Business Ethics Midterm
Which of the following statements commits the ethical oversight known as normative myopia?
"I strongly believe in the saying, 'finders keepers, losers weepers'"
Morality is the aspect of ethics that we can refer to by the phrase " "
"personal integrity"
value based cultures
A corporate culture in which conformity to a statement of values and principles rather than simple obedience to laws and regulations is the prevailing model for ethical behavior -relies on personal integrity of its workforce while reenforces a set of values rather than rules
just cause
A standard for terminations or discipline that requires the employer to have sufficient and fair cause before reaching a decision against an employee
which of the following is true of "bullying" in the workplace?
Bullying is independent of emotional abuse that results in a complete loss of personal dignity
Identify a true statement about corporate cultures
Corporate cultures influence, limit, and shape the decision making within a firm
The form of business that limits the liability of individuals for the risks involved in business activities is known as
Corporation
free market approach for health and safety
Defenders of the free market would favor individual bargaining as the approach to workplace health and safety.
Which of the following is the first step in making an ethical decision
Determine the facts of the situation
employees will be on their best behavior during phone calls if they know that those calls are being monitored. this can be attributed to the
Hawthorne effect
________, a concept of tort law, provides an avenue for consumers to hold producers responsible for their products
Negligence
Which of the following is the reason why normative myopia is especially liable to occur in a business context?
People are more likely to focus on the technical aspects of the task at hand in a business context, and thus, fail to recognize the ethical aspect
Jim resides close to Bunton Steel Co. the company has recently implemented changes to its pollution control policy that has adversely affected Jim and his family. this makes Jim a _____ in the company's pollution control policy
Stakeholder
Which of the following models of corporate social responsibility (CSR) considers business as a citizen of the society that in which it operates
Stakeholder model
OSHA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration is an agency of the federal government that publishes and enforces safety and health regulations for U.S. businesses
which of the following acts stipulates that employers cannot use "protected health information" in making employment decisions without prior consent?
The health insurance portability and accountability act
reputation management
The practice of attending to the "image" of a firm
downsize
The reduction of human resources at an organization through terminations, retirements, corporate divestments, or other means
Which of the following is a fundamental moral duty according to Immanuel Krant
To treat each person as an end in themselves (with respect)
identify an act that expanded states' rights with regard to internet surveillance technology, including workplace surveillance, and amended the electronic communications privacy act
USA patriot act
______ directs us to decide based on overall consequences of our acts
Utilitarianism
Which of the following cultures will empower legal counsel and audit offices to mandate and to monitor conformity with the law an internal codes
a compliance-based culture
marketing experts consider stealth marketing extraordinarily effective because
a consumer does not question the message as she might challenge a traditional advertising campaign
consumer vulnerability occurs when
a person has an impaired ability to make an informed consent to the market exchange
risk assessment
a process to identify potential events, and manage risk while still obtaining objectives
according to empirical studies, greater consumption is likely to lead to unhappiness. this condition is called
affluenza
The defenders of the sustainability approach toward corporate social responsibility point out that
all economic activity exits within a biosphere that support all life
some companies have a _____ policy under which an employer refuses to hire or terminates a worker on the basis of the spouse's working at the same firm
anti-nepotism
the stakeholder model of CSR
asserts that neither a business nor the employees are exempt from ordinary ethical responsibilities
Identify a true statement about ethical decision making in a business
at some point, every worker will be faced with an issue that will require ethical decision making
a consumers consent to purchase a product is not informed if that consumer is
being misled or deceived about the product
A simple situation in which two parties come together and freely agree to an exchange is only prima facie ethically legitimate because:
certain conditions must be met before it can be concluded that autonomy has been respected and mutual benefit has been achieved
The Arthur Anderson auditors did not notice how low Enron had fallen in terms of its unethical decisions over a period of time. According to Bazerman and Chugh, this omission is an example of
change blindness
identify a policy under which an employer refuses to hire or terminates a worker whose spouse works at a competing firm
conflict-of-interest policy
advertising distorts the economy by
creating irrational and trivial consumer wants
the omission known as change blindness occurs when _____
decisions makers fail to notice gradual changes over time
The means used to motivate others and achieve one's goals plays a key role in distinguishing between
effective leaders and ethical leaders
identify the view which holds that people act only out of a self-interest
egoism
if the basis for finding an invasion of privacy is often an employee's legitimate and reasonable expectation of privacy, then a situation where there is no real expectation of privacy occurs when the
employee has actual notice
The term "sweatshops" refers to workplaces where
employees lack even the most basic health and safety protections
identify a challenge associated with the market controlled approach to health and safety
employees lack the kinds of free choices that the free-market theory would require in order to attain optimal satisfactions
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to the
ethical expectation that society has for a business
when we do not get to know someone because we do not have to see that person in order to do our business, we often do not take into account the impact of our decisions on him or her. this is a challenge posed by the
facelessness that results from the use of new technology accessible in the workplace ***
in selling a product, a business offers tacit assurances that the product is reasonably suitable for its purpose. the law refers to this as the
implied warranty of merchantability
If we are told specifically to pay attention to a particular element of a decision or event, we are likely to miss all the surrounding details, no matter how obvious. according to Baserman and Chugh, this phenomenon is known as _____
inattentional blindness
identify a legal violation that occurs when someone intentionally interferes in the private affairs of another when the interference would be "highly offensive to a reasonable person"
intrusion into seclusion
Which of the following is true of the rights-based tradition while approaching an ethical issue in marketing?
