Business Management- Leadership/HR MGMT/Org Behavior Final review

In the context of stress, the opposite of overload is undesirable because it results in _____. a. distress b. anxiety c. tension d. boredom

d. boredom

Ashley is the leader of a virtual team. To increase the effectiveness of her team, Ashley should: a. minimize diversity within the team. b. monitor progress through the use of information technology. c. limit the external visibility of the team and its members. d. check frequent communication, such as virtual meetings.

b. monitor progress through the use of information technology.

The group of senior executives responsible for the overall strategic operation of a firm is called t he firm's _____. a. human resource department b. top management team c. trusteeship council d. labor union

b. top management team

_____ authorizes people at the highest levels in an organization to make a decision and expect compliance. a. ​Prestige power b. ​Legitimate power c. ​Expert power d. ​Referent power

b. ​Legitimate power Legitimate power gives the lawful right to make a decision and expect compliance. People at the highest levels in the organization have more power than do people below them.

Two components of empowerment revealed by research are: a. consideration and initiating structure. b. risk taking and error correction. c. command and control. d. competence and self-determination.

d. competence and self-determination.

Organizational citizenship behaviors are behaviors associated with _____. a. career counseling b. job embeddedness c. career planning d. contextual performance

d. contextual performance

Which of the following strategies is used by team owners to minimize union strength in professional sports? a. A slowdown b. Final-offer arbitration c. A lockout d. Mediation

c. A lockout

____ is the most successful influence outcome a. Debasement b. Compliance c. Commitment d. Resistance

c. Commitment

Which of the following places a heavy emphasis on recognizing and appreciating differences among people at work and attempting to provide accommodations for those differences to the extent that is feasible and possible? a. Organizational architecture b. Social entrepreneurship c. Diversity management d. Conscious capitalism

c. Diversity management

The sets of goal characteristics that will probably lead to higher levels of performance are: a. difficult and general. b. easy and general. c. difficult and specific. d. easy and specific.

c. difficult and specific.

Feeling competent to complete group tasks is known as group _____. a. debasement b. ingratiation c. efficacy d. consensus

c. efficacy

One form of organization design used by many small or new organizations is the _____. a. H-form design b. M-form design c. functional design d. divisional design

c. functional design

For e-leadership to take place, work must be: a. macromanaged. b. micromanaged. c. mediated by information technology. d. related to the discipline of science and technology.

c. mediated by information technology.

The purpose of collaboration is to: a. maximize the gain for one party at the expense of the other. b. find a good compromise solution to the dispute. c. search for win-win solutions to conflicts. d. combine several approaches to conflict resolution.

c. search for win-win solutions to conflicts.

A recommended way of being a model of teamwork is to: a. limit interactions with teammates. b. retain most of the power. c. suppress conflicts for reaching a consensus. d. share power with team members.

d. share power with team members.

Which of the following terms indicates the degree to which group members are attracted to one another and are motivated to stay in the group? sociability reliability interdependence cohesiveness integration

cohesiveness

With reference to the Hofstede's Framework for Assessing Cultures, ________ emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them. masculinity power distance uncertainty avoidance collectivism long-term orientation

collectivism

Which of the following terms refers to the process by which an individual's desire for acceptance by the group and the pressure by the group on individual members to match its standards results in a change in individual attitudes and behaviors? commitment confluence coercion convergence conformity

conformity

People scoring high on ________ are valuable in teams because they're good at backing up fellow team members and at sensing when that support is truly needed. positivity openness to experience emotional stability agreeableness conscientiousness

conscientiousness

The behavioral dimensions identified by the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center are closely related to those identified in the Ohio State Study. Employee-oriented leadership is similar to ________, and production-oriented leadership is similar to ________. initiating structure; consideration authentic leadership; transformational leadership consideration; initiating structure transformational leadership; authentic leadership task-orientation; relationship-orientation

consideration; initiating structure

Which of the following strategies is used by companies that are adding new products, product lines, or businesses to their existing core products, product lines, or businesses? a. A stability strategy b. A differentiation strategy c. A retrenchment strategy d. A diversification strategy

d. A diversification strategy

________ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong. Satisficing Hindsight bias Escalation of commitment Selective perception Availability bias

Escalation of commitment

________ refers to the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized. Formalization Decentralization Departmentalization Chain of command Span of control

Formalization

________ is the degree to which employees believe the organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being. Organizational commitment Job involvement Psychological empowerment Employee engagement Perceived organizational support

Perceived organizational support

A task that is subdivided into many separate jobs is considered to have ________. a high degree of work specialization a low degree of decentralization a wider span of control a high degree of departmentalization a high degree of formalization

a high degree of work specialization

The question, "If I work hard, what will I get in return?" illustrates the _____ aspect of expectancy theory. a. expectancy b. valence c. goal d. instrumentality

a. expectancy

The _____ style of conflict management is halfway between domination and appeasement. a. sharing b. accommodative c. avoidant d. collaborative

a. sharing

Brainstorming is often condemned as being _____. a. superficial b. unproductive c. time consuming d. biased

a. superficial

McClelland's theory of needs concentrates on which three needs? achievement, power, and affiliation

achievement, power, and affiliation achievement, growth, and security affiliation, control, and security control, status, and affiliation self-actualization, stability, and affiliation

During a negotiation, making an initial offer leads to the ________ bias. attributional cognitive framing self-serving anchoring

anchoring

Which one of the following is considered an important coaching technique? a. Restrict oneself from asking questions to the coach. b. Model desired performance and behavior. c. Create more obstacles for the person being coached. d. Resist change in all possible ways.

b. Model desired performance and behavior.

Which of the following is a personality trait of a creative person? a. Conformism b. Self-confidence c. Highly intelligent d. Ability to think divergently

b. Self-confidence

Which of the following stages of the traditional career model involves creating a meaningful and relevant role in an organization? a. The disengagement stage b. The establishment stage c. The exploration stage d. The maintenance stage

b. The establishment stage

Which of the following departments within an organization was usually thought of as a staff function? a. The finance department b. The legal department c. The operations department d. The marketing department

b. The legal department

Which of the following statements is true according to the two-factor theory? Factors that lead to job satisfaction are extrinsic factors. Adequate hygiene factors ensure that people are not dissatisfied. The hygiene factors tend to be intrinsic factors. Hygiene factors lead to job satisfaction. Recognition is a hygiene factor.

Adequate hygiene factors ensure that people are not dissatisfied.

Which of the following is not an accepted substitute for leadership in the modern work environment? a) Work that is intrinsically satisfying b) Closely knit teams of highly trained individuals c) Work that has heavy deadline pressure d) Strong professional norms

C) Work that has heavy deadline pressure Closely knit teams of highly trained individuals, intrinsic satisfaction, and professional norms are the three primary substitutes for leadership in the modern work environment.

________ is a participative process that uses employees' input to increase their commitment to the organization's success. Job sharing Employee involvement Organizational reengineering Corporate restructuring Job enrichment

Employee involvement

One implication from the evidence on EI to date is that employers should consider it a factor in hiring employees, especially in jobs that demand ________. a high degree of social interaction good critical thinking skills the ability to work independently good mathematical skills

a high degree of social interaction Answers:good analytical skills

In the context of the consequences of stress at work, which of the following is a general feeling of exhaustion that develops when an individual simultaneously experiences too much pressure and too few sources of satisfaction? a. Burnout b. Absenteeism c. Hardiness d. Turnover

a. Burnout

Which of the following is an important ingredient in controlling accidents at work? a. Employee training b. Ethnocentrism c. Disability insurance d. Job embeddedness

a. Employee training

A recommended tactic for developing teamwork is to explain to a team that it has: a. an urgent, constructive purpose. b. implicit and vague expectations. c. to produce good results or be downsized. d. to meet the standards of a competent team.

a. an urgent, constructive purpose.

Offering foreign language courses to employees in a multicultural organization is an example of _____. a. diversity training b. ethnocentric training c. vicarious learning d. knowledge management

a. diversity training

Anecdotes are particularly useful in persuading group members about the: a. importance of organizational values. b. capabilities of the group leader. c. problems facing the company in the future. d. company's profit picture.

a. importance of organizational values.

A basic principle of persuasion is: a. people like those who like them. b. first things first. c. people listen to avoid punishment. d. it takes one to know one.

a. people like those who like them.

A major concern about using goals to boost performance is that some workers, including leaders, will: a. use dysfunctional methods to attain goals. b. pursue goals rather than do their own work. c. set too many difficult goals. d. quit rather than pursue goals.

a. use dysfunctional methods to attain goals.

When every group represented in a company strives to understand every other group better, the company is said to be characterized by _____. a. pluralism b. ethnocentrism c. xenophobia d. full structural integration

a. pluralism

While negotiating salary with your prospective employer, if you suggest an initial target salary of $55,000, your employer will consider $50,000 to $60,000 a reasonable range for negotiation, but if you mention $55,650, your employer is more likely to consider $55,000 to $56,000 the range of likely values for negotiation. In this example your employer is exhibiting the ________ bias. availability impact anchoring hindsight confirmation

anchoring

This field of study has helped us understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and behavior between people in different countries and within different organizations. corporate strategy anthropology political science psycholinguistics operations research

anthropology

Compared to people who have a negative core self-evaluation, people who have a positive core self-evaluation ________. are less satisfied with their jobs see their work as less fulfilling are less likely to gravitate toward challenging jobs see their work as less challenging are less likely to give up when confronting difficulties

are less likely to give up when confronting difficulties

The conflict-handling intention of collaborating is ________. unassertive and uncooperative affective and reflective assertive and cooperative assertive and uncooperative unassertive and cooperative

assertive and cooperative

The ________ bias can explain why managers doing performance appraisals give more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months earlier. availability distinction self-serving confirmation hindsight

availability

Which of the following examples illustrates selective listening? a. Tony, a team manager, often casually stops by his team members' work stations and talks to them about their work and other issues and concerns. b. As the director of a company, Adolf is extremely busy and listens only to information on the company's position in the stock market. c. Mark tries to sort out problems among his team mates by acting as a mediator and allowing them to talk to each other about their problems. d. Jennifer, a team leader, asks a number of questions and listens to answers during face-to-face meetings with her subordinates.

b. As the director of a company, Adolf is extremely busy and listens only to information on the company's position in the stock market.

In reinforcement theory, identify the schedule in which the number of times a behavior must occur before it is rewarded remains constant over time. a. Variable ratio schedules Correctb. Fixed ratio schedules c. Variable interval schedules d. Fixed interval schedules

b. Fixed ratio schedules

Which of the following influence tactics requires that the leader serve as a model for the desired behavior? a. Getting network members to support your position b. Leading by example c. Rational persuasion d. Exchanging favors and bargaining

b. Leading by example

The feeling of being proud is essentially a(n): a. weak motivator for leaders. b. internal motivator. c. weak motivator for professional staff. d. external motivator.

b. internal motivator.

Identify an organizational design that looks similar to the H-form design except that the businesses are closely related to one another: a. The conglomerate design b. The divisional design c. The unitary-form design d. The functional design

b. The divisional design

In the context of employment law, which of the following are guaranteed rights to receive pension benefits? a. Access rights b. Vesting rights c. Human rights d. Union rights

b. Vesting rights

In the context of performance appraisals, which of the following occurs when the rater tends to use only one part of a rating scale? a. A horns error b. A contrast error c. A distributional error d. A halo error

c. A distributional error

Which of the following is the first step in effective career planning? a. Performance management b. Career counseling c. Individual assessment d. Communication

c. Individual assessment

It is not always clear that errors in performance appraisals are really errors, except for _____. a. horns errors b. distributional errors c. contrast errors d. halo errors

c. contrast errors

Lindsey, a market research analyst, is known for her almost always accurate predictions regarding the market trends in the medium to long term. This depicts that Lindsey: a. is a resilient leader. b. has an impressive creation-of-the-enterprise story. c. has an insightful mind. d. is likely to score low on locus of control.

c. has an insightful mind. An important cognitive trait of leaders is insight, a depth of understanding that requires considerable intuition and common sense. Intuition is often the mental process used to provide the understanding of a problem. Insight helps speed decision making. You can gauge your insight by charting the accuracy of your hunches and predictions about people and business situations.

In the context of the causes of stress at work, group pressures, leadership style, and conflicting personalities are categorized as _____. a. role demands b. physical demands c. task demands d. interpersonal demands

d. interpersonal demands

All of the following are high in channel richness except ________. words writing gestures smiles postures

writing

During which phase of the negotiation process do the parties exchange their initial proposals or demands? integration of preferences bargaining and problem-solving clarification and justification opening and initiating definition of ground rules

definition of ground rules

Most of us follow our doctor's advice because our doctor has ________ power. referent reward expert legitimate coercive

expert

A major listening problem many leaders face is that they: a. never ask questions to clarify issues. b. are overloaded with responsibilities. c. are convinced that listening is for wimps. d. feel listening is a sign of weakness.

b. are overloaded with responsibilities.

Crystal is an external leader of a team, so she: a. is paid from the headquarters budget. b. supervises the team without being a member of the team. c. is merely a part-time member of the team. d. is not paid for her services to the team.

b. supervises the team without being a member of the team.

Which of the following process theories, usually associated with B. F. Skinner, proposes that all behavior is a function of its consequences? a. ERG theory b. Dual factor theory c. VIE theory d. Reinforcement theory

d. Reinforcement theory

In the context of the traditional model of career stages, individuals are likely to view work as less important and find other sources for fulfilling their personal needs and goals in the _____. a. establishment stage b. exploration stage c. maintenance stage d. disengagement stage

d. disengagement stage

Derek is a hands-on leader, so he is likely to: a. answer his own email. b. telephone his boss frequently. c. put his arms around the shoulders of a group member. d. get involved directly in solving customer problems.

d. get involved directly in solving customer problems.

Research suggests workers are more likely to have a breakthrough idea when they are: a. depressed about an event in personal life. b. daydreaming about the future. c. multitasking with several electronic devices. d. happy the day before.

d. happy the day before.

An advantage of a goal related to a noble cause is that it: a. is geared toward a short range. b. gives workers step-by-step guidance. c. has a relatively low valence. d. is likely to inspire workers.

d. is likely to inspire workers.

