - we wish to remain within Church of England to reform it and purify it from within
What was the fate of Anne Hutchinson?
She and some of her children were killed by Siwanoy Indians on Long Island.
Why did Anne Hutchinson persist in holding meetings to discuss the Bible and doctrinal truths after she had been ordered by the General Court to stop this practice?
She felt a duty to attend to the spiritual needs of those who came to her meetings.
tennsions btwn queen elizabeth and spain
She is protestant and King phillip is a devout catholic -Spain was angry that english were taking land that was being saved for devout catholics. sent armada to England to try and get rid of queen and convert england back to catholics. England won and halted spanish monopoly on Americas
What sentence was pronounced on Anne Hutchinson?
She was sentenced to be jailed and then banished from the colony.
Which of these was not a way in which the ministry of the Great Awakening challenged social conventions?
Sometimes children were allowed to preach from the pulpit.
Which European empire was the first to grow wealthy from its New World possessions during the sixteenth century?
Spain
The establishment of colonies in Jamestown by the English, in Quebec by the French, and in Albany by the Dutch is best explained by which of the following statements?
Spain's focus on the Caribbean, Mexico, and South America opened the door for other nations to establish footholds in North America.
How did rival European nations attempt to undermine the dominance of Spain in early American settlements?
Spain's rivals legalized piracy to seize Spanish goods and created the "black legend" to highlight Spain's cruelty to the American Indians.
"My most humble duty remembered to you, hoping in god of your good health, as I myself am at the making hereof. This is to let you understand that I you child am in a most heavy case by reason of the country, [which] is such that it causeth much sickness, [such] as the scurvy and the bloody flux and diverse other diseases, which maketh the body very poor and weak. . . . And I have nothing to comfort me, nor is there nothing to be gotten here but sickness and death, except [in the event] that one had money to lay out in some things for profit. . . . [Mr. Jackson] much marvelled that you would send me a servant to the Company; he saith I had been better knocked on the head. And indeed so I find it now, to my great grief and misery; and [I] saith that if you love me you will redeem me suddenly, for which I do entreat and beg. And if you cannot get the merchants to redeem me for some little money, then for God's sake get a gathering or entreat some good folks to lay out some little sum of money in meal and cheese and butter and beef. Any eating meat will yield great profit." Letter from an Indentured Servant to his Parents, 1623 What is the author of this letter requesting from his parents?
That they either pay off his indenture debt or send supplies he can sell for a profit
was supported in part by freed slaves who became slave owners themselves
The Atlantic slave trade
Although the Puritans aimed for the purification of the Church of England, Pilgrims believed which of the following?
The Church of England could not be purified and the Pilgrims must separate themselves from it.
Which statement best describes the precedent established by interaction between the English and Powhatan during the first half of the seventeenth century?
The English established a policy of domination over the American Indians that continued through the remainder of the Colonial Era.
Which of the following best describes the outcome and consequence of the Pequot War of 1636-1639?
The Pequot were defeated by the combined forces of the English, the Narragansett, and the Mohegan.
Why did the General Council prohibit Anne Hutchinson from holding meetings in 1637?
The Puritan authorities took issue with a woman holding controversial meetings to discuss the Bible and Puritan doctrine.
Which of the following provides evidence of the cultural blending that occurred as a result of the Columbian Exchange?
The adoption of Aztec holidays into Spanish Catholicism
Why was the mid-Atlantic region settled by the English more appealing to large-scale and family migration than areas claimed by the French in the north or the Spanish to the South?
The climate and the geography were more amenable to agriculture and survival.
Which of the following was an outcome of the first expedition to the Americas led by Christopher Columbus?
The expedition landed on the island of Hispaniola and engaged in trade with the native population.
How did the Columbian Exchange affect Europe?
The higher caloric value of potatoes and corn improved the European diet.
Which of the following best expresses the opinion of Columbus regarding the Native Americans he encountered?
The inhabitants were native to the East Indies.
After the "starving time" in the winter of 1609-1610, there was a brief period of peaceful coexistence between the English and Powhatans. What was the main reason for this time of peace?
The marriage between John Rolfe and Pocahontas
Which of the following describes a significant result of Bacon's Rebellion?
The wealthy planter class gained greater control of Virginia politics and economics.
"My most humble duty remembered to you, hoping in god of your good health, as I myself am at the making hereof. This is to let you understand that I you child am in a most heavy case by reason of the country, [which] is such that it causeth much sickness, [such] as the scurvy and the bloody flux and diverse other diseases, which maketh the body very poor and weak. . . . And I have nothing to comfort me, nor is there nothing to be gotten here but sickness and death, except [in the event] that one had money to lay out in some things for profit. . . . [Mr. Jackson] much marvelled that you would send me a servant to the Company; he saith I had been better knocked on the head. And indeed so I find it now, to my great grief and misery; and [I] saith that if you love me you will redeem me suddenly, for which I do entreat and beg. And if you cannot get the merchants to redeem me for some little money, then for God's sake get a gathering or entreat some good folks to lay out some little sum of money in meal and cheese and butter and beef. Any eating meat will yield great profit." Letter from an Indentured Servant to his Parents, 1623 Why did people come to North America as indentured servants in the seventeenth century?
There were few opportunities for advancement in England.
Why did the French send troops to secure the Ohio country in 1753?
To build forts to protect French settlers
The early French forays into the far northern parts of the North American continent were intended to do which of the following?
Trap and trade furs
Which American Indian nation was the primary adversary of British settlers during King Philip's War?