it asks to what degree the participants are respected as free and autonomous agents rather than treated simply as means to the end of making a sale
which of the following statements is true about monitoring?
it has the potential to cause physical disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome
identify a true statement about the legal doctrine of strict liability
it holds a business accountable for paying damages whether responsible or not
which of the following is a disadvantage of monitoring?
monitoring tends to contain effective performance since it can cause increased stress and pressure
the utilitarian view holds that individual rights to privacy or right to control information about oneself may be outweighed in cases where
public safety is at risk
an employer can resolve the concerns related to the Hawthrone effect through
random, anonymous monitoring
Two general and connected understandings of privacy have been identified: privacy as a right to be "left alone" within a personal zone of solitude, and privacy as the
right to control information about oneself
society creates a strong incentive for businesses to produce safer goods and services by holding them responsible for any harm their products cause. this claim supports the
strict product liability standard
which of the following approaches holds that the only responsibility of a business is to provide a good or shrive at an agreed upon price?
the caveat emptor approach
while approaching an ethical issue in marketing, utilitarian tradition would want to know
the degree to which a transaction provided actual as opposed to merely apparent benefits
according to economist John Kenneth Galbraith, advertising and marketing were creating the very consumer demand that production then aimed to satisfy. the assertion that consumer demand relies upon what producers have to sell is termed
the dependency effect
an employer is held liable for damages cause by an accident involving an employee driving the company car on company business. identify the law underlying this decision
the doctrine of respondent superior
marketing practices targeted at elderly individuals for goods, such as supplemental health insurance, and funerals, are subject to criticism because
the population is vulnerable
identify a true statement about hypernorms
they are values that are fundamental across culture and theory
identify a true statement about strict product liability laws in the United States
they hold a business responsible for any harm from product use, even if it is not the result of business negligence
consumers are vulnerable when they are not aware that they are subject to a market campaign. this type of campaign is called
undercover marketing
Free market economies is grounded in the
utilitarian framework of ethics
consequentialist
utilitarianism: we should act in ways that produce better consequences than the alternatives
intrinsic value
value of their life is irreplaceable by financial means
The study of various character traits that can contribute to, or obstruct, a happy and meaningful human life is part of ______
virtue ethics
Which of the following approaches shifts the focus from questions about what we a person should do, to a focus on who that person is?
virtue ethics
______ is a tradition within philosophical ethics that seek a full and detailed description of those character traits that would constitute a good and full human life
virtue ethics
reciprocal obligation
when an individual expects respect for their personal autonomy, they have a reciprocal obligation to respect the autonomy of others.
Which of the following statements is true about an ethical leader in a corporate environment
an ethical leader allocates corporate resources to support and promote ethical behavior
The Kantain tradition claims that humans do not act only out of instinct and conditioning, they make free choices about how they live their lives, about their own ends. in this sense, humans are said to have a fundamental human right of
autonomy
missing a highway turn-off as a result of speaking on the cell phone while driving is an example of
inattentional blindness
the life of one who dies in a workplace accident has ______ value that can be measured, in part, by the lost wages that would have been earned had the person lived
instrumental
Telling organizations that their ethical responsibilities end with obedience to the law:
is just inviting more legal regulation
Which of the following statements is true about the stakeholder theory?
it begins with the recognition that every business decision affects a wide variety of people, benefiting some and imposing costs on others
Identify a true statement about social responsibility
it refers to what a business should or ought to do for the sake of the society, even if it comes with an economic cost.
Identify a true statement about the integrative model of corporate social responsibility (CSR)
it suggests that firms should fully combine economic and social goals by bringing social responsibilities into the core of their business model
The _____ serves as an articulation of the fundamental principles at the heart of the organization and should guide all decisions without abridgment
mission statement
Identify the final step in the ethical decision-making process?
monitoring and learning from the outcomes
Which of the following elements is important not only to consider the obvious options with regard to a particular dilemma, but also the much more subtle ones that might not be evident at first glance?
moral imagination
Social sciences such as psychology and sociology are different from ethics owning to the fact that they are
normative in nature
______ refers to the shortsightedness about values
normative myopia
Which of the following is emphasized by a compliance-based culture?