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward? employee recognition employee stock option profit-sharing plan gainsharing bonus

employee recognition

Some of the departments in Procter & Gamble are Tide, Pampers, Charmin, and Pringles. This is an example of departmentalization by ________. geography interest process function product

product

Which behavioral science discipline is most focused on understanding individual behavior? sociology social psychology psychology anthropology organizational behavior

psychology

Psychology's major contributions to the field of organizational behavior have been primarily at what level of analysis? the level of the group the level of interacting groups the level of culture the level of the individual the level of the organization

the level of the individual

Which of the following statements is true of coaching skills and techniques? a. Build personal relationships with team members. b. Give overrated comments and scores to members of a team. c. Give positive feedback alone, and stick to appreciatory comments. d. Make the communication strategy more generic and less specific.

a. Build personal relationships with team members.

A barrier buster is a manager who: a. removes obstacles that hinder work accomplishment. b. uses rewards and punishments frequently. c. sets unrealistically high goals for group members. d. lobbies for business contracts from external agencies.

a. removes obstacles that hinder work accomplishment.

Which of the following is the attempt to measure, in objective terms, the impact and effectiveness of human resource management (HRM) practices in terms of metrics such as a firm's financial performance? a. Narrative analysis b. Utility analysis c. Ethnographic analysis d. Market basket analysis

b. Utility analysis

A communication strategy that can make people appear powerful is: a. boldly attacking people. b. knowing exactly what they want. c. being short in verbal presentations. d. emphasizing self-deprecation.

b. knowing exactly what they want.

Which of the following programs are organizational programs created specifically to help employees deal with tension and anxiety? a. Employee assistance programs b. Institutional programs c. Collateral stress programs d. Enrichment programs

c. Collateral stress programs

In the context of the six sections of the Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ), which of the following represent the reasoning, decision-making, planning, and information-processing activities involved in performing a job? a. Information inputs b. Job contexts c. Mental processes d. Special codes

c. Mental processes

The belief that "violence is wrong" is an evaluative statement. Such an opinion constitutes the ________ component of an attitude. behavioral affective cognitive reactive reflective

cognitive

In the context of nonmandated benefits, which of the following is an extra benefit that may or may not have any direct financial value but is considered an important reward by employees? a. Social Security benefit b. A bursary c. Workers' compensation d. A perquisite

d. A perquisite

Which of the following is a form of temporary employee who can help respond to work demands in the short term? a. A mentor b. A headhunter c. An applicant d. An intern

d. An intern

Jason takes great care to cultivate close, positive, working relationships with influential higher-ups at his organization. This tactic is referred to as: a. Schmoozing b. Bartering influence c. Sucking up d. Developing power contacts

d. Developing power contacts

An individual's involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the work he/she performs is known as ________. job satisfaction loyalty employee engagement psychological empowerment job involvement

employee engagement

Harriet has been charged with the task of evaluating two employees for possible promotions. She is interested in learning which employee has the most effective leadership skills. One of the employees is assigned to Team B, and the other is assigned to Team C. Which network structure should Harriet choose for these teams if she wishes to place the two employees in clear leadership positions on the teams? chain mesh wheel concentric all-channel

wheel

Martha submitted a formal complaint to OSHA about unsafe work conditions in her company's warehouse. Martha is a ________ utilitarian thinker judge creative thinker humanitarian whistle-blower

whistle-blower

Rashid is dissatisfied at work. He feels he is paid too little and asked to do too much. To compensate for his perceived unjust pay, he regularly takes work supplies home for personal use, such as computer ink cartridges, staplers, and reams of paper. Rashid's behavior is an example of ________. customer satisfaction workplace deviance absenteeism employee OCB turnover

workplace deviance

According to the job characteristics model, task significance is the degree to which ________. a job provides the worker freedom in scheduling and procedure work activities generates direct and clear information about performance a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work a job affects the lives or work of other people a job requires a variety of different activities

a job affects the lives or work of other people

The process of generating new and useful ideas concerning new products, services, manufacturing methods, and administrative processes is characterized as _____. a. creativity b. instrumentality c. dissonance d. valence

a. creativity

Of the "Big Five" personality traits, which two are most associated with job satisfaction? extroverted and neuroticism openness to experiences and extroverted agreeableness and conscientiousness conscientiousness and openness to experiences neuroticism and agreeableness

agreeableness and conscientiousness

Which of the following is one label that has been frequently used to describe a dedication to build organizations that are accountable, responsible, transparent, and ecologically sustainable? a. Individual resource management b. Corporate social responsibility c. Organizational competitiveness d. Vertical integration

b. Corporate social responsibility

In the context of basic selection criteria, the amount of time an individual may have spent working in either a general capacity or a particular field of study is called _____. a. competency b. experience c. education d. knowledge

b. experience

Gus has been empowered by his manager to develop a new workflow design for the office. After completing the task successfully, Gus believes that he has the ability to perform another important task. The characteristic of empowerment just described is: a. meaning. b. internal commitment. c. self-efficacy. d. self-determination

c. self-efficacy.

A key part of evidence-based leadership or management is to: a. justify asking for an increased budget. b. prove that your decision was the right one. c. translate principles into practice. d. keep a log of the mistakes of subordinates.

c. translate principles into practice. Evidence-based leadership or management is an approach whereby managers translate principles based on best evidence into organizational practices.

The goods produced by prison inmates at a low cost can compete openly with goods produced by _____. a. trading companies b. knowledge workers c. unskilled workers d. manufacturing companies

c. unskilled workers

Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes results in ________. attitudinal clarification affective reactance values clarification cognitive dissonance organizational dissonance

cognitive dissonance

The two general approaches to bargaining are known as ________ bargaining. reflexive and restrictive distributive and integrative affective and reflective emotional and rational formal and informal

distributive and integrative

Legitimate power is based on ________ in the organization. expert knowledge the ability to provide rewards structural position respect and admiration interpersonal trust

structural position

________ refers to the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization. Work specialization Line of command Centralization Formalization Departmentalization

Centralization

________ is as important for managers as for front-line employees and among all big five traits, this trait is most consistently related to job performance. Emotional stability Agreeableness Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion

Conscientiousness

What is an advantage of bonuses over a merit-based pay plan? Employees are rewarded for recent performance. Employees don't view bonuses as a part of their salary. Bonuses improve performance of the group as a whole. Bonuses improve flexibility of the workforce. Bonuses are paid based on a formula.

Employees are rewarded for recent performance

Employees exhibiting which of the following traits are more likely to engage in political behavior? low need for power external locus of control Machiavellian personality lack of sensitivity to social cues low self-monitoring

Machiavellian personality

________ involves translating the organization's overall objectives into specific objectives for each succeeding level in the organization. Management by exception Management by objectives Strategic planning Management buy-out Representative participation

Management by objectives

Chain of command is a key element of an organization's structure. Which of the following key questions is addressed by this element? How many individuals can a manager efficiently and effectively direct? To what degree are activities subdivided into separate jobs? To whom do individuals and groups report? On what basis will jobs be grouped together? To what degree will there be rules and regulations to direct employees and managers?

To whom do individuals and groups report?

In the context of need-based theories of motivation, which of the following theories identifies motivators and hygiene factors as two sets of conditions at work that can satisfy needs? a. Dual factor theory b. Social learning theory c. Expectancy theory d. Equity theory

a. Dual factor theory

In the context of workplace security, which of the following is designed to make sure that an employee can afford the medical services he or she may require? a. Health insurance b. Unemployment insurance c. An employee-development plan d. An employee assistance program

a. Health insurance

Which of the following is the result of behaviors or actions by an organization or managers within an organization that causes members of a protected class to be unfairly differentiated from others? a. Illegal discrimination b. Vicarious learning c. Avoidance learning d. Negative reinforcement

a. Illegal discrimination

Which of the following is a dimension of interactional justice that refers to the extent to which the decision maker of a layoff decision provides details about the rules used to make the decision and how they were applied? a. Informational justice b. Distributive justice c. Interpersonal justice d. Procedural justice

a. Informational justice

Which of the following refers to the process of looking within the organization for existing qualified employees who might be promoted to higher-level positions? a. Internal recruiting b. Word-of-mouth recruiting c. Homesourcing d. Onboarding

a. Internal recruiting

Which of the following statements is true of a positive settlement zone? a. It refers to an overlap between an organization's and its union's demands and expectations in the bargaining zone. b. It refers to a phase in the negotiation process that prohibits the use of mediation or arbitration in case of a disagreement. c. It refers to a situation where both the management of an organization and its employees agree to have a third-party intervention. d. It refers to an organization achieving the desired results in a negotiation without giving in to the employees' demands.

a. It refers to an overlap between an organization's and its union's demands and expectations in the bargaining zone.

In the context of the causes of stress at work, which of the following is a physical demand stressor? a. Office design b. Leadership style c. Ambiguity d. Security

a. Office design

Which of the following refers to hours worked above the normal 40-hour workweek, for which there is usually a pay premium? a. Overtime b. Functional turnover c. Voluntary turnover d. Expatriation

a. Overtime

_____ refers to the idea that all organizational members are capable of leading themselves at least to some extent. a. Self-leadership b. Internal commitment c. Organizational capability d. Leadership commitment​

a. Self-leadership

The basic purpose of which of the following acts was to curtail and limit union practices? a. The Taft-Hartley Act b. The Wagner Act c. The Rowlatt Act d. The Sherman Antitrust Act

a. The Taft-Hartley Act

In the context of the adaptation model, which of the following is a strategic alternative that managers can select to match their organization's strategy with the basic conditions of their organization's environment? a. The defender strategy b. Unrelated diversification c. The focus strategy d. Retrenchment

a. The defender strategy

In the context of job-analysis techniques, which of the following refers to a family of job-analysis methods, each with unique characteristics, and each focusing on analyzing all the work performed in the focal job? a. The task-analysis inventory b. A narrative job analysis c. A functional job analysis d. The critical incidents approach

a. The task-analysis inventory

Which of the following is one of the four individual approaches to dealing with workforce diversity? a. Tolerance b. Continuous supervision c. Ethnocentrism d. Job embeddedness

a. Tolerance

Which of the following is a form of a mandated benefit? a. Workers' compensation b. A perquisite c. A wellness program d. Paid time off

a. Workers' compensation

According to the dependence perspective, Alex has power over Ziggy when: a. Ziggy is dependent on Alex. b. Alex is dependent on Ziggy. c. Alex and Ziggy work independently of each other. d. Alex and Ziggy work collaboratively.

a. Ziggy is dependent on Alex. According to the dependence perspective, people accrue power when others are dependent on them for things of value.

A rule of thumb offered for the sequencing of influence tactics is to: a. begin with the most positive, or least abrasive, tactic. b. begin with the ethical, then shift to the unethical. c. first mirror the influence tactic of the other person, then try your own. d. first be more serious, then move toward joking and kidding.

a. begin with the most positive, or least abrasive, tactic.

A recommended method of selecting team members is to: a. emphasize self-selection when possible. b. search for people who aspire to the executive suite. c. choose people with minimal experience in teamwork. d. choose people who perform poorly as individuals.

a. emphasize self-selection when possible.

Compensation plans that formally base at least some meaningful portion of compensation on the relative value of an employee's contributions to the organization are called _____. a. merit-pay plans b. stock-option plans c. fixed incentive plans d. stock-purchase plans

a. merit-pay plans

In the context of performance-based rewards, the most general form of a merit-pay plan is to: a. provide annual salary increases to employees based on the relative value of their contributions to their organization. b. reward the individual performance of employees on a real-time basis rather than by increasing their base salary at the end of a fiscal year. c. share the cost savings from productivity improvements with employees. d. contribute some portion of the company's profits to a profit-sharing pool.

a. provide annual salary increases to employees based on the relative value of their contributions to their organization.

A recommended approach for promoting ethical behavior throughout an organization is to: a. reward people who have performed well and behaved ethically. b. reward employees based on their seniority. c. hire only those candidates who have taken a course in ethics. d. impose severe penalties on whistleblowers.

a. reward people who have performed well and behaved ethically. If workers throughout the firm believe that behaving ethically is in and behaving unethically is out, ethical behavior will prevail. Ethical behavior that is rewarded is likely to endure.

Punishment and positive reinforcement work best when: a. there is a strong link between behavior and consequences. b. extinction is used. c. a behavior is followed by no consequences. d. intrinsic motivation is used.

a. there is a strong link between behavior and consequences.

A company can shield itself from the adverse effects of business cycles, unexpected competition, and other economic fluctuations while operating several unique businesses in different markets by using _____. a. unrelated diversification b. a differentiation strategy c. related diversification d. a retrenchment strategy

a. unrelated diversification

Which of the following is true of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974? a. It states that an employee must receive a pension after retirement. b. It guarantees a basic minimum benefit that employees could expect to be paid at retirement. c. It covers retirement plans established or maintained by governmental entities. d. It was passed to protect employees' mutual fund investments post retirement.

b. It guarantees a basic minimum benefit that employees could expect to be paid at retirement.

Which of the following statements is true of dysfunctional behavior in an organization? a. It is a result of the affective commitment of employees toward the organization. b. It results in direct financial costs for the organization. c. It includes actions performed by employees who suffer from clinical depression. d. It is caused by the Type B personality of employees.

b. It results in direct financial costs for the organization.

Which of the following is a direct result of overload? a. Decrease in ethnocentrism in the workplace b. More managers going to their office on weekends to get their jobs done c. Higher rates of hiring in organizations d. Increase in affective commitment of employees to their organization

b. More managers going to their office on weekends to get their jobs done

In the context of progressive discipline, which of the following refers to following unacceptable behavior with some type of negative consequences? a. Interpersonal justice b. Punishment c. Procedural justice d. Extinction

b. Punishment

Which of the following communication approaches is the most likely to be helpful in overcoming cross-cultural communication barriers? a. Sticking with the etiquette of your country b. Speaking slowly and clearly to people c. Judging others by the quality of their communication d. Speaking English because it is a universal language

b. Speaking slowly and clearly to people

Which of the following acts was passed in 1970 and is the most comprehensive law regarding worker safety? a. The Workplace Safety and Health Act b. The Occupational Safety and Health Act c. The Health and Safety at Work Act d. The Industrial Safety and Health Act

b. The Occupational Safety and Health Act

In the context of the differences in how one experiences stress, which of the following is characterized as being highly competitive with few interests outside of work? a. Dysfunctional behavior b. The Type A personality c. The Type B personality d. Hardiness

b. The Type A personality

In the context of dimensions of diversity, which of the following suggests that disabilities that are more disfiguring are perceived more negatively? a. The duration aspect of a disability b. The aesthetic aspect of a disability c. The nature dimension of a disability d. The origin dimension of a disability

b. The aesthetic aspect of a disability

Identify a true statement about decertification of unions. a. After a union has been decertified, a new election can be requested within 1 year. b. The union being decertified must have served as the official bargaining agent for the employees for at least 1 year. c. The National Labor Relations Board conducts a decertification election if 20 percent of the eligible employees in an organization's bargaining unit sign the decertification cards. d. A union can become decertified while an existing labor contract is in force.

b. The union being decertified must have served as the official bargaining agent for the employees for at least 1 year.