Wampanoag
Which of these statements best expresses how the American Revolution was influenced by both the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening? Both movements emphasized
the value of the individual and equality of all people, contributing to the idea that sometimes established institutions and power structures should be challenged
"Wee must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekeness, gentlenes, patience and liberality. Wee must delight in eache other; make other's conditions our oune; rejoice together, mourne together, labour and suffer together, allwayes haueving before our eyes our commission and community in the worke, as members of the same body. Soe shall wee keepe the unitie of the spirit in the bond of peace. The Lord will be our God, and delight to dwell among us, as his oune people, and will command a blessing upon us in all our wayes. Soe that wee shall see much more of his wisdome, power, goodness and truthe, than formerly wee haue been acquainted with. Wee shall finde that the God of Israell is among us, when ten of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies; when hee shall make us a prayse and glory that men shall say of succeeding plantations, "the Lord make it likely that of New England." For wee must consider that wee shall be as a citty upon a hill. The eies of all people are uppon us." John Winthrop, A Modell of Christian Charity, 1630 Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the excerpt provided?
We must serve as an example to others.
Historians looking to study the role of African rulers and merchants in the Atlantic slave trade would likely consult
a treaty signed between an African ruler and a European trader
The ultimate British victory over the French in 1763 eventually resulted in
attacks on British settlers by Indians
After forming their Great League of Peace, the Five Nations of the Iroquois
became a significant political and military force in the Northeast
what did the virgina company charter promise?
colonists would be treated the same w same rights as englishmen
Benjamin Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack is an example of his
entrepreneurial success
Portugal encouraged settlement of land in Brazil by endowing portions of land to individual donatories. These individuals could create and govern towns, levy taxes, and enslave native populations in return for
financing the settlement of their endowed portions of land
House of Bergesses
first representative body in colonial America 1619 -after James would grow hostile bc hated tobacco and distressed the house (going ag gov. & threat to power)
Spanish motivation for exploring
god glory gold 1. renaissance (curiosity art other ppl and land) 2. reformation (refugees and missionaries) 3. Bypass mediterranean (controlled by muslims/italians 4. monarchs seeking new sources of revenue 5. technological advances
Spanish interest in Peru and Mexico
gold and silver
William Bradford's main role in the Plymouth community was
governor of the Plymouth Colony who chronicled the history of the community
All the following contributed to the start of King Philip's War in 1674 except
inefficient interpreters from France who generated tension between the American Indians and the English
"There goes many a ship to sea, with many hundred souls in one ship, whose weal and woe is common, and is a true picture of a commonwealth, or a human combination or society. It hath fallen out sometimes, that both papists [Catholics] and protestants, Jews and Turks [Muslims], may be embarked in one ship; upon which supposal I affirm . . . these two hinges—that none of the papists, protestants, Jews, or Turks, be forced to come to the ship's prayers of worship, nor compelled from their own particular prayers or worship, if they practice any. I further add, that I never denied, that notwithstanding this liberty, the commander of this ship ought to command the ship's course, yea, and also command that justice, peace and sobriety, be kept and practiced, both among the seamen and all the passengers . . . if any refuse to obey the common laws and orders of the ship . . . the commander or commanders may judge, resist, compel and punish such transgressors, according to their deserts and merits." Roger Williams, Letter to the Town of Providence, 1655 Which of the following statements would a historian use to support the argument presented by Roger Williams in the excerpt provided?
people should be able to practice the religion of their choice.
Which item originated in the New World?
potato
"My most humble duty remembered to you, hoping in god of your good health, as I myself am at the making hereof. This is to let you understand that I you child am in a most heavy case by reason of the country, [which] is such that it causeth much sickness, [such] as the scurvy and the bloody flux and diverse other diseases, which maketh the body very poor and weak. . . . And I have nothing to comfort me, nor is there nothing to be gotten here but sickness and death, except [in the event] that one had money to lay out in some things for profit. . . . [Mr. Jackson] much marvelled that you would send me a servant to the Company; he saith I had been better knocked on the head. And indeed so I find it now, to my great grief and misery; and [I] saith that if you love me you will redeem me suddenly, for which I do entreat and beg. And if you cannot get the merchants to redeem me for some little money, then for God's sake get a gathering or entreat some good folks to lay out some little sum of money in meal and cheese and butter and beef. Any eating meat will yield great profit." Letter from an Indentured Servant to his Parents, 1623 The practice of indentured servitude in the early English colonies served to
provide labor for tobacco farms
African rulers and merchants participated in the Atlantic slave trade by
raiding rival groups for captives to sell to European traders
England's Queen Elizabeth I created military and political tension with Spain when she
refused to recognize Spanish claims to all North American territory
The Native Americans of the Northwest Coast and Columbia Plateau relied upon and revered which of the following food?
salmon
differences between north and south colonies
south: slaves, plantations, royal control, rich soil North: diverse economy, not reliant on cash crops, families, middle class, rocky soil, cold, balance of sexes, good birth rate, used children instead of servants
The end of the Seven Years' War changed the dynamic in North America in all the following ways except
the French presence in the Great Lakes region continued to complicate British policy toward American Indians in the Ohio River Valley
The event that directly led to the Second Anglo-Powhatan War was
the Jamestown Massacre in 1622
The French successfully established territorial claims in
the St. Lawrence River Valley
Many Native American cultures differed dramatically from contemporary European societies in terms of
the power and respect accorded to women
It has been argued that the Great Awakening contributed to a decline in the importance of established religion during the second part of the eighteenth century, because
the revivals had weakened the hold of established churches in colonial America