obedience to rules as the primary responsibility
_____ typically assert that individual rights and duties are fundamental and thus can also be referred to as a rights-based, or duty-based approach to ethics
principle-based ethics
some employers emphasize the rights and duties of all employees and treat employees well simply because "it is the right thing to do" identify the ethical approach for this perspective
principle-based ethics
theoretical reasoning
reasoning behind what we should believe
practical reasoning
reasoning behind what we should do
with regard to health and safety at a workplace, _____ can be determined by comparing the probabilities of harm involved in various activities
relative risks
According to Norman bowie, the "moral minimum" that we expect of every person - either acting as individuals or within corporate institutions - is
respect for human rights
with regard to health and safety at a workplace, ______ can be defined as the probability of harm
risks
the integrative model of CSR
says that part of the managerial responsibility to shareholders is to serve the social good
Which of the following explains the term "satisficing"
selecting the alternative that meets minimum decision criteria
In a general sense, anyone who affects or is affected by decisions made within a firm can be called a business
stakeholder
Which of the following is a reason why a rights-based framework of ethics would object to child labor
such practices violate laws that are widely accepted in developed countries
Which of the following versions of corporate social responsibility suggests that the long-term financial well-being of every firm is directly tied to questions of how the firm both affects and is affected by the natural environment?
sustainability
the issue of workplace bullying is more predominant in the service sector because
that work relies significantly on interpersonal relationships and interaction
identify the doctrine which holds that employers are free to fire an employee at any time and for any reason unless and agreement specifies otherwise
the doctrine of employment at will
in the context of government-regulated ethics approach to health and safety, a true statement about government standards is that
they prevent employees from having to face the fundamentally coercive choice between job and safety
character
those dispositions, relationships, attitudes, values, and beliefs that popularly might be called a "personality"
Compliance based cultures
traditional approach rely on rules to enforce ethics
______ recognizes that every business imposes costs on someone and mandates that those costs be acknowledged
Stakeholder theory
" " include all the groups and/or individuals affected by a decision, policy, or operation of a firm or individual
Stakeholders
identify the cognitive barrier which might appear to relieve us of accountability for a decision
using a simplified decision rule
Some employees might decide to treat employees well as a means to produce greater workplace harmony and productivity. this approach is reminiscent of _____ ethics
utilitarian
Ethics requires that the promotion of human welfare be done...
in a manner that is acceptable and reasonable from all relevant points of view
"we ought to stop at a red light, even if no cars are coming and I could get to my destination that much sooner" identify ethical approach that follows this line of thought
Ethics of principles
According to the economic model of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the sole social responsibility of a business is to
Fulfill the economic functions that it was designed to serve
Which of the following observations is true of ethics?
It deals with our reasoning about how we should act
Which of the following considerations can sometimes override consequences when comparing and weighing alternatives for ethical decision making?
Principles
which of the following principles does utilitarianism emphasize?
Producing the greatest good for the greatest number
Which of the following is a value that will impact the culture of an organization in the absence of any other established values?
Profit - at any cost
Which of the following best describes ethics?
The study of how human being should properly live there lives
Which of the following statements is true about value-based cultures?
These cultures are perceived to be more flexible and far-sighted corporate environments
Which of the following is a true statement about norms?
They are standards of appropriate and proper behavior
Which of the following refers to an underlying belief that causes people to choose between plausible courses of action?
Values
Which of the following conditions makes ethical issue identification the first step in the ethical decision-making process?
When the issue is presented from the start
Which of the following involved the disclosure of unethical or illegal activities to someone who is in a. position to take action to prevent or punish the wrongdoing?
Whistle-blowing
culture
a shared pattern of beliefs, expectations, and meanings that influences a guides the thinking behaviors of members of a particular group
A ______ provides concrete guidance for internal decision making creating a built-in risk management system
code of conduct
Identify the step of the ethical decision-making process that involves predicting the likely, foreseeable, and the possible consequences to all the relevant stakeholders.
comparing and weighing the alternatives
Which of the following is a traditional approach to corporate culture?
compliance-based
The three major categories of an ethical framework are
consequences, principles, and personal character
In the ethical-decision making process, moral imagination is used by decision makers while ______
considering the available alternatives
Utilitarianism's fundamental insight is that we should decide what we do by
considering the consequences of our actions
_____ requires that an economic value be placed on one's life and bodily integrity
cost-benefit analysis
when can we conclude that an activity has an "acceptable level of risk"?
if it can be determined that the probability of harm involved in a specific work activity is equal to or less than the probability of harm of some more common activity
Narrow economic model of CSR
directs managers to maximize profit and shareholder wealth within legal limits
philosophically, the right of ______ is the right to be protected against the arbitrary use of authority
due process
what is the difference between a principle-based framework of ethics and utilitarianism?
ethics of principles is based on rules, whereas utilitarianism is based on consequences
sustainability within a company
firm's financial goals must balance against, and may be overridden by, environmental considerations.
identify a true statement about health and safety at a workplace
health and safety are "goods" that are valued both as a means for attaining other valuable ends and as ends in themselves
A feature of the economic model of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is that it
holds pursuit of profit as the sole duty of business
normative
how we SHOULD act
Amanda and Jeremy argue about the employment of children in tobacco farms in a certain part of the world. Jeremy is of the view that this practice is ethical. he supports this view by stating facts about how the economic and social gains from employing children in these farms outweigh the long-term economic losses due to the health problems and lack of education suffered by these children. Jeremy is most likely an adherent of
utilitarianism