In the context of agency theory, identify a true statement about agents. a. They are less likely than principals to focus on a short time horizon. b. They are less likely than principals to take risks when they make decisions. c. They have less information about the day-to-day business than do principals. d. They always behave in ways that are consistent with the goals of the owners.

b. They are less likely than principals to take risks when they make decisions.

Middle manager Barney practices favoritism when he recommends for promotion: a. the best performer in the department. b. a golfing buddy who is a poor performer. c. a worker chosen at random. d. a worker suggested by his boss.

b. a golfing buddy who is a poor performer.

The second step in the unionization process is: a. instituting grievance procedures for resolving disputes between management and the union. b. asking the National Labor Relations Board to define the bargaining unit. c. getting 30 percent of the workers eligible to be represented by the union to sign authorization cards. d. asking the National Labor Relations Board to conduct a secret ballot election.

b. asking the National Labor Relations Board to define the bargaining unit.

After creating a false catastrophe, a particularly devious political player: a. asks another department to solve the problem. b. claims to have resolved the problem. c. apologizes and admits his or her falsehood. d. openly laughs at management for believing the story.

b. claims to have resolved the problem.

Steven, the legal representative of a company entering into a joint venture with another firm, formulates an agreement after discussions with his counterparts. The agreement is such that both companies are satisfied and stand to gain from the joint venture. The given example shows the _____ style of conflict management. a. accommodative b. collaborative c. avoidant d. competitive

b. collaborative

The purpose of forming a coalition is to: a. impress others by the number of people in your network. b. combine your power with that of others. c. ingratiate yourself with other people. d. legitimize your requests.

b. combine your power with that of others.

A major moderating variable in the use of rational persuasion is the: a. age of the influence agent. b. credibility of the influence agent. c. number of organizational levels. d. age of the organization.

b. credibility of the influence agent.

Attempts at persuasion, including inspirational speaking and writing, begin with the: a. use of vocalized pauses. b. credibility of the message sender. c. adaption of the message to the speaker's interests. d. use of technical jargon.

b. credibility of the message sender.

The set of values that helps an organization's members understand what the organization stands for, how it accomplishes what it wants to accomplish, and what it considers important is called the organization's _____. a. profile b. culture c. purpose d. design

b. culture

In cross-cultural relations, an attitude of highest respect is to communicate the belief that another person's culture is: a. in the top 10 percent of world cultures. b. different from but not inferior to yours. c. of considerable value, but still not as good as yours. d. good enough to be exported to your country.

b. different from but not inferior to yours

The term engagement refers to : a. serving a one-month notice period in the organization. b. high levels of personal investment in the tasks performed on a job. c. avoiding offering a reward for a good performance. d. employees limiting themselves to those tasks that are specific to their roles.

b. high levels of personal investment in the tasks performed on a job.

In the Pygmalion effect, group members _____ a. respond only to verbal signals b. live up to expectations set for them c. become uncomfortable when placed under heavy pressure d. rebel against high expectations

b. live up to expectations set for them When performance is measured against high standards, productivity is likely to increase, since people tend to live up to the expectations of their superiors. This is called the Pygmalion effect

A recommended way of giving advice to an employee is to: a. first make the employee feel guilty. b. put your advice in the form of a question. c. offer only general suggestions for improvement. d. wait until the employee has a good day.

b. put your advice in the form of a question.

Narcissistic CEOs tend to make: a. non-risky decisions so that their reputation is not tarnished. b. riskier decisions, often to attain dramatic results that enhance their image. c. humble admissions before their employees and the press about their shortcomings as a leader. d. a habit out of applauding subordinates over their own accomplishments.

b. riskier decisions, often to attain dramatic results that enhance their image. Narcissistic CEOs tend to make riskier decisions, often to attain dramatic results that enhance their image.

Ethics deals mostly with: a. legal versus illegal behavior. b. separating right from wrong. c. being socially responsible. d. an action rather than its intent.

b. separating right from wrong. Ethics is the study of moral obligations, or of separating right from wrong. Ethics can also be a plural noun meaning the accepted guidelines of behavior for groups or institutions.

An attempt to determine the extent to which a selection system provides real benefit to an organization is known as _____. a. a realistic job preview b. utility analysis c. a self-report inventory d. banding

b. utility analysis

In the context of VIE theory, which of the following components refers to how attractive or unattractive an outcome is for a person? a. dissonance b. valence c. expectancy d. instrumentality

b. valence

In path-goal theory, the participative leader is best suited for improving the morale of: a. poorly-motivated employees who perform repetitive tasks. b. well-motivated employees who perform nonrepetitive tasks. c. poorly-motivated employees who perform nonrepetitive tasks. d. well-motivated employees who perform repetitive tasks.

b. well-motivated employees who perform nonrepetitive tasks. The participative leader is best suited for improving the morale of well-motivated employees who perform nonrepetitive tasks.

​Abraham, the manager of the development team in a software firm, is entrusted with the task of coming up with a creative idea for the company's next new product. Abraham consults people from other teams such as marketing, testing, and customer support for inputs and suggestions that could result in a unique and creative idea. In order to improve his creative thinking, Abraham is playing the role of a(n) _____. a. ​lawyer b. ​explorer c. ​artist d. ​judge

b. ​explorer

Stuart, the director of a company producing electrical appliances, is preparing to address the sales team to appreciate their performance. When preparing his message for the speech, Stuart should ensure that _____.​ a. ​anecdotes are completely avoided b. ​the message is geared to the listeners c. ​the message is driven totally by data d. ​sufficient vocal pauses are present

b. ​the message is geared to the listeners

Elaine, a project manager, often seeks feedback from her team members as well as her supervisors on how she is doing.​ Which of the following methods of skill development in leadership does Elaine use in this scenario? a. ​Practice in natural settings b. ​Feedback on skill utilization, or performance, from others c. Conceptual information demonstrated by examples and brief descriptions of leaders in action d. ​Experiential exercises

b. Feedback on skill utilization, or performance from others. Feedback on skill utilization, or performance, from others is one of the many ways in which leadership skills can be developed or improved.

Jonathan, the head of a technology firm, is known for his authentic leadership practices. He created a unique identity for himself in the world of successful business leaders. In this scenario, Jonathan: a. ​is experiencing leadership polarity. b. has developed a personal brand.​ c. ​is projected as a laissez-faire leader. d. ​has imposed self-serving goals on constituents.

b. Has developed a personal brand A current trend in career advancement is to build a personal brand. Understanding your basket of strengths forms the basis for developing your personal brand. Your personal brand makes you unique, thereby distinguishing you from the competition. Your personal brand also helps you attract people to accept your leadership.

A key part of a leader having humility is to: a. insult the group performance, including that of your own. b. put group members in the limelight, rather than oneself. c. make forecasts about the group not making standards. d. ask the group to lead itself so he or she can do analytical work.

b. put group members in the limelight, rather than oneself According to Stephen G. Harrison, "Great leadership is manifested or articulated by people who know how to understate it. There is leadership value in humility, the leadership that comes from putting people in the limelight, not yourself

A consultative or collaborative decision-making style is likely to bring about the best results when: a. there is urgency in decision making. b. the leader needs information from team members to solve a problem in hand. c. team members' acceptance of the decision is incomplete. d. the problem is clearly defined.

b. the leader needs information from team members to solve a problem in hand A consultative or collaborative decision-making style is likely to bring about the best results when the leader requires information from others to solve the problem.

Which of the following is established to give senior managers of a company the option to buy the company shares in the future at a predetermined, fixed price? a. The Social Security system b. A life-cycle benefit c. A stock-option plan d. An employee assistance plan

c. A stock-option plan

Which of the following recognizes that if an organization needs highly skilled, knowledgeable workers to carry out its strategy, then all staffing activities must be coordinated toward identifying and attracting such employees? a. The function-oriented view of human resource management b. The scientific management approach to human resource management c. A systems-oriented view of human resource management d. An empirical approach to human resource management

c. A systems-oriented view of human resource management

Which of the following occurs in the first step of the unionization process? a. The National Labor Relations Board defines the bargaining unit. b. Employees sign authorization cards giving consent to the formation of a union. c. Employees show some interest in joining a union. d. The National Labor Relations Board conducts an election via secret ballot.

c. Employees show some interest in joining a union.

Which of the following statements is true of the Fair Labor Standards Act? a. It provides protection for the funding underlying pension plans. b. It makes vesting rights operational after 6 years of service at the most. c. It includes provisions for the minimum wage and overtime. d. It allows an employee to carry a portion of his or her benefits to another job.

c. It includes provisions for the minimum wage and overtime.

Identify a true statement about performance feedback. a. It should follow a nondevelopmental approach. b. It should be provided annually rather than on a daily or weekly basis. c. It should focus on both effective and ineffective performance. d. It should involve one-way communication, with the manager as the initiator.

c. It should focus on both effective and ineffective performance.

In the context of compensation, which of the following statements is true of internal equity? a. Overpaying individuals for the value of their contributions can effectively solve internal equity issues. b. It occurs when lower-level employees in a firm receive the same incentives as the top executives. c. Problems with internal equity can result in conflict, feelings of mistrust, and low morale. d. Much of the information concerning internal equity comes from a pay survey.

c. Problems with internal equity can result in conflict, feelings of mistrust, and low morale.

In which of the following organizational development (OD) techniques does an OD advisor observe managers in the organization to develop an understanding of their communication patterns, decision-making and leadership processes, and methods of cooperation and conflict resolution? a. Third-party peacemaking b. Vestibule training c. Process consultation d. Survey feedback

c. Process consultation

Which of the following established, for the first time, the workweek in the United States as 40 hours per week? a. The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 b. The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 c. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 d. The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988

c. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

Which of the following statements is true of the differences in how employees experience stress? a. Type B personalities experience more stress than Type A personalities. b. Type A personalities are more easygoing than Type B personalities. c. Women are more likely to experience stress at work than men. d. Men are more likely to be absent from work because of stress-related problems than women.

c. Women are more likely to experience stress at work than men

In the context of reinforcement theory, identify the type of schedules in which the amount of time that must pass before a reward is given is constant over time. a. variable ratio schedules b. variable interval schedules c. fixed interval schedules d. fixed ratio schedules

c. fixed interval schedules

A method of managing creative workers is to _____. a. have a high degree of structure b. emphasize autocratic leadership c. give them flexibility d. discourage risk taking

c. give them flexibility

An inspirational appeal is more likely to be effective when the influence agent: a. mixes the inspirational appeal with a touch of Machiavellianism. b. pushes hard for his or her own agenda. c. involves the workers in the change process. d. disguises what he or she is attempting to accomplish.

c. involves the workers in the change process.

Recognition is an effective motivator is because: a. it is extremely expensive to implement. b. it is closely linked to company strategy. c. most employees feel they do not receive enough recognition. d. most workers have become bored with financial incentives.

c. most employees feel they do not receive enough recognition.

The teamwork tactic of "emphasizing pride in being outstanding" is based on the premise that: a. very few groups can be outstanding. b. every group has at least one standout performer. c. most groups are especially good at some tasks. d. a leader should be an outstanding performer.

c. most groups are especially good at some tasks.

Quid pro quo harassment typically involves: a. making inappropriate nonverbal gestures, such as ogling and winking at female colleagues. b. decorating the workplace with inappropriate photographs to create a hostile work environment. c. offering to exchange something of value for sexual favors. d. making off-color jokes and passing lewd sexual comments about a particular gender.

c. offering to exchange something of value for sexual favors.

Feedback in coaching should be: a. avoided unless requested. b. confined to the first coaching session. c. on specific areas which need improvement. d. overrated and exaggerated.

c. on specific areas which need improvement.

The process by which a company understands past mistakes and adapts to its environment is called _____. a. organizational pluralism b. organizational engineering c. organizational learning d. organizational synergy

c. organizational learning

A good example of ingratiation when dealing with a person you are trying to influence would be for you to: a. ignore his or her first three demands. b. stretch the truth to look good. c. praise that person lavishly. d. mention your power contacts.

c. praise that person lavishly.

To bring about organization change effectively, an executive is best advised to: a. disregard the process of executive edit. b. disregard cultural aspects while establishing the new reward system. c. serve as a role model for the desired attitudes and behaviors. d. focus more existing candidates than selecting new candidates.

c. serve as a role model for the desired attitudes and behaviors.

According to a consultant cited in the leadership text, after the group is empowered, the leader: a. functions like a member of the group. b. gets involved mostly to provide discipline. c. should still provide guidance. d. basically stays behind the scenes.

c. should still provide guidance.

While setting pay levels initially, an organization has to balance internal equity and external equity. Here external equity indicates ________. competitiveness of an organization's pay relative to pay elsewhere in its industry the worth of the job to the organization the worth of the job to the employee the amount of job satisfaction the job provides to the employee the amount of growth opportunities the job provides to the employee

competitiveness of an organization's pay relative to pay elsewhere in its industry

Which of the following is defined as the overall set of expectations held by an employee with regard to what he or she will contribute to an organization and held by the organization with regard to what it will provide to the individual in return? a. A vision statement b. A value proposition c. A mission statement d. A psychological contract

d. A psychological contract

In the context of the different models of the turnover process, which of the following is an event that can be either positive or negative but is so profound that it causes an employee to think about the organization, the job, and how he or she fits with both? a. A realistic job preview b. Functional turnover c. Organizational alienation d. A shock

d. A shock

Which of the following theories is derived from the fact that, in most modern organizations, the individuals who own a firm do not actually run it on a daily basis? a. VIE theory b. ERG theory c. Expectancy theory d. Agency theory

d. Agency theory

Which of the following is a step in career planning where an organization integrates its performance-management system with its career-management system? a. Individual assessment b. Organizational specification of career paths c. Career counseling d. Communication

d. Communication

Which of the following examples illustrates practices that enhance creativity? a. Tanya, a graphic designer for a popular magazine, looks to gain approval from her team mates for her innovative ideas rather than finding other alternatives. b. Nicholas and his colleagues think in a convergent manner to focus on a single and frequently used solution to problems. c. AB Inc. has a rigid organizational structure that includes layers of approval, fixed office timings, and a large amount of paperwork for new projects. d. Eric, a team manager, encourages his team members to determine the best possible method for reaching a particular target.

d. Eric, a team manager, encourages his team members to determine the best possible method for reaching a particular target.

