BUAD 100 Exam 2

PERT

(program evaluation and review techniques) scheduling technique that identifies and sequences major activities needed to complete a project

computer integrated manufacturing (CIM)

Combining applications such as CAD, CAM and other computer systems to streamline the manufacturing process

Just in time inventory control (JIT)

Inventory system in which materials and supplies are delivered when required and neither sooner or later

PMI

Listing all the pluses (+) for a solution in one column, and all the minuses (-) in another column, and the implementations in a third column, decision making tool for weighing pros and cons in a decision

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Motion economy motions reduced to 17 simple symbols -reduced number of motions to make a product 0= inspect

job enlargement

a job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment

job rotation

a job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another

staffing

a management function that includes hiring, motivating, and retaining the best people available to accomplish objectives

job enrichment

a motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating workers through the job itself

intrinsic reward

a personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well

SWOT Analysis

a planning tool used to analyze an organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats

intermittent process

a production process in which the product run is short and the machines are changed frequently to make different products

six sigma quality

a specific level of quality. statistical term that indicates there are only 3.4 or less percent deficits per million products, nearly perfect production (more than 80% of companies in the US follow six sigma)

management by objectives (MBO)

a system of goal setting and implementation that involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle level managers, supervisors, and employees

organization chart

a visual device that shows relationships among people and divides the organizations work, shows who reports to whom

purchasing

activities involved in obtaining required goods and services at optimum cost and from reliable suppliers

participative leadership

allows employees to take part in the decision making- managers and employees work together to make decisions good for making complex decisions that require a range of skills and knowledge (more opinions- more time, probably a compromise)

benchmarking

comparing a firms processes and performance to the worlds best and/ or practices from other industries

materials requirement planning (mrp)

computerized system that uses sales forecasting in determining appropriate inventory levels of material

line personnel

employees that are part of the chain of command that are responsible to achieving organizational goals

knowledge management

finding the right information, keeping the information in a readily accessible place and making the information known by everyone in the firm

Enabling

giving workers the education and tools they need to make decisions

ganatt chart

graphing scheduling tool that displays what projects are in process and their stage completion

self manages teams

group working their own way toward a GROUP defined goal

self directed teams

group working their own ways toward MANAGEMENT defined goals

cross functional self manage teams

groups of employees from different departments who work together on a long term basis

elton mayo

hawthorne studies- effect working conditions have on productivity -productivity improved in every worker who participated paying attention and showing you care leads to greater job performance Training- 50% skills and knowledge, 50% hawthorne effect

maslow

hierarchy of needs: psychological needs, safety, social, esteem, and self actualization -motivate with strongest need not met

operational planning

implement tactical plan, supervising managers then monitoring / contingency planning (in case goals and objectives might not be met)

critical path

in a PERT chart, the sequence of activities that takes the longest time from start to finish

hygiene factors

in herzenberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees

herzberg

job enrichment/ redesign job enlargement job rotation

drawbacks of scientific management

jobs became monotonous- took decision making away structured jobs involving manual labor- suitable for manual labor but not intellectual job

technical skills

knowledge of and proficiency in completing specific tasks, skills that involve the ability to perform tasks in a specific discipline or department

free rein leadership

leader who favors autonomy and allows group members to make decisions and take action as needed

Autocratic leadership

leader who maintains individual control over all decisions and accepts little input from subordinates

goals

long term, measurable accomplishments to be achieved by the firm within a specific time frame

bureaucracy

management structure with many layers of management, a high degree of formalization and job specialization

supervisory management

managers who are directly responsible for supervising workers and evaluating their daily performances

assembly process

manufacturing method in which value is added by putting together components to create a product

process manufacturing

manufacturing method in which value is added through physical or chemical transformation of the product

continuous process

manufacturing method to produce or process materials without interruption for a long period of time

lean manufacturing

manufacturing methodology based on maximizing value and minimizing waste in the manufacturing process

flexible manufacturing

manufacturing system that used computer controlled technology to produce different goods in varying volumes

hierarchy of needs

maslow- the theory of motivation based on unmet human needs from basic psychological needs for self- actualization needs

