BTNY 1203 Modules 1-8 Exam 1

Scientific explanations of nature are always open to revision. Why is that?

Because scientific facts can change based off new discoveries. There is always room for improvement and there are always questions that need to be answered and science helps us answer the question. Scientist have made discoveries for years even if they go back to past discoveries, just as the video talked about Darwins Theory, we tend to go back to the discovery of evolution to test to laws of science as technology improves.

In what way are consumers and decomposers alike? In what way are they different?

1) Consumers and decomposers are alike because they are all roles in the food chain. Without each other, we wouldn't survive or barely survive. With autotrophs they help produce the food and the consumers eat the food and the decomposers finish off the food so there are no left overs. 2) With decomposers they break down the food completely which means there are no leftovers for other organisms.

List three ways described in your textbook that you are similar to plants.

1) Humans and plants both have hormones that direct our growth based on the environment we live in. 2) We both have bodies made of cells that are organized into tissues and can store energy. 3) We both perform cellular respiration to use energy that is stored inside of us.

Science deals only with natural phenomena. List three things that are outside the limits of science.

1)Making a moral judgement, what is good or bad? -An intuition or feeling based off the decision. 2)Making an aesthetic judgment, what is beautiful?Is this decision based off a personal feeling? 3)Draw conclusions about supernatural explanations, staying within reality.

Which macromolecule is the chief structural polymer in plant cells but is not readily digestible by most animals?

Cellulose

Plants can do photosynthesis because their cells contain

Chloroplast

All plastids can perform photosynthesis

False

Reading is the only way to learn.

False

All of the following are examples of prokaryotes except

Fungi

A natural history museum has exhibits on

Geology, Zoology, Botany, Anthropology

Select all correct answers. Examples of gymnosperms include

Ginkgo Pines Cycads

The organelle duo that packages cellular materials, like cell wall building blocks, for secretion is the

Golgi apparatus and ER

An hypothesis is

a testable explanation of a natural phenomenon

Explain how the epidermis enables a plant to do each of the following: a. CO2 collection b. water conservation c. herbivory defense

a. they have an opening in the epidermis Calle stomata that open or shut using guard cells, which prevent gas exchange and retains the CO2. b. the cutin keeps the water inside the plant rather than evaporating from the waxy layer. the cuticle helps so the water doesn't evaporate. c. the cuticle also helps to prevent and bacteria, fungi, or insects to get into the plant tissue because the cells are packed tight together that it is hard to penetrate.

Bark refers to

all of the tissues outside the vascular cambium

In science, a theory is

an hypothesis that is supported by multiple observations of the natural world

The pH scale is used to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. If the pH of a solution increases from 4 to 5, this means that the concentration of hydrogen ions has

decreased by a factor of 10 and the solution is now less acidic

The four primary tissues of vascular plants are

dermal, meristematic, ground, and vascular

The Casparian strip is a band of wax around the cells of the

endodermis

Classes of proteins called _______ function as organic catalysts for chemical reactions in cells.

enzymes

In woody eudicots, the periderm replaces the

epidermis

The skin of most fruits is technically the

exocarp

Starch is a polymer of

glucose

A eukaryotic cell differs from a prokaryotic cell in that a eukaryotic cell

has a nucleus

Plants differ from animals in that plants( ) , ( ), and ( )

have indeterminate growth are autotrophic are not motile

The association between Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) in a salt crystal is called a(n)

ionic bond

Increase in girth of a tree is due to the activity of

lateral (secondary) meristems

Select all of the correct answers. Which of the following are examples of bryophytes?

liverworts hornworts mosses

Select all correct answers. The angiosperms

make fruits make flowers make seeds

In a leaf, photosynthesis is primarily the function of the

mesophyll

The process of cellular respiration occurs in the

mitochondria

ATP is an example of a(n)

nucleotide

Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic as they have a

nucleus

All of the following are characteristics of science except

often relies on a single line of evidence

The figure shows

one palmately compound leaf

If a plant has two leaves attached to the stem at each node, the leaf arrangement is

opposite

Which of the following structures develops into a seed?

ovule

A cell type that has thin primary cell walls, a large vacuole, and is living at maturity is a

parenchyma cell

Which of the following tissues has sugar conduction as a primary function?

phloem

Which structure is composed of phospholipids and proteins and regulates the movement of solutes into and out of cells?

plasma membrane

Cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells are called

plasmodesmata

The nucleus of an atom is composed of

positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons

Peptide bonds are found in

proteins

endodermis

region of differentiation (elongation)

The layer of soil bound by the mucigel and root hairs and containing microorganisms and sloughed off cells of the root cap is called the

rhizosphere

In cells, protein synthesis is done by

ribosomes

The three organs of vascular plants are

roots, stems, leaves

The different isotopes of an element have the

same number of protons

Phospholipids form a bilayer in water because

the phosphate end is hydrophilic and the lipid end is hydrophobic

Pollination is

the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma

Which of the following statements about amino acids is not correct?

they have identical R groups

A group of cells organized into a structural and functional unit is a(n)

tissue

Which of the following groups of fruits would be classified botanically as berries?

tomatoes, grapes

The function of the xylem is

transports water and minerals

Plant cells that are usually alive at maturity include all of the following except

vessel elements

When three or more leaves occur at a node, the leaf arrangement is said to be

whorled

The plant tissue that moves water and dissolved minerals in a generally upward direction is

xylem

All of the following except __________ is an active form of learning.

Asking for extra credit at the end of the semester after doing poorly on exams

The smallest portion of an element that retains the properties of the element is the

Atom

What is the main difference between you and plants?

Humans consume other organisms to produce energy while plants use the process of photosynthesis and produce their own food.

Does the drawing show a flower with a superior ovary or an inferior ovary?

Inferior ovary

A-Xylem B-Phloem C- Guard Cells D-Cuticle E-Upper Epidermis F-palisde parenchyma G-Spongy H-mesophyll I-lower epidermis

Match the indicated leaf structures with their identity.

The vein pattern of the leaf in the figure is

Netted

The fruits produced by melons and squashes are examples of

Pepos

The process of photosynthesis produces sugar and O2.

Photosynthesis

Match the plant organ with its function.

Roots: absorb water and minerals Stems: support leaves Leaves: absorb light energy

The best way to study is to:

Study new material everyday for a short time and review all material for a longer time a few times a week

Select all correct answers. The results of an experiment can __________ an hypothesis.

Support Fail to support

If butterflies saw a yellow, egg-shaped lump, they were less likely to lay than if there were no egg-shaped structures present. Damaging the tendrils did not affect the effectiveness of the egg mimics as deterrents to egg laying. This is consistent with their conclusion from the first experiment: butterflies rely on a visual cue to determine whether or not a tendril is a good place to lay eggs. Based on the results of the two experiments, the hypothesis by Williams and Gilbert is supported .

Supported

List three techniques/resources you use to help you remember new terminology?

Taking something from my past experiences to remember a terminology or phrase to have a better understanding. Making up my own acronyms like PEMDAS (please excuse my dear aunt sally) which is helpful in math to remember Parantheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, and Subtraction. Arcostics is another great example to use. You take the first letters of other words and use them in longer sentences. For example EARTH Every 24 hours it rotates once on its axis. Axial tilt gives us seasons, Reflects light from the sun, Takes about 365 days to orbit the sun, Has the ability to support life. EARTH.

Which of the following statements about water molecules is false?

They are attracted to hydrophobic molecules.

Science covers two distinct, but related, areas with regard to the natural world. They are

a body of knowledge and the process for discovering that knowledge

The part of a flower that frequently functions in protecting unopened flower buds is called the

calyx/sepals

All of the following are dry, indehiscent fruits except

capsule

Compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of CH2O are

carbohydrates

A cell that provides flexible support in green stems is a

collenchyma cell

Which is not a type of epidermal cell?

collenchyma cell

Which of the following is a meristematic tissue?

cork cambium

Here are the results that Williams and Gilbert obtained for the first experiment. CaseStudy_Question1.jpg If butterflies saw a yellow, egg-shaped lump, they were less likely to lay than if there were no eggs or the eggs could not be seen because they were the same color as the leaves. Williams and Gilbert concluded that the yellow eggs are a visual cue to the butterflies to not lay eggs. In their second experiment, Williams and Gilbert tested whether or not butterflies avoided laying on plants with egg mimics. For this experiment, they used Passiflora cyanea, a passionflower species with mimics. Three types of plants were tested in different combinations of pairs: plants with egg mimics (mimic present) plants with all of the egg mimics clipped off (mimic removed) plants with the tips of the tendrils clipped off so that the plants were wounded but the appearance of the mimic was not affected (tip removed and mimic present ). These plants served as controls for possible chemical or other responses to cutting the mimics off of the experimental plants. The pair combinations were: mimic removed vs. mimic present tip removed and mimic present vs. mimic present If their hypothesis is supported, what would you expect to observe with regard to egg laying by butterflies in these two pairings of different types of plants? For mimic removed vs. mimic present, I would expect to see significantly more egg laying on the plants with mimics removed compared to the plants with mimics present. For tip removed and mimic present vs. mimic present with the tendril tip intact, I would expect to see no difference in egg laying on the plants with tendril tips removed and the mimics present compared to plants with mimics and the tendrils intact.

significantly more no difference in

Williams and Gilbert did two experiments to test their hypothesis. In the first experiment they asked, "Do butterflies avoid laying on plants with eggs already present because of visual detection?" To answer this question, they examined the response of the butterflies to the presence or absence of real eggs on Passiflora oerstedii, a species without mimics. They placed real butterfly eggs on different passionflower plants. Three types of Heliconius cydno eggs were tested in different combinations of pairs: bright yellow eggs, just as they appeared in the field before hatching green eggs: eggs tinted with food coloring and rinsed with distilled water to blend with the plants' coloring washed yellow eggs: yellow eggs washed with distilled water. These eggs would test if there was a scent cue rather than a visual cue that the butterflies were detecting. If scent is important, then egg color would not matter. The three types of eggs were tested in different pair combinations: no eggs vs. yellow eggs no eggs vs. washed yellow eggs no eggs vs. green eggs green eggs vs. washed yellow eggs In the test of no eggs vs. yellow eggs, Willliams and Gilbert observed that in roughly 70% of the visits by butterflies to plants without eggs, the butterflies laid eggs. In contrast, the butterflies only laid eggs in about 30% of their visits to plants with yellow eggs. If their hypothesis is supported, what would you expect to observe with regard to egg laying by butterflies in the other three egg pairings? For no eggs vs. washed yellow eggs, I would expect to see significantly more egg laying on the plants without eggs compared to the plants with washed yellow eggs. For no eggs vs. green eggs, I would expect to see no difference in egg laying on the plants without eggs compared to the plants with green eggs. For green eggs vs. washed yellow eggs, I would expect to see significantly more egg laying on the plants with green eggs compared to the plants with washed yellow eggs.

significantly more no difference in significantly more

Growth rings can be seen in cross sections of trees because of differences in the sizes of the cells of the

spring wood and summer wood