Identify a critical dimension of procedural justice that refers to the perception that a person applying the rules to a decision had no vested interest in the outcome of the decision. a. Information accuracy b. Consistency c. Voice d. Free from bias

d. Free from bias

Which of the following statements is true of motivation? a. A single proven model of motivation is guaranteed to work in all situations for all people. b. It excludes the direction in which a person's effort will be exerted. c. High levels of motivation can fully compensate for lower levels of ability in people. d. It represents the forces operating on a person to exert effort in a specific direction.

d. It represents the forces operating on a person to exert effort in a specific direction.

In the context of employee training and development , which of the following is the most common method of implementing a work-based program? a. Computer-assisted instruction b. Classroom instruction c. Vestibule training d. On-the-job training

d. On-the-job training

Which of the following occurs when individuals with substantially different levels of experience, performance abilities, or both in an organization are paid wages or salaries that are relatively equal? a. Wage elasticity b. External inequity c. Pay inversion d. Pay compression

d. Pay compression

Which of the following can be included in collective bargaining only if both parties agree? a. Obligatory items b. Intellectual items c. Mandatory items d. Permissive items

d. Permissive items

Which of the following factors is least likely to contribute to political behavior in the workplace? a. A pyramid-shaped organization structure b. Environmental uncertainty and turbulence c. Emotional insecurity of workers d. Rejecting unwarranted compliments from subordinates

d. Rejecting unwarranted compliments from subordinates

In the context of a progressive disciplinary program of an organization, which of the following is a temporary layoff, usually with pay, when there is an ongoing investigation? a. Rightsizing b. Termination c. Disbanding d. Suspension

d. Suspension

Which of the following is a standardized job-analysis instrument whose focus is on managerial jobs, and the analysis is done in terms of 13 essential components of all administrative jobs? a. The Position Analysis Questionnaire b. The critical incidents approach c. The Fleishman job-analysis system d. The Management Position Description Questionnaire

d. The Management Position Description Questionnaire

Which of the following acts outlawed closed-shop agreements? a. The Landrum-Griffin Act b. The Wagner Act c. The Sherman Antitrust Act d. The Taft-Hartley Act

d. The Taft-Hartley Act

During a crisis, it is recommended that the leader: a. take lots of time weighing options and formulating a plan. b. act autocratically and emotionlessly to get a plan off the ground. c. focus on minute details of the day-to-day recovery effort. d. communicate widely about the problem.

d. communicate widely about the problem. When tough times hit, it pays to increase communication about the problems facing the company or unit, and what might be done to improve the situation. By communicating with workers throughout the organization, they will have an opportunity to provide leadership.

When attempting to resolve conflict between two group members, leaders are advised to: a. modify the organization's structure. b. work with each side alone to reach a solution. c. use a win-lose approach. d. use confrontation and problem solving.

d. use confrontation and problem solving.

In the context of an organization, which of the following is the collective, institutional record of past events? a. Organizational expertise b. Organizational pluralism c. Organizational synergy d. Organizational memory

d. Organizational memory

Reactive and protective behaviors designed to avoid action, blame, or change are termed ________. impression management defensive behaviors protectionism shielding bias zero-sum approach

defensive behaviors

What is the first step in the rational decision-making model? collecting relevant data weighing the decision criteria defining the problem developing alternatives identifying the decision criteria

defining the problem

Labor and management at DJ Trucking cannot agree upon a contract for the truck drivers. The drivers are threatening to strike, and management knows that such a strike would be very costly. Each side contends that they are bargaining fairly, but no agreement seems to be possible. Both sides agree that they are competing over a fixed amount of resources. Each side feels that what one side wins, the other loses. Based on this information we can say that the two sides are engaged in ________. arbitration conciliation mediation distributive bargaining integrative bargaining

distributive bargaining

John writes a memo to his employees. Putting his thoughts onto paper is an example of ________. transferring editing encoding decoding channeling

encoding

he concept of socialized charismatic leadership seeks to integrate charismatic leadership with ________ leadership. ethical relational production-oriented transformational transactional

ethical

Situations where an individual is required to define right and wrong conduct are termed ________. organizational complexities diversity issues ethical dilemmas human resource problems social puzzles

ethical dilemmas

Which of the following theories discusses three relationships: effort-performance relationship, performance-reward relationship, and rewards-personal goals relationship? self-efficacy theory equity theory goal-setting theory expectancy theory self-determination theory

expectancy theory

In a communication process, ________ is the check on how successful we have been in transferring our messages as originally intended. feedback editing encoding decoding noise

feedback

Jake tells his boss only what he believes the boss wants to hear. Jake is engaging in ________. emotional contagion communication apprehension selective perception of information emotional blockage filtering information

filtering information

You have decided to try to find a win-win situation to help labor and management resolve their differences. You are attempting to engage in ________. conciliation integrative bargaining distributive bargaining mediation arbitration

integrative bargaining

Teams that are composed of people who score high on ________ are more creative and innovative. openness to experience extraversion emotional stability agreeableness conscientiousness

openness to experience

The ________ pay plan has long been popular as a means of compensating production workers by paying a fixed sum for each unit of production completed. gainsharing piece-rate merit-based profit sharing competency-based

piece-rate

Employees' beliefs in the degree to which they influence their work environment, their competence, the meaningfulness of their job, and their perceived autonomy is termed as ________. psychological empowerment employee engagement organizational commitment job satisfaction perceived organizational support

psychological empowerment

Celebrities are paid millions of dollars to endorse products in commercials because the advertisers believe the celebrities have ________ power. reward coercive referent legitimate expert

referent

Conditions that can create conflicts can be classified into three categories. Which of the following is one of these three categories that includes variables such as jurisdictional clarity, member-goal compatibility, and leadership styles? personal variables structure process variables communication group interactions

structure

Which theory of leadership differentiates leaders from nonleaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics? trait theory Fiedler's model LMX theory contingency theory attributes theory

trait theory

Leaders who clarify role and task requirements to accomplish established goals exhibit a(n) ________ style of leadership. charismatic transactional authentic situational transformational

transactional

All of the following are consequences of a relationship of trust between supervisors and employees, except that ________. trust discourages taking risks trusting groups are more effective company bottom lines are positively influenced by trust trust enhances productivity trust facilitates information sharing

trust discourages taking risks

The three criteria for making ethical decisions are ________. rewards, regulations, and time orientation historical precedents, reward, and justice historical precedents, rights, and utilitarianism utilitarianism, rights, and justice utilitarianism, creativity, and rights

utilitarianism, rights, and justice

Janice is your director of sales. Since her team members are located in Europe, Asia, and North America, she has decided to use instant messaging to tie her team members together in order to develop a marketing strategy for a new product line. This is an example of a ________ team. cross-functional task-resolution virtual problem-solving self-managed

virtual

Which of the following statements is true regarding emotions? Emotions last longer than moods. Emotions are generally not indicated by distinct facial expressions. Emotions are caused by specific events. Moods are more action oriented in nature than emotions. Emotions are less intense feelings than moods.

Emotions are caused by specific events.

Which of the following statements is true regarding an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP)? ESOPs for top management tend to increase unethical behavior. ESOPs are also called competency-based pay plans. Research on ESOPs indicates that ESOPs drastically improve employee performance. Research on ESOPs indicates that it does not affect employee satisfaction. Under this plan, employees acquire stock, often at below-market prices.

Under this plan, employees acquire stock, often at below-market prices.

Which of the following terms best represents voluntary actions that violate significant organizational norms and, in doing so, threatens the well-being of the organization or its members? deviant workplace behavior negativity offset positivity offset self-concordance emotional contagion

deviant workplace behavior

Which of the following is not an example of organizational citizenship behavior? telling your friends about the company's great work environment working over the weekend to make sure a project gets done contributing to a fund for a coworker to help with medical bills volunteering to help a colleague meet a deadline discouraging a friend from applying for a job at the company

discouraging a friend from applying for a job at the company

What term is used for those emotions that an organization requires workers to show and considers appropriate in a given job? displayed emotions mandated emotions conditional emotions felt emotions required emotions

displayed emotions

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classifies people in all of the following categories except ________. independent/dependent perceiving/judging thinking/feeling sensing/intuitive extraverted/introverted

independent/dependent

The concept of self-concordance proposes that ________. the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction individuals who pursue goals because of an intrinsic interest are more likely to attain their goals extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in a task people with high achievement need tend to be the best general managers employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it

individuals who pursue goals because of an intrinsic interest are more likely to attain their goals

Julia, Bree, and David work in different departments but often eat lunch together. They are an example of a(n) ________ group. formal informal task command interest

informal

All of the following are examples of nonverbal communication except ________. instant messaging intonations or emphasis physical distance between the sender and the receiver hand gestures facial expressions

instant messaging

All things being equal, ________ bargaining is preferable to distributive bargaining because the former builds long-term relationships. collaborative integrative accommodative transformational distributive

integrative

An arrangement that allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hour-a-week job is called ________. job rotation telecommuting job enrichment job sharing flextime

job sharing

Which of the following is the distinct characteristic common to all participative management programs? joint decision making productivity enhancement autonomy commitment quality improvement

joint decision making

Communication that takes place among members of work groups at the same level is known as ________ communication. diagonal upward grapevine lateral downward

lateral

_____ is not a contingency factor that affects the decision-making style chosen in the normative decision model. a. Group expertise b. Financial feasibility c. Decision significance d. Leader expertise

b. Financial feasibility Accurate answers to these seven situational factors can be challenging to obtain. The leader may have to rely heavily on intuition and also minimize distorted thinking, such as believing he or she has some expertise but in fact does not.

Which of the following is the term used for the strength with which individuals experience emotion? emotional dissonance emotional labor affect intensity positivity offset emotional intelligence

affect intensity

In the context of the methods for appraising performance, which of the following consists of a statement or question about some aspect of an individual's job performance? a. A side-by-side matrix scale b. A graphic rating scale c. The critical incident method d. The forced-distribution method

b. A graphic rating scale

The ________ of an environment refers to the degree of heterogeneity and concentration among environmental elements. adaptability permeability complexity volatility flexibility

complexity

We tend to accept at face value information that is consistent with our preconceived views, while we are critical and skeptical of information that challenges these views. This represents the ________ bias. distinction confirmation hindsight impact self-serving

confirmation

The theory of job design suggests that the way elements in a job are organized can influence employee ________. motivation citizenship behaviors ethics job satisfaction effort

effort

Which of the following is not considered a key quality of an employee in a customer-responsive culture? friendly and courteous willing to do what's necessary to please the customer knowledgeable accessible good computer skills

good computer skills

The power tactic of using flattery and creating goodwill before making a request is known as ________ motivational appeal affective appeal ingratiation consultation inspirational appeal

ingratiation

A(n) ________ strategy emphasizes the introduction of major new products and services cost-minimization mechanistic organic imitation innovation

innovation

The variables, such as personality, group structure, and culture, which lead to processes are called ________. genetics inputs abilities ethics resources

inputs

Volatility refers to the degree of ________ within an environment. adaptability complexity instability sustainability flexibility

instability

Which of the following types of organizational designs combines two forms of departmentalization: functional and product? virtual structure team structure matrix structure simple structure bureaucracy

matrix structure

A senior level employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee is a ________. colleague guardian angel protégé mentor protectorate

mentor

A ________ pay plan pays for individual performance based on performance appraisal ratings. skill-based piece-rate profit sharing competency-based merit-based

merit-based

In case of distributive bargaining, the ________ point marks the lowest outcome that is acceptable-the point below which the party would break off negotiations rather than accept a less favorable settlement. resistance clarification tolerance target focal

resistance

Based on the dimensions of cooperativeness and assertiveness, the conflict-handling intentions are classified into five categories. Which of the following is not one of these five conflict-handling intentions? resisting avoiding collaborating competing accommodating

resisting

Which of the following is an individual presumed to be highly knowledgeable about a particular job and who provides data for job analysis?a. A subject matter expert b. A blue-collar worker c. A free rider d. An ancillary worker

A subject matter expert

________ bargaining is negotiation that seeks to divide a "fixed pie." Integrative Distributive Conjunctive Affective Reflective

Distributive

________ is a systematic effort to make an organization leaner by selling off business units, closing locations, or reducing staff Decentralizing Formalizing Departmentalizing Downsizing Removing boundaries

Downsizing

________ indicates a person's ability to be self-aware, detect emotions in others, and manage emotional cues and information. Cognitive distortion Emotional dissonance Emotional intelligence Cognitive dissonance Confirmation bias

Emotional intelligence

________ is a formula-based group incentive plan that uses improvements in group productivity from one period to another to determine the total amount of money allocated. An employee stock ownership plan A merit-based pay plan A piece-rate pay plan Profit sharing Gainsharing

Gainsharing

________ refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. Cognitive dissonance Affect intensity Self-efficacy Need for power Emotional contagion

Self-efficacy

________ indicates the tendency of an individual to attribute his own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors. Distinction bias Self-serving bias Stereotyping Fundamental attribution error Selective perception

Self-serving bias

Identify a human resource management (HRM) practice that can lead to improved firm performance. a. Continuous training b. Job embeddedness c. Pay inversion d. Pay secrecy

a. Continuous training

________ blends concepts from psychology and sociology and focuses on the influence people have on one another. Political science Anthropology Corporate strategy Social psychology Archaeology

Social psychology

Which of the following statements best represents a halo effect? Our reaction to a person is influenced by other persons we have recently encountered. We tend to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance. We tend to judge someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which he or she belongs. When we make judgments about the behavior of other people, we tend to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal or personal factors. We tend to attribute our own successes to internal factors but we tend to put the blame for our failure on external factors.

We tend to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance.

An effective way for a leader to collaborate with group members is to: a. solicit input from the right group members. b. make the hierarchy as steep as possible. c. make sure the group members get their yearly salary increases. d. make all the major decisions himself or herself.

a. solicit input from the right group members A key role for followers is to collaborate with leaders in achieving organizational goals. When high-level leaders do not make all of the decisions but solicit input from knowledgeable group members, leaders and followers work together more closely.

One important approach to controlling accidents at work is to design more security into the workplace through a process called _____. a. stress management b. safety engineering c. hardiness d. burnout

b. safety engineering

A charismatic leader will often: a. procrastinate about major decisions. b. challenge, prod, and poke other people. c. be low key about his or her accomplishments. d. be a low risk taker.

b. challenge, prod, and poke other people. A characteristic observed in many charismatic leaders is that they challenge, prod, and poke. They test your courage and self-confidence.

If a checkout clerk reports to a department manager, who in turn reports to a store manager, who reports to a regional manager, the communication network is said to be a(n) ________ network .all-channel chain mesh wheel star

chain

In the context of external recruiting, an individual working for an executive search firm is also known as a _____. a. curator b. gatekeeper c. mentor d. headhunter

d. headhunter

A potential disadvantage of being a leader is: a. isolation from problems involving people. b. losing contact with paperwork and email. c. being out of the loop in terms of company policies. d. having fewer people to confide in about work-related issues.

d. having fewer people to confide in about work related issues. The higher you rise as a leader, the lonelier you will be in a certain sense. Leadership limits the number of people in whom you can confide.

Charismatic leaders use visions for the important purpose of: a. conducting transactions with people. b. celebrating accomplishments. c. keeping team members in line. d. inspiring group members.

d. inspiring group members Charismatic leaders use visions for the important purpose of inspiring group members.

A manufacturing manager organizes a plant into engineering, accounting, manufacturing, personnel, and supply specialists departments. This division of an organization into groups according to work functions is an example of ________. bureaucracy social clustering centralization specialization departmentalization

departmentalization

Which of the following is an effective means of countering social loafing? increase the group's work load ensure that individual contributions to the group's outcome are identified increase the size of the group increase the rewards the group is given if it succeeds increase the amount by which the group's progress is monitored

ensure that individual contributions to the group's outcome are identified

The phenomenon of ________ describes situations in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual, minority, or unpopular views. group polarization satisficing social loafing groupshift groupthink

groupthink

Gerardo believes that every time he picks up a penny he is blessed with good fortune, due to the fact that the last time he picked up a penny he had a lottery win, and the time before that he got a big bonus at work. Gerardo's perception is likely a product of a(n) ________. illusory correlation self-serving bias high-positive affect affect intensity emotional dimension

illusory correlation

Organizations following a(n) ________ strategy try to both minimize risk and maximize opportunity for profit, moving into new products or new markets only after innovators have proven their viability. innovation organic cost-cutting imitation mechanistic

imitation

Which of the following is not one of the five factors included in the Big Five Model? emotional stability conscientiousness intuitiveness extraversion agreeableness

intuitiveness

For a manager, it is worth understanding the grapevine in the organization because ________. it improves employee motivation it increases job satisfaction for the employees it helps tap into employee anxieties it improves team efficiency it is the least costly way of transmitting information

it helps tap into employee anxieties

The degree to which a person identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, and considers his or her performance as being important to self-worth is ________. social embeddedness job stability job involvement job satisfaction organizational commitment

job involvement

Managers at Precision Technologies, a custom-machine shop in Indiana, train workers on all the company's equipment so they can move around as needed in response to incoming orders. Based on this information, which of the following methods is most likely being used by Precision Technologies? job enrichment flextime job enlargement job rotation job sharing

job rotation

What is another term for cross-training? job rotation job enhancement work enlargement job sharing work enrichment

job rotation

What refers to a positive feeling about a job, resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics? job satisfaction organizational commitment social investment job involvement job stability

job satisfaction

Leaders who emerge from outside of the formal structures of the organization are called ________. nonsanctioned leaders managers mentors transformational leaders transactional leaders

nonsanctioned leaders

Which of the following terms best describes the acceptable standards of behavior that are shared by a group's members? rules status traditions norms role perception

norms

Of the bases of power, research indicates that ________ power is most effective. positional personal reward coercive legitimate

personal

Samantha is the owner of a flower shop. She has five employees that all report directly to her and she makes all the decisions regarding the type and quantity of flowers and looks after the shop's finances. Which type of organizational structure does Samantha have? virtual structure boundaryless structure simple structure matrix structure bureaucracy

simple structure

Participative management is a method of management where ________. representatives of workers form work councils and these councils must be consulted when management makes decisions about employees subordinates share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate superiors low-level workers are responsible for making corporate policy decisions low-level workers meet occasionally with the CEO to discuss problems within their department few representatives of workers sit on a company's board of directors

subordinates share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate superiors

What do you call the practice of hiding inner feelings by modifying facial expressions? affective camouflage deep acting surface acting emotional intelligence confirmation bias

surface acting

In the case of distributive bargaining, the ________ point indicates what a person would like to achieve out of a negotiation. resistance focus closure clarification target

target

On teams performing nonroutine activities, ________ conflicts stimulate discussion, promote critical assessment of problems and options, and can lead to better team decisions. social efficacy resource task relationship

task

If a survey respondent sees his or her least preferred coworker in unfavorable terms, Fiedler would categorize the respondent as ________. high in consideration task-oriented employee-oriented relationship oriented low in initiating structure

task-oriented

Which of the following mirrors the Civil Rights Act in terms of outlawing discrimination but also requires federal contractors and subcontractors with contracts greater than $50,000 to file written affirmative action plans? a. Executive Order 11246 b. The Fair Labor Standards Act c. The Wagner Act d. Executive Order 11478

Executive Order 11246

________ are the emotions that an individual is actually experiencing, despite what they might display. Conditional emotions Disseminative emotions Surface emotions Displayed emotions Felt emotions

Felt emotions

Which is not a weakness of group decision making? Group decisions can be dominated by one or a few members. Group decision making is time consuming. In a group decision, the responsibility of any single member is diluted. Group decisions suffer from ambiguous responsibility. Group decisions tend to be less creative than individual decisions.

Group decisions tend to be less creative than individual decisions.

Jennifer has come to realize that conflict has both functional, as well as dysfunctional, outcomes. She has observed examples of both in her organization. Last month, Jennifer's department experienced constructive conflict during a meeting. Which of the following is not an outcome of this functional conflict? Groupthink is increased. Creativity and innovation are stimulated. The quality of decisions is improved. Tensions are released. Interest and curiosity are encouraged.

Groupthink is increased.

Which of the following statements is true regarding Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory? Having a substantially satisfied need no longer motivates. Lower-order needs are satisfied internally. "Social" needs relate to autonomy and achievement. "Esteem" needs relate to affection and friendship. Social needs are lower-order needs.

Having a substantially satisfied need no longer motivates

Span of control is a key element of an organization's structure. Which of the following key questions is addressed by this element? To what degree will there be rules and regulations to direct employees and managers? How many individuals can a manager efficiently and effectively direct? On what basis will jobs be grouped together? To whom do individuals and groups report? To what degree are activities subdivided into separate jobs?

How many individuals can a manager efficiently and effectively direct?

Which of the following differentiates introverts from extraverts? As compared to extraverts, introverts tend to be happier in their jobs and in their lives as a whole. Introverts are less impulsive than extraverts. Introverts are more socially dominant than extraverts. Introverts are generally more assertive than extraverts. Introverts experience more positive emotions than extraverts.

Introverts are less impulsive than extraverts.

________ is a highly complex and highly developed form of reasoning that is based on years of experience and learning. Contrast effect Halo effect Emotional intelligence Intuition Selective perception

Intuition

Which of the following statements is true regarding the hindsight bias? It indicates that we seek out information that reaffirms our past choices, and we discount information that contradicts them. It indicates our tendency to base judgments on information readily available. It indicates a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information. It indicates our tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic, such as intelligence. It indicates our tendency to believe falsely, after the outcome is known, that we would have accurately predicted it.

It indicates our tendency to believe falsely, after the outcome is known, that we would have accurately predicted it.

Which of the following personality traits indicates the degree to which a person is unemotional and pragmatic and believes that ends can justify means? core self-evaluation Machiavellianism self-monitoring narcissism Type A personality

Machiavellianism

________ is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Perception Social verification Environmental analysis Emotional labor Cognitive dissonance

Perception

Which of the following statements is true regarding oral communication? It is often tangible and verifiable. In the case of oral communication, when the message has to pass through a number of people, as the number of people increases the possibility of distortion of the message decreases. It can be stored for an indefinite period. As compared to written communication, it is more likely to be well thought out, logical, and clear. The sender can quickly obtain feedback from the receiver.

The sender can quickly obtain feedback from the receiver.

Which of the following statements best describes contingency variables? They are factors that moderate the relationship between two or more events or situations. They are the cause-and-effect principles that tend to apply to all situations that have been discovered. They are simple and universal principles that explain organizational behavior. There is general consensus among OB researchers that they can be controlled. They are scientific factors based on universal truths.

They are factors that moderate the relationship between two or more events or situations.

Which of the following statements best describes the traits of people having a proactive personality? They naturally seem to think about other people a lot, being concerned about their well-being and feelings. They identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs. They are more charismatic and thus are more likely to emerge as leaders and display better psychological health. They tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation and express behavioral inconsistency. They make more rapid decisions and use less information than the low risk takers do.

They identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs.

Which of the following statements is true about people with positive core self-evaluations? They lack persistence. They tend to question their capabilities. They are less popular coworkers than those with negative core self-evaluation. They set ambitious goals. They view themselves as powerless over their environment.

They set ambitious goals.

________ leaders inspire followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization and can have an extraordinary effect on their followers. Transactional Task-oriented Laissez-faire Transcendental Transformational

Transformational

Which of the following statements is true regarding size of teams? When teams have excess members, mutual accountability increases. As team size increases, coordination problems tend to decrease. As team size increases, social loafing decreases. Generally speaking, the most effective teams have twelve to fifteen members.

When teams have excess members, cohesiveness declines.

Which of the following is developed from critical incidents and uses a substantial number of critical incidents to define specifically all the measures necessary for effective performance? a. A behavioral observation scale b. A graphic rating scale c. A Likert scale d. A semantic differential scale

a. A behavioral observation scale

Under which of the following plans does an organization pay an employee a certain amount of money for every unit he or she produces? a. A piece-rate incentive plan b. A gainsharing plan c. The Scanlon plan d. The merit-pay plan

a. A piece-rate incentive plan

Which of the following occurs when an organization finds that its current operations are not effective, and major changes, such as rightsizing, are usually needed to rectify the problem? a. A turnaround strategy b. A diversification strategy c. A stability strategy d. A growth strategy

a. A turnaround strategy

Susan, a telemarketing executive of a company producing household appliances, receives a complaint from one of the customers for a week's delay in delivery. In order to pacify the customer, Susan offers to deduct delivery charges. Susan takes this decision because the customer happensto be a regular user of the company's products and she does not want the company to lose a valuable customer. Which style of conflict management is Susan using in the given example? a. Accommodative style b. Avoidant style c. Sharing style d. Competitive style

a. Accommodative style

Identify a recruiting approach that enables an organization to combine the elements of both internal and external methods of recruiting. a. An internship b. An apprenticeship c. Job posting d. Headhunting

a. An internship

In the context of need-based theories of motivation, which of the following theories involves two levels of needs and allows for a person to regress from a higher-level need to a lower-level need? a. ERG theory b. Reinforcement theory c. VIE theory d. Equity theory

a. ERG theory

Which of the following are designed to assist employees who have chronic problems with alcohol or drugs or who have serious domestic problems? a. Employee assistance plans b. Early retirement programs c. Cafeteria-style benefits plans d. Outbound training programs

a. Employee assistance plans

Which of the following options refers to a person's perception of the probability that an increase in effort will result in an increase in performance? a. Expectancy b. Valence c. Dissonance d. Instrumentality

a. Expectancy

In the context of common workplace hazards, which of the following refers to a shield or other piece of equipment that keeps body parts from contacting moving machine parts such as gears and conveyor belts? a. Guarding b. Milling c. Shearing d. Tooling

a. Guarding

Which of the following refers to an individual difference that allows some individuals to experience less stress when dealing with stressful events and that makes them more effective in dealing with the stress they do experience? a. Hardiness b. Apathy c. Sacralization d. Disenchantment

a. Hardiness

In the context of layoffs, which of the following refers to the quality of the interpersonal treatment people receive when a decision is implemented? a. Interactional justice b. Procedural justice c. Distributive justice d. Restorative justice

a. Interactional justice

Which of the following statements defines a performance appraisal? a. It is the specific and formal evaluation of an employee to determine the degree to which the employee is performing his or her job effectively. b. It is the general set of activities carried out by an organization to improve employee performance. c. It is a phase of career planning in which individuals carefully analyze what they perceive to be their own abilities, competencies, skills, and goals. d. It is the set of experiences and activities that people engage in related to their job and livelihood over the course of their working life.

a. It is the specific and formal evaluation of an employee to determine the degree to which the employee is performing his or her job effectively.

Which of the following statements is true of a stability strategy? a. It may be the easiest for a human resource manager to implement. b. It shields an organization from the need to augment its labor force. c. It mostly involves terminations and layoffs. d. It may indicate growing sales, increasing demand, and expanding operations for an organization.

a. It may be the easiest for a human resource manager to implement.

In Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, identify the needs that include a safe environment and that are satisfied by things such as insurance or a pension. a. Security needs b. Social needs c. Physiological needs d. Esteem needs

a. Security needs

Which of the following acts requires that national labor unions elect new leaders at least once every 5 years? a. The Landrum-Griffin Act b. The Wagner Act c. The Taft-Hartley Act d. The Sherman Antitrust Act

a. The Landrum-Griffin Act

Which of the following is an agency within the Department of Health that conducts research to help establish appropriate safety and health criteria? a. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health b. The Health Maintenance Organization c. The Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission d. The Pan American Health Organization

a. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Which of the following is a computerized job classification system that contains continually updated information regarding the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for virtually every job in the U.S. economy? a. The Occupational Information Network b. The Society for Human Resource Management c. The Fleishman job-analysis system d. The task-analysis inventory system

a. The Occupational Information Network

According to a study of the effects of rightsizing conducted in the 1990s, the firms where the decline in employment was less than 5 percent from 1980 to 1994, but the decline in plant and assets during the same period was at least 5 percent greater than the decline in employment were called _____. a. asset downsizers b. stable employers c. employment downsizers d. combination upsizers

a. asset downsizers

Middle manager Bob establishes idea quotas for his organizational unit, meaning that workers will be asked to: a. bring in one fresh idea each meeting. b. steal ideas from other organizational units. c. brainstorm for ten minutes at the start of each staff meeting. d. invest a certain percentage of their time to creative thinking.

a. bring in one fresh idea each meeting.

A leader would be engaging in micromanagement if he or she: a. closely monitors a group member's activities. b. engages in strategic planning. c. gives as little direction as possible. d. inspires others to use desktop computers.

a. closely monitors a group member's activities.

A major characteristic of a team is: a. common commitment. b. submerging conflicts to reach a consensus. c. ingratiation of its members. d. self-actualization of its members.

a. common commitment.

The arrangements in which an employee works the required number of hours, typically 40, but does so in fewer than 5 days are called _____. a. compressed workweeks b. flexible work hour plans c. part-time work programs d. freelancing work programs

a. compressed workweeks

In almost every organization offering flexible work hour plans, the time of the day during which every employee must be at work is called _____. a. core time b. flextime c. down time d. overtime

a. core time

Mindi has a learning goal orientation. While she is competing in a national sales contest, she is strongly motivated to: a. develop new skills during the process of competing. b. impress other people with her skills. c. examine if her efforts would result in the desired outcome. d. make the other competitors look good.

a. develop new skills during the process of competing.

Goal theory suggests that: a. employees will exert the greatest effort when they have specific, difficult goals to work toward. b. goals should be qualifiable rather than quantifiable. c. employees are most motivated by vague and undefined goals. d. impossible goals are the most effective in motivating employees.

a. employees will exert the greatest effort when they have specific, difficult goals to work toward.

Glow Inc., a company producing personal care products, plans to launch new skin care products for middle-aged men and women. The company is looking at unique and innovative products. The top management decides to collect ideas from all the employees. In order to encourage its employees to think creatively, the company should _____. a. establish idea quotas to generate new ideas b. insist that the emphasis is on the most profitable solution c. promote convergent thinking d. ensure that the employees focus on a single solution

a. establish idea quotas to generate new ideas

The material resources of an organization include: a. factories, equipment, raw materials, computers, and offices. b. patents, trademarks, and copyrights. c. the people employed to do the work of the organization. d. the sources of information of the organization.

a. factories, equipment, raw materials, computers, and offices.

A common thread to creativity-enhancing exercises is that they require: a. flexible thinking. b. variations of brainstorming. c. convergent thinking. d. people to solve a puzzle.

a. flexible thinking.

The question, "If I get the job done, will I really get my reward?" illustrates the _____ aspect of expectancy theory. a. instrumentality b. open-book management c. valence d. effort-to-performance expectancy

a. instrumentality

A person's linguistic style: a. is his or her characteristic speaking pattern. b. determines that person's reading comprehension. c. is closely related to his or her leadership style. d. directly reflects the company's culture.

a. is his or her characteristic speaking pattern.

A finding about the insight step of creative thinking is that the flash of insight: a. often arrives after hours of thought and study. b. occurs when a person has almost given up on the problem. c. is usually an almost totally new idea. d. occurs when a person is mentally exhausted.

a. often arrives after hours of thought and study.

An example of a physical structure to facilitate communication among team members is a: a. shared physical facility such as a beverage lounge. b. private office or cubicle for each team member. c. high-rise building. d. telecommuting or work-at-home program.

a. shared physical facility such as a beverage lounge.

A challenge for the manager of multiple teams is that these teams might have cultures of their own, known as a _____. a. subcultures b. strong links c. weak links d. renegade cultures

a. subcultures

When there is a difference of opinion between an employee who is a union member and his or her supervisor, the employee should initially take his or her complaint to _____. a. the shop steward b. an arbitrator c. an assembly line manager d. the chief management officer

a. the shop steward

A dominant characteristic of creative workers is a passion for: a. their work. b. the rewards associated with creative work. c. working in teams. d. working in a large bureaucracy.

a. their work.

According to implicit leadership theories, one example of a leadership antiprototype would be _____. a. tyranny b. charisma c. violence d. intelligence

a. tyranny

The actual funding for Social Security benefits comes from the _____. a. withholdings of current employees b. incomes of legal children of retired employees c. contingency fund of the government d. last employers of retired employees

a. withholdings of current employees

Estelle plans to present the science project assigned to her in a creative manner.​ She concentrates on finding ways to present her project. She comes up with possible solutions without evaluating them. Which step of the creative process is illustrated in the given scenario? a. ​Immersion b. ​Problem recognition c. ​Incubation d. ​Verification

a. ​Immersion

Employees who add value to a firm simply because of what they know are called _____. b. knowledge workers

a. free riders b. knowledge workers c. expatriates d. blue-collar workers

A party who seeks to appease an opponent may be willing to place the opponent's interests above his or her own, sacrificing to maintain the relationship. We refer to this intention as ________. avoiding competing collaborating compromising accommodating

accommodating

Which dimension of the Big Five Model refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others? extraversion openness to experience agreeableness emotional stability conscientiousness

agreeableness

The unity-of-command principle states that ________. managers should limit their oversight to a maximum of 12 employees managers should oversee 1-4 employees on average an individual should be directly responsible to only one supervisor employees should report directly to two supervisors to maintain task balance managers should provide direction to their employees in a unified fashion

an individual should be directly responsible to only one supervisor

The right inherent in a managerial position to give orders and expect orders to be obeyed is termed ________. authority span of control leadership unity of command chain of command

authority

Which of the following rating errors occurs when a manager assigns relatively high performance ratings to all employees? a. A severity error b. A leniency error c. A horns error d. A halo error

b. A leniency error

Which of the following is an effective technique for ensuring that job seekers understand the actual nature of the jobs available to them? a. A validity test b. A realistic job preview c. A utility analysis d. A psychomotor ability test

b. A realistic job preview

In the context of popular selection techniques, which of the following is an approach to selecting managers based on measuring and evaluating their ability to perform critical work behaviors? a. The projective technique b. An assessment center c. A recommendation letter d. Utility analysis

b. An assessment center

Which of the following is true of the motivational use of recognition and praise? a. It is important to praise so that the employees are set against each other. b. An individual's preference for the type of praise should be taken into account. c. It is important that meritorious behavior is kept confidential within the team. d. Motivation has to be linked to corporate values to minimize its impact.

b. An individual's preference for the type of praise should be taken into account.

In the context of dealing with increased demand for workers, which of the following involves an organization paying a fee to a company that provides a pool of workers who are available on a temporary basis? a. An internship b. Employee leasing c. A part-time contract d. Rightsizing

b. Employee leasing

Which of the following is a complicated process because it is often critical that exactly the right type of person is selected for a top position, the development costs to groom this person are very high, and the actual decision may severely impact the future of the firm? a. Retrenchment b. Executive succession c. Utility analysis d. Open-book management

b. Executive succession

Which of the following is a traditional career stage that involves identifying interests and opportunities? a. Maintenance b. Exploration c. Disengagement d. Establishment

b. Exploration

In the context of alternative work schedules, which of the following are plans in which employees usually must work 40 hours per week and, typically, 5 days a week in the office but in which they have control over the starting and ending times for work on each day? a. Home work programs b. Flexible work hour plans c. Compressed workweeks d. Part-time work plans

b. Flexible work hour plans

Which of the following is the process of forecasting the supply and demand for the workforce within an organization and developing action plans for aligning the two? a. Open-book management b. Human resource planning c. Utility analysis d. Benchmarking

b. Human resource planning

Which of the following statements is true of turnover as an organizational consequence of stress? a. It is a result of increased job embeddedness. b. It adds to the costs of an organization, especially when replacing productive workers. c. It occurs when people relocate to a different branch of the same company. d. It occurs when an employee feigns a legitimate cause as an excuse to stay home for a day.

b. It adds to the costs of an organization, especially when replacing productive workers.

Which of the following statements best defines a stability strategy? a. It can be pursued externally through mergers, joint ventures, and the acquisition of other businesses. b. It is adopted by a company that plans to stay in its current businesses and intends to manage them as they are already being managed. c. It is used by companies that are adding new products, product lines, or businesses to their existing core products, product lines, or businesses. d. It occurs when an organization finds that its current operations are not effective.

b. It is adopted by a company that plans to stay in its current businesses and intends to manage them as they are already being managed.

Which of the following examples shows the use of a power-oriented linguistic style? a. Milton uses a substantial amount of business jargon in his emails pertaining to new projects. b. Janet speaks in a loud and clear voice during team meetings so that everyone can hear her. c. Abraham often delivers lengthy speeches with no concrete conclusions when addressing his subordinates. d. Karen writes most of her business memos and letters using the passive voice.

b. Janet speaks in a loud and clear voice during team meetings so that everyone can hear her.

Which of the following refers to the fact that some people stay on their jobs, even when they decide they are unhappy and should leave? a. Affective commitment b. Job embeddedness c. Job enrichment d. Normative commitment

b. Job embeddedness

Which of the following is a key practice that leaders in virtual teams should practice? a. Soliciting a minimum number of volunteers for the team b. Maintaining frequent communication with the team c. Minimizing the use of communication technology in the team d. Ensuring that the team members are uniform

b. Maintaining frequent communication with the team

Which of the following is the set of forces that causes people to behave in certain ways? a. Attitude b. Motivation c. Altruism d. Personality

b. Motivation

Which of the following is the degree to which an employee identifies with a firm and is willing to exert effort on behalf of the firm? a. Contextual performance b. Organizational commitment c. Representativeness d. Job embeddedness

b. Organizational commitment

In the context of the causes of stress at work, which of the following is a physical demand stressor? a. Group pressure b. Temperature c. Job security d. Overload

b. Temperature

Which of the following is developing new guidelines that will require companies to divulge more complete and detailed information about their executive-compensation packages? a. The National Labor Relations Board b. The Securities and Exchange Commission c. The Office of Federal Contract Compliance Procedures d. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

b. The Securities and Exchange Commission

Which of the following job-analysis techniques most likely focuses on the important behaviors that distinguish effective from ineffective performers? a. The task-analysis inventory method b. The critical incidents approach c. The Fleishman job-analysis system d. The Position Analysis Questionnaire

b. The critical incidents approach

Which of the following suggests that disparate impact exists if a selection criterion results in a selection rate for a protected class that is less than 80 percent of that for the majority group? a. A bona fide occupational qualification b. The four-fifths rule c. A quid pro quo approach d. The McDonnell-Douglas theory

b. The four-fifths rule

Which of the following methods of performance appraisal involves contrasting each individual employee with every other individual employee, two at a time? a. The forced-distribution method b. The paired-comparison method c. The factor comparison method d. The critical incident method

b. The paired-comparison method

In the context of the adaptation model, which of the following strategies works best when the business environment is dynamic and growing and has considerable uncertainty and risk? a. The analyzer strategy b. The prospector strategy c. A defender strategy d. A retrenchment strategy

b. The prospector strategy

Performance information is gathered from people on all sides of a manager, above, beside, below, and so forth in _____. a. the negotiated performance appraisal method b. a 360-degree appraisal c. a peer assessment d. the downward feedback method

b. a 360-degree appraisal

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) defines a disability as: a. a hereditary substance-abuse problem that prevents people from being sober. b. a record of having a mental or physical impairment that limits one or more major life activities. c. a problem related to obesity that limits the efficiency of people. d. a cognitive impairment that does not affect any major life activities.

b. a record of having a mental or physical impairment that limits one or more major life activities.

Labor relations is the process of dealing with employees who are represented by _____. a. a task force b. a union c. the government d. the board of directors of the firm

b. a union

In an attempt to convince her team members about the merits of a proposed business plan, Margaret adapts the influence tactic of explaining the percentage increase in salary that each of her team member will enjoy if the plan is successful. In this case, Margaret's attempt is an example of _____. a. joking b. apprising c. bargaining d. debasement

b. apprising

When a top-level executive wants to influence a large number of employees, her or she will most likely: a. create the position of organizational change agent. b. attempt to change the organization culture. c. use ingratiation with as many workers as feasible. d. exchange favors with as many workers as feasible.

b. attempt to change the organization culture.

A goal contained within a team mission statement should be: a. at a lower level than an organizational objective. b. congruent with organizational objectives. c. at a higher level than an organizational objective. d. incongruent with organizational objectives.

b. congruent with organizational objectives.

In the context of teamwork, _____ directly states that collaboration is better than competition. a. authoritarian theory b. cooperation theory c. libertarian theory d. charismatic theory

b. cooperation theory

The employees of an organization are told that if they don't work for a minimum of three extra hours every week, they will not be considered for promotions. This is most likely an example of _____. a. debasement b. deliberate Machiavellianism c. compliance d. upward appeal

b. deliberate Machiavellianism

Loose-tight leadership in relation to creativity refers to: a. alternating between encouragement and punishment. b. granting space for exploring creative ideas, then finally choosing one idea. c. alternating between laissez-faire leadership and autocratic leadership. d. spending freely on some projects and cutting costs on others.

b. granting space for exploring creative ideas, then finally choosing one idea.

A major role of an executive coach is to: a. help the person being coached find new employment. b. help uncover strengths of the person being coached. c. give top management a report about the capabilities of the person being coached. d. help the person being coached become a better coach themselves.

b. help uncover strengths of the person being coached.

An individual who has strong personal magnetism: a. relies on formal authority to influence others. b. influences others by being captivating and charming. c. influences others by breaking down their defenses. d. is likely to draw a lot of enemies to him or her.

b. influences others by being captivating and charming.

With respect to safety, positive leader-member exchanges: a. enhance morale, thereby leading to a carefree attitude toward accidents. b. lead to greater commitment and fewer accidents. c. encourage group members to take more risks. d. virtually eliminate accidents.

b. lead to greater commitment and fewer accidents.

The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) of 1974: a. includes provisions for minimum wages and child labor. b. provides protection for the funding underlying pension plans. c. makes vesting rights operational after 3 years of service at the most. d. prevents organizations from establishing private pension plans.

b. provides protection for the funding underlying pension plans.

In the context of a study of the effects of downsizing conducted in the 1990s, the firms where changes in employment from 1980 to 1994 fell between plus and minus 5 percent were called _____. a. employment downsizers b. stable employers c. asset stabilizers d. asset downsizers

b. stable employers

Of the following leadership practices, the least likely to enhance innovation is: a. to take risks and encourage risk taking. b. to encourage innovation for its own sake. c. the pursuit of constant innovation. d. to acquire innovative companies.

b. to encourage innovation for its own sake.

In the context of reinforcement theory, schedules in which the amount of time that must pass before a reward is given can change from one reward period to another are termed: a. fixed interval schedules. b. variable interval schedules. c. variable ratio schedules. d. fixed ratio schedules.

b. variable interval schedules.

In the context of training and development, _____ involves a work-simulation situation in which a job is performed under a condition that closely simulates the real work environment. a. utility analysis b. vestibule training c. an apprenticeship d. an instructional-based program

b. vestibule training

Which of the following industries had the most fatalities due to violence at the workplace in 2014? a. The business services industry b. The manufacturing industry c. The retail trade industry d. The construction industry

c. The retail trade industry

The terms negotiation and ________ are used interchangeably. accommodating collaboration bargaining arbitration mediation

bargaining

In which stage of the conflict process does conflict become visible? intentions incompatibility outcomes behavior personalization

behavior

Which of the following theories of leadership implies that individuals can be trained to become leaders? contingency theories LMX theory Fiedler model behavioral theories trait theories

behavioral theories

In this group discussion technique, the group leader states the problem in a clear manner so all participants understand. Members then freewheel as many alternatives as they can in a given length of time. No criticism is allowed, and all alternatives are recorded for later discussion and analysis. One idea stimulates others, and judgments of even the most bizarre suggestions are withheld until later to encourage group members to "think the unusual." Identify the decision-making technique in the discussion. morphological analysis brainstorming mind mapping group polarization electronic meeting

brainstorming

In a team organization, how does management flatten the hierarchy and minimize status and rank? by removing vertical boundaries by dividing jobs into small standardized tasks by enforcing the chain of command by discouraging participative decision-making practices by eliminating cross-hierarchical teams

by removing vertical boundaries

Which of the following states that a condition such as race, sex, or other personal characteristic legitimately affects a person's ability to perform a job and therefore can be used as a legal requirement for selection? a. The exclusionary rule b. A quid pro quo agreement c. A bona fide occupational qualification d. The four-fifths rule

c. A bona fide occupational qualification

Which of the following focuses more on the individual who will perform the job than on the tasks, duties, and responsibilities that the particular job entails? a. A job description b. Job enrichment c. A job specification d. Job enlargement

c. A job specification

Which of the following is often used with new employees as a means of socializing them in their new job roles and is effective in reducing turnover? a. Internal equity b. Job enrichment c. A realistic job preview d. A stock-option plan

c. A realistic job preview

Which of the following factors is associated with high levels of intrinsic motivation at work? a. Monetary reinforcement b. A promotion c. A sense of self-determination d. Fear of punishment

c. A sense of self-determination

Which of the following is a key leadership role in a team-based organization? a. Inspiring the team toward mastering political tactics b. Facilitating and supporting the decisions made by members outside the team c. Building trust and inspiring teamwork d. Establishing quality standards for each team member

c. Building trust and inspiring teamwork

In Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following options include the need to have a positive view of oneself? a. Physiological needs b. Social needs c. Esteem needs d. Security needs

c. Esteem needs

Which of the following is a team- and group-based incentive system that is designed to split the cost savings from productivity improvements with employees? a. Profit sharing b. A fixed incentive system c. Gainsharing d. A sales commission

c. Gainsharing

Which of the following statements is true of expectancy theory? a. It is a simple theory from a cognitive perspective. b. It deals with the actual relationships between the components in the model. c. It is concerned with three components and the links among them. d. It is a need-based theory of motivation.

c. It is concerned with three components and the links among them.

A construction company provides its employees who work at construction sites with hard hats. It also provides these employees with coveralls so that they do not come into direct contact with any harmful materials. The measures taken by the company are in compliance with the _____. a. Taft-Hartley Act b. Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act c. Occupational Safety and Health Act d. Landrum-Griffin Act

c. Occupational Safety and Health Act

Which of the following refers to the extent to which the compensation of any individual in an organization is formally made available to other individuals? a. Pay inversion b. Wage and salary administration c. Pay secrecy d. Pay compression

c. Pay secrecy

Which of the following is an economic measure of efficiency that summarizes and reflects the value of the outputs created by an individual, organization, industry, or economic system relative to the value of the inputs used to create them? a. Quality b. Reliability c. Productivity d. Sustainability

c. Productivity

Which of the following options reinforces behavior as a function of how many times it occurs? a. Continuous schedule b. Fixed interval schedule c. Ratio schedule d. Variable interval schedule

c. Ratio schedule

Identify a true statement about strikes. a. Strikebreakers minimize the loss to a business that might otherwise occur during a labor strike. b. Labor unions have large cash reserves in place before beginning a strike, in order to pay the striking workers. c. Strikes can prove expensive to both an organization's management and the labor union. d. An organization's strike losses are usually low because of stockpiled inventory.

c. Strikes can prove expensive to both an organization's management and the labor union.

Which of the following offers three core certifications: Professional in Human Resources (PHR), Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR), and Global Professional in Human Resources (GPHR)? a. The American HR Certification Association b. The National Academy of Human Resources c. The HR Certification Institute d. The Institute of Human Resource Capital Consultancy

c. The HR Certification Institute

Which of the following acts, which was passed in 2009, mandates emergency leave for all covered active-duty members? a. The Uniting American Families Act b. The Military Commissions Act c. The Supporting Military Families Act d. The Small Necessities Leave Act

c. The Supporting Military Families Act

Identify one popular approach to business strategy where a business seeks ways to become accustomed to its environment. a. Related diversification b. The identity model c. The adaptation model d. Retrenchment

c. The adaptation model

In the context of unionization, which of the following refers to a specifically defined group of employees who are eligible for representation by the union? a. A contingent workforce b. A worker thread c. The bargaining unit d. The labor council

c. The bargaining unit

Which of the following is a job-evaluation technique that requires managers to quantify, in objective terms, the value of the various elements of specific jobs? a. The factor-comparison method b. The classification system c. The point system d. The market-basket analysis method

c. The point system

Which of the following statements is true of market wage rates? a. They remain the same across various regions in a country. b. They are solely influenced by the local unemployment rate. c. They change according to the demand for and supply of labor. d. They have decreased over the past 5 years.

c. They change according to the demand for and supply of labor.

Which of the following states that it is illegal for an employer to fail or refuse to hire any individual, to discharge any individual, or to discriminate in any other way against any individual with respect to any aspect of the employment relationship on the basis of that individual's race, color, religious beliefs, sex, or national origin? a. The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 b. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 c. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 d. Title 29 of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935

c. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

The approaches to negotiation that emphasize collaboration focus on: a. positions, rather than interests. b. avoidance and unassertiveness. c. beginning with a plausible offer. d. win-lose power struggles.

c. beginning with a plausible offer.

In the context of outcomes of influence tactics, _____ means that the influence agent has changed the person's behavior but not his attitude. a. commitment b. debasement c. compliance d. resistance

c. compliance

The second step in the regulation process of human resource management in the United States is the: a. modification of national regulations. b. creation of new regulations. c. enforcement of regulations. d. implementation of regulations

c. enforcement of regulations.

An active listener attempts to: a. react to each statement made by the other person. b. tries to remember, word by word, every word that is being coached. c. grasp both facts and feelings. d. speak continuously in a coaching session.

c. grasp both facts and feelings.

An important part of open-book management is to: a. give employees bonuses based on company profits. b. empower employees to audit the company books. c. help all employees understand the company's business goals. d. empower employees to complain directly to top management.

c. help all employees understand the company's business goals.

Jodie has high self-efficacy, meaning that she: a. perceives herself to be more effective than most people. b. gets discouraged when faced with obstacles. c. is highly confident that she can perform a particular task. d. has a generalized sense of self-confidence.

c. is highly confident that she can perform a particular task.

Groups of jobs that have task and KSA (knowledge, skills, and abilities) requirements that are quite similar are known as _____.a. job specifications b. job descriptions c. job families d. job evaluations

c. job families

Employees who contribute to an organization by the nature of what they know and how well they can apply what they know are known as _____. a. free riders b. blue-collar workers c. knowledge workers d. ancillary workers

c. knowledge workers

Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y framework grew from _____. a. the Green Revolution b. scientific management c. the human relations movement d. operations management

c. the human relations movement

Jonathan, the human resource manager of an organization, requests the help of his boss, the managing director, to communicate on incentive cuts, which will be allocated to employees who perform below the organizational standard. In the context of influence tactics, this is most likely an example of _____. a. open door policy b. deliberate Machiavellianism c. upward appeal d. closed door policy

c. upward appeal

Co-opting antagonists is defined as: a. encouraging your opponents to shop at an organic grocery store. b. assigning an ally to work as a spy for an opponent. c. winning over opponents by making them part of your team. d. demoting an opponent.

c. winning over opponents by making them part of your team.

​Anthony works in the design team of a publishing company. He is not particular about obtaining approval from his team members for his creative design ideas. Hence, it can be observed from the given scenario that _____. a. ​creative people are often frustrated b. ​creative people focus on consensus c. ​creative people are generally nonconformists d. ​creative people focus on convergent thinking

c. ​creative people are generally nonconformists

Which of the following terms refers to treating social outcomes and financial outcomes as complementary, rather than competing outcomes? a. Organizational citizenship behavior b. Greenwashing c. Conscious capitalism d. Astroturfing

c. Conscious capitalism

Unlike stock-option plans, stock-purchase plans:a. are typically offered to the executives of a firm. b. do not require employees to remain with a company for a specified period of time to be entitled to the stock. c. are typically offered to all the employees of a firm. d. lack effectiveness as they are useful only so long as the price of the stock is rising.

c. are typically offered to all the employees of a firm.

The basis by which jobs are grouped is called ________. centralization span of control chain of command departmentalization formalization

departmentalization

Which of the following types of power is most likely to be negatively related to employee satisfaction and commitment? coercive power referent power reward power legitimate power expert power

coercive power

Which of the following power tactics involves increasing the target's support by involving him or her in decision making? consultation pressure exchange personal appeals ingratiation

consultation

Power is a function of ________. realization goal congruency inheritance altruism dependency

dependency

Emotions are ________. less likely to be caused by a specific event than moods strongly affected by weather less intense as compared to moods independent of the personality of individuals critical to rational thinking

critical to rational thinking

Which of the following teams are more likely to be made up of employees from about the same hierarchical level but different work areas? task rapid action cross-functional self-managed problem-solving

cross-functional

Sharon is unhappy with her job as a salesperson at a retail store for many reasons. Yesterday a customer asked her where the shampoo was located. Sharon listlessly replied, "I don't know." She then turned her back on the customer and continued stocking the shelf. This is an example of how job satisfaction can affect ________. turnover workplace deviance employee OCB customer satisfaction absenteeism

customer satisfaction

Who among the following has a relatively low-stress job? a. A firefighter b. A military general c. A commercial airline pilot d. A dietician

d. A dietician

Which of the following lists the tasks, duties, and responsibilities that a particular job entails? a. A job specification b. Job enlargement c. Job enrichment d. A job description

d. A job description

Which of the following is an example of debasement? a. A subordinate exchanging pleasantries with his manager b. A subordinate acting polite before his superior c. A manger gifting an expensive watch to one of his subordinates in return of the work they have done d. A manager pretending to be incapable of doing a task so that he gets help from his subordinates

d. A manager pretending to be incapable of doing a task so that he gets help from his subordinates

Which of the following is a set of expected behaviors associated with a position in a group or organization? a. A task b. Job embeddedness c. Ethnocentrism d. A role

d. A role

Which of the following occurs when workers suddenly go on strike, without the authorization of the strikers' union and while a binding labor agreement is still in effect? a. A partial strike b. A work-in strike c. A slowdown strike d. A wildcat strike

d. A wildcat strike

Which of the following is an arrangement in which a group is given responsibility for designing the work system to be used in performing an interrelated set of jobs? a. Groupthink b. Groupshift c. A home work program d. A work team

d. A work team

In the context of popular selection techniques in employment decisions, which of the following provides a quick and inexpensive mechanism for gathering several kinds of objective information about an individual that can be easily verified? a. Utility analyses b. In-basket exercises c. Self-report inventories d. Application blanks

d. Application blanks

Which of the following refers to the set of experiences and activities that people engage in related to their job and livelihood over the course of their working life? a. Contextual performance b. Organizational citizenship behavior c. Acculturation d. Career

d. Career

Which of the following statements is true in the context of goal theory? a. Impossible goals are the most effective in motivating employees. b. Goal theory suggests that employees are most motivated by vague and unspecific goals. c. Goal theory suggests that all goals are created equal. d. Difficult goals are preferable to easy goals.

d. Difficult goals are preferable to easy goals.

Which of the following suggestions is least likely to improve cross-cultural communication? a. Be sensitive to differences in cross-cultural communication. b. Observe cross-cultural differences in etiquette. c. Do not be diverted by style, accent, grammar, or appearance. d. Emphasize racial or ethnic identification to give people full credit.

d. Emphasize racial or ethnic identification to give people full credit.

In the context of goal theory, which of the following is required for goals to be effective? a. Goals should be impossible in nature. b. Goals should not be difficult and specific. c. Employees must not be involved in the goal-setting process. d. Employees must accept goals as their own.

d. Employees must accept goals as their own.

Which of the following refers to the cultural composition of a group or organization? a. Ethnocentricity b. Xenocentrism c. Pluralism d. Ethnicity

d. Ethnicity

In the context of wellness programs in organizations, which of the following programs for managing stress include properly designed jobs and work schedules? a. Enrichment programs b. Employee assistance programs c. Collateral stress programs d. Institutional programs

d. Institutional programs

Which of the following statements is true of the stock-purchase plans offered by a company? a. It is used more as a performance incentive than as a retention tool. b. It is offered only to the senior managers and the top executives of the company. c. It is an individual incentive system. d. It is applicable to employees only if they remain with the company for a specified period of time.

d. It is applicable to employees only if they remain with the company for a specified period of time.

Which of the following statements best defines the safety climate of an organization? a. It is an organizational climate that promotes safe behaviors without any rewards or punishments. b. It is an organizational climate that exclusively emphasizes accidents rather than safe behaviors. c. It is the degree to which the actual physical work environment is safe. d. It is the perception of the importance and priority an organization gives to safety.

d. It is the perception of the importance and priority an organization gives to safety.

Which of the following was developed to increase the total number of tasks workers perform based on the assumption that doing the same basic task over and over is the primary cause of worker dissatisfaction? a. Job shadowing b. Job rotation c. Employee offshoring d. Job enlargement

d. Job enlargement

In Maslow's theory, identify the specific needs that are capable of motivating behavior at any given point in time. a. Comparative needs b. Anticipated needs c. Normative needs d. Prepotent needs

d. Prepotent needs

In the context of popular selection techniques, which of the following is used by an organization for assessing a person's past experiences and work history? a. No objection certificates b. Appraisal forms c. Employee declaration certificates d. Recommendation letters

d. Recommendation letters

Which of the following is a person's adaptive response to a stimulus that places excessive psychological or physical demands on him or her? a. Conflict b. Turnover c. Exhaustion d. Stress

d. Stress

In the context of downsizing, which of the following describes employees who feel guilty over keeping their jobs when others lost their jobs? a. The victim mentality b. The glass ceiling illusion c. Protagonist syndrome d. Survivor syndrome

d. Survivor syndrome

Which of the following is an alternative work site arrangement in which employees may do almost all of their work at home and may receive assignments electronically? a. A compressed workweek b. A flexible work hour plan c. Flextime d. Telecommuting

d. Telecommuting

Which of the following is the largest professional HR association in the field of human resource management? a. The Human Resources Management Association b. The Institute of Human Resource Capital Consultancy c. The Human Resources Professionals Association d. The Society for Human Resource Management

d. The Society for Human Resource Management

In the context of the differences in how one experiences stress, which of the following is characterized as being less aggressive and more easygoing? a. Dysfunctional behavior b. Machiavellianism c. The Type A personality d. The Type B personality

d. The Type B personality

According to the adaptation model of business strategy, which of the following strategies is most appropriate in relatively stable conditions with a moderate degree of uncertainty and risk? a. The prospector strategy b. The defender strategy c. The reactor strategy d. The analyzer strategy

d. The analyzer strategy

Which of the following is an alternative to job specialization that takes into account the work system and employee preferences? a. Job shadowing b. The job enlargement approach c. Employee outsourcing d. The job characteristics approach

d. The job characteristics approach

In the context of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following best describes an individual's self-actualization need? a. The need for food or water b. The need to have a positive view of oneself c. The need to have a safe and secure environment d. The need to reach one's personal potential

d. The need to reach one's personal potential

In the context of the competitive advantage of diversity, which of the following arguments suggests that organizations that manage diversity effectively are in a better position to attract the right talent from minority groups? a. The systems flexibility argument b. The cost argument c. The marketing argument d. The resource acquisition argument

d. The resource acquisition argument

Which of the following statements defines health hazards? a. They are a set of expected behaviors associated with a position in a group or organization. b. They are a set of general feelings of exhaustion that develop when a healthy individual experiences too much pressure and too few sources of satisfaction. c. They refer to the stressors associated with the specific job a person performs. d. They refer to the elements of the work environment that more slowly and systematically, and perhaps cumulatively, result in damage to an employee's health.

d. They refer to the elements of the work environment that more slowly and systematically, and perhaps cumulatively, result in damage to an employee's health.

Implicit leadership theories deal mostly with personal assumptions: a. companies make about their leaders. b. leaders make about the capabilities of group members. c. about the type of leader most people would like to become. d. about the attributes of an ideal organizational leader.

d. about the attributes of an ideal organizational leader.

Sprinkling business talk with jargon can be useful in: a. making the speaker appear highly original. b. avoiding stereotyped thinking. c. inspiring workers to a higher purpose. d. adding to a person's popularity.

d. adding to a person's popularity.

A useful variation of the collaborative style of conflict management is to: a. cut way back on your initial demand or offer. b. give the other side whatever he or she wants. c. ignore criticism. d. agree with the person criticizing you.

d. agree with the person criticizing you.

A company that attempts to develop an image or reputation for its product or service that sets the company apart from its competitors most likely uses a _____. a. defender strategy b. diversification strategy c. stability strategy d. differentiation strategy

d. differentiation strategy

Rohan, the production manager of a firm, is asked to provide a one-to-one developmental program to Milan, who is an assistant production manager. The program covers aspects like total sales revenue to be achieved for the month, and the individual numbers that Milan will have to contribute. This program is an example of a(n) _____. a. performance improvement program b. induction program c. offsite training program d. executive training program

d. executive training program

In outdoor training, an important purpose of debriefing is to: a. form a bond among team members. b. measure the cost effectiveness of the training. c. repair emotional damage done during the training. d. explain how the training can be applied to the workplace.

d. explain how the training can be applied to the workplace.

In the context of the job characteristics approach, feedback is the: a. perceived importance of a task. b. extent to which a worker does a complete or identifiable portion of a total job. c. degree to which a worker is selected for the same job repeatedly. d. extent to which a worker knows how well a job is being performed.

d. extent to which a worker knows how well a job is being performed.

Team members should use collaborative technologies like groupware, which: a. virtually eliminate the need for a team leader. b. allow group members to achieve consensus on which software to use. c. measure the productivity of group members. d. help groups collaborate better.

d. help groups collaborate better.

In the context of equity theory, an employee would be said to perceive underpayment inequity if his or her input-outcome ratio: a. meets his or her expectation. b. exceeds his or her expectation. c. is equal to that of a comparison person. d. is less favorable than that of a comparison person.

d. is less favorable than that of a comparison person.

"I won't pressure you to meet the sales target, but think of your family, and how they might be affected if you fail to meet the target." This speech is made by Gregory, a line manager, to one of his subordinates. In the context of influence tactics, Gregory is attempting _____. a. debasement before his subordinates b. co-opting antagonists c. the process of upward appeal d. manipulation of his subordinate

d. manipulation of his subordinate

Financial manager Josie needs a creative idea. She might try jogging because: a. exercise promotes convergent thinking that is important for creativity. b. physical exercise is known to block out traditional thinking. c. fatigue is good for creative thinking. d. physical exercise pumps more blood and oxygen into the brain.

d. physical exercise pumps more blood and oxygen into the brain.

A study of leader-member exchanges and creativity among research and development specialists indicated that leader-member exchanges were: a. negatively associated with creativity. b. unrelated to ratings of creativity. c. positively associated with creativity only for inexperienced specialists. d. positively associated with creativity.

d. positively associated with creativity.

Multiunit organizations sometimes enhance creativity by: a. centralizing all new-product development decisions. b. preventing ideas from moving from one unit to another. c. promoting convergent thinking. d. sharing ideas across divisions.

d. sharing ideas across divisions.

The typical form of the employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) involves a company: a. providing its employees with an option to buy its stock in the future at a predetermined fixed price. b. offering restricted stock plans to all its employees, with the aim of retaining these employees rather than rewarding their individual performance. c. offering shares of stock to its employees only if they remain with the company for a specified period of time. d. taking out a loan, which is then used to buy a portion of the company's stock in the open market, with the purpose of gradually giving employees a major stake in the ownership of the company.

d. taking out a loan, which is then used to buy a portion of the company's stock in the open market, with the purpose of gradually giving employees a major stake in the ownership of the company.

An important implication of expectancy theory for leaders is that: a. people in the same work unit will usually have the same valences. b. workers should encourage and train themselves. c. an average worker should not be able to attain the majority of work goals. d. the link between rewards and performance should be made explicit.

d. the link between rewards and performance should be made explicit.

You and the other members of your business unit are participating in the pet-peeve technique. Therefore, you would: a. think up all the things you do not like about your unit. b. list all the complaints you have about your leader. c. develop new ideas for products that consumers might want. d. think up complaints that others might have about your unit.

d. think up complaints that others might have about your unit.

Mark, the manager of the marketing team of a company, often contacts the members of the finance team for budget-related details. Mark needs this information to design marketing strategies that fall within the allocated budget. Which kind of leadership network is Mark using for performing his tasks efficiently? a. Strategic network b. Personal network c. Peer leadership network d. Operational network

d. Operational network

In the context of the causes of stress at work, which of the following is a task demand that can cause stress? a. Leadership style b. Group pressure c. Ambiguity d. Security

d. Security

Which of the following arguments for diversity suggests that organizations with diverse workforces will generally be more innovative than will less diverse organizations? a. The systems flexibility argument b. The resource acquisition argument c. The marketing argument d. The creativity argument

d. The creativity argument

A bureaucracy is characterized by all of the following except ________. high work specialization decentralized decision making formalized rules and regulations highly routine operating tasks tasks that are grouped into functional departments

decentralized decision making

What do you call the practice of modifying one's true inner feelings based on display rules? confirmation bias affective camouflage emotional intelligence surface acting deep acting

deep acting

If an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions (irrespective of his true emotions), then it is known as ________. emotional intelligence positive affect emotional labor negative affect deviant behavior

emotional labor

Emotional intelligence (EI) is critical to effective leadership because one of its core components is ________. optimism conscientiousness perfectionism introversion empathy

empathy

Which of the following is one of the four ways of increasing self-efficacy that involves gaining relevant experience with the task or job? focused training enactive mastery verbal persuasion vicarious modeling arousal

enactive mastery

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the ________ type prefer verbal activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain powers. realistic investigative enterprising conventional artistic

enterprising

Basing managerial decisions on the best available scientific support is called ________. intuition organizational process conceptual management organizational behavior evidence-based management

evidence-based management

Role ________ indicates the way others believe you should act in a given context. perception expectation identity style criterion

expectation

Gene is regarded by his peers as an extremely creative designer of watercraft. He attributes much of his success to his family: he was raised by a traditional boat builder and from a very early age was surrounded by boats and the people who made them. To what element of creativity does Gene attribute his success? intuitiveness creative thinking skills expertise task motivation external locus of control

expertise

Which of the following is typically a characteristic of the organic model of organization? centralization clear chain of command high formalization narrow spans of control free flow of information

free flow of information

Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others? fundamental attribution error overconfidence halo effect randomness error selective perception

fundamental attribution error

Whereas ________ focuses on differences among people from different countries, ________ addresses differences among people within given countries. psychology; social psychology globalization; workforce diversity culturalization; workforce diversity culture; diversity workforce diversity; globalization

globalization; workforce diversity

Joe comes to you with a request for funds for a project. He reminds you that company policy supports his position. He is using the tactic of ________. pressure legitimacy consultation ingratiation coalition

legitimacy

For management, the major downside of telecommuting is ________. decreased productivity difficulty in scheduling work increased turnover less direct supervision of employees reduced morale

less direct supervision of employees

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to internal causes. low on consistency low on flexibility low on distinctiveness high on consensus high on traceability

low on distinctiveness

People who score ________ on emotional stability are more likely to react strongly to ________ events. average; negative average; positive low; negative high; negative low; positive

low; negative

Which of the following is a characteristic of a servant leader? one who focuses on self-interest Correct one who serves the needs of others one who uses power to achieve ends one who reduces team potency one who gives orders to followers

one who serves the needs of others

Which of the following terms indicates the degree to which members of a work unit (group, team, or department) share a common attribute, such as age, sex, race, or educational level? organizational demography residential mobility demographic environment employee mobility population dynamics

organizational demography

Role perception indicates ________. others' belief regarding how you should act in a given situation the skills required for performing the job our view of how we're supposed to act in a given situation acceptable standards of behavior shared by nongroup members the social norms that are to be followed while performing the role

our view of how we're supposed to act in a given situation

Stage II of the conflict process deals with the conflict being ________. perceived and felt apparent and experienced cooperative and assertive accommodated and compromised expressed and perceived

perceived and felt

Those who believe they will be more successful in negotiation situations tend to ________. perform more effectively forget to seek council from others overestimate their abilities and fail underestimate their opponent and fail perform well but not great

perform more effectively

According to the expectancy theory, the degree to which an individual believes that performing at a particular level will generate a desired outcome is indicated by the ________ relationship. personal goal-self actualization effort-performance rewards-personal goals performance-reward effort-satisfaction

performance-reward

A ________ means that when nothing is going on, people are generally in a mildly good mood. high negative affect positivity offset high positive affect low positive affect residual positivity

positivity offset

A team consists of employees from the same department who meet for a few hours each week to discuss ways of improving the work environment but they do not have the authority to unilaterally implement any of their suggestions. This is most likely to be a ________ team. self-managed cross-functional task problem-solving virtual

problem-solving

Jessica does not believe that the methods and processes for determining salary increases in her company are fair. As per this example, Jessica believes that there is a problem with the firm's ________ justice. outcome procedural interpersonal distributive associative

procedural

At its core, reinforcement theory contends that ________ condition(s) ________. outcomes; motivation behavior; outcomes self-fulfilling prophecy; reinforcement reinforcement; behavior motivation; self-fulfilling prophecy

reinforcement; behavior

Which type of conflict is almost always dysfunctional? goal conflict efficacy conflict task conflict relationship conflict resource conflict

relationship conflict

If your superior tells you that she will offer you a raise provided you perform additional work beyond the requirements of your job, he/she is exercising ________ power. personal coercive legitimate reward reflective

reward

Which term refers to a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit? cohesiveness role norms status diversity

role

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a lower-order need? esteem social self-actualization recognition safety

safety

With reference to decision making, satisficing involves ________. using an unconscious decision-making process created from distilled experience identifying all possible alternative decisions evaluating all possible alternatives objectively selecting the best option with the highest utility

seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient

Receivers in communication see and hear based on their needs, motivations, experience, background, and other personal characteristics. This is called ________. emotional block filtering communication apprehension selective perception information overload

selective perception

Jack, your director of manufacturing, has created a team of eleven employees from quality control. Jack gives the team members the responsibility of planning and scheduling their own work, and making operating decisions. Also, members of this team evaluate each other's performance. This is an example of a ________ team. task-resolution self-managed virtual problem-solving cross-functional

self-managed

Individuals high in self-monitoring ________. are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance, and believe ends can justify means tend to dislike themselves and view themselves as powerless over their environment show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external situational factors have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and are arrogant are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable

show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external situational factors

Contingency theories focus on the ________ that impact leadership success. leader's personal characteristics and qualities aspects of the leader's behavior values and ethics situational variables leader's abilities to inspire and transform followers

situational variables

Individuals with a positive ________ identity but without a positive ________ identity can become fixed to their teams and unwilling to coordinate with other teams within the organization. team; organizational self-efficacy; virtual individual; team virtual; individual organizational; self-efficacy

team; organizational

Job embeddedness refers to connections to the job and community ________. that result in an increased commitment to the organization which provides the highest levels of job satisfaction which strengthens an organizational culture that allows the employee to strictly focus on one or two tasks that allow supervisors to have strict control over their employees

that result in an increased commitment to the organization

Leadership is best defined as ________. the process of drawing up formal plans and monitoring their implementation the process of coordinating and staffing the organization and handling day-to-day problems the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals the proper use of the influence gained exclusively as a result of one's organizational position the process of carrying out the vision and strategy provided by management

the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals

With reference to the job characteristics model, which of the following defines task identity? the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities the degree to which work activities generates direct and clear information about performance the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work the degree to which a job has an impact on the lives or work of other people the degree to which a job provides the worker freedom in scheduling and procedure

the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work

Organizational commitment is defined as ________. the degree to which an employee's sense of fulfillment and self-worth is related to their job the degree to which an employee believes their work impacts their organization the degree to which an employee identifies with the organization they work for and its goals the amount of effort an employee will make in order to keep or advance their position in an organization an employee's belief that the organization they work for will go to considerable lengths to ensure that its employees are treated fairly

the degree to which an employee identifies with the organization they work for and its goals

Information overload occurs when ________. the interpretation of the message gets affected by the receiver's cultural background the information sent by the sender does not reach the receiver a sender purposely manipulates information so the receiver will see it more favorably the information transmitted to the receiver is distorted by the communication channel the information we have to work with exceeds our processing capacity

the information we have to work with exceeds