chain of command

official hierarchy of authority that dictates who is in charge of whom within the organization

decentralized authority

organization structure in which authority and decision making delegated to the lower levels of the firm

centralized authority

organization structure in which decision making and authority are concentrated at top levels of the firm

flat organizational structure

organization with few layers of management between executive level and lowest level

tall organization structure

organization with multiple layers of management between top executives and front line employees

matrix organization

organizational structure that combines employees from different parts of the organization, often used for special projects

middle management

people within a company who are in charge of departments or groups but below this in charge of the whole company

staff personnel

personnel whose positions are typically advisory and/ or facilitative in nature

Contingency planning

plan that establishes alternate courses of action if existing plans are disruptive or become ineffective

Tactical planning

plan that translates general goals developed by strategic managers into more specific objectives and activities

departmentalization

process of organizing employees into groups or units to accomplish specific organizational goals

inseparability

production and consumption over the same time (ex: haircut) location is crucial and mass production is difficult, consumption is easy

mass customization

production of personalized or custom tailored goods or services to meet individual needs

human relations

skills that involve communication and motivation, which enables managers to work through and with people

extrinsic reward

something given to you by someone else as a recognition for good work (pay raise, praise, promotion)

objectives

statements of short term specific outcomes that are to be achieved by the firm

line organization

structure in which authority and responsibility move from top to bottom and each employee reports to only one manager

Time motion studies

studies begun by fedrick taylor of which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task

scientific management

studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques

Conceptual skills

the ability to see the organization as a whole and visualize how it fits into the broader environment

Vision

the answer to the question "why does this organization exist?"

production

the creation of finished goods and services using the factors of production: land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship, and knowledge

operations management

the design, execution, and control of operations that convert resources into desired goods and services

Fredrick taylor

the father of science management Time motion studies success- measured by improved efficiency

transparency

the full accurate and timely disclosure of pertinent information to stakeholders of the firm

organizing

the grouping of people, resources and activities to accomplish the objectives of the organization

equity theory

the idea that employees try to maintain equity (fairness) between inputs and outputs compared to other similar positions

goal setting theory

the idea that setting ambiguous but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions

economics of scale

the increase of efficiency of production as the number of goods being produced increases

motivation

the inner force that reflects goal directed activity or behavior

hierarchy

the levels of management within a business organization, from lowest to highest

top management

the most senior staff of an organization (President or VP)

span of control

the number of subordinates under the direct control of a manager or supervisor

Brainstorming

the process if generating creative ideas and solutions through unrestricted group discussion

production management

the process of coordinating and controlling the activities required to create goods

strategic planning

the process of determining the major goals of an organization and strategies for obtaining them with use of resources

planning

the process of establishing organizational goals and determining how to accomplish them

controlling

the process of evaluating and regulating ongoing organizational activities to ensure that goals are achieved

leading

the process of guiding, influencing and motivating others to work toward common goals

Decision Making

the process of selecting one alternative from the available alternatives

Problem solving

the process of working through details of a predicament in order to reach a solution

management

the process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, leading and controlling people and other organizational resources

formal organization

the structure that details lines of responsibility, authority, and position (organizational charts)

informal organization

the system the develops spontaneously as employees meet and form cliques, relationships, and lines of authority outside the formal organization

Hawthorne effect

the tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied

computer aided manufacturing (CAM)

the use of computers in the manufacturing of products

computer aided design (CAD)

the use of computers to assist in the design and development of products

form utility

the value added by converting raw materials, labor, information, etc. into finished products

reinforcement theory

theory that positive and negative reinforces motivate a person to behave in certain ways

core competencies

those functions that the organization can do as well or better than any other organization

needs

underlying forces that create tension in an individual

mcgregor

understanding managers attitudes and beliefs about employees

perishable

unused capacity cannot be inventoried ex: empty harbor seats just go to waste, cannot be saved

expectancy theory

victor vroom's that the amount of effort employees exert in a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome

mission statement

written declaration of purpose that affirms the highest priorities of the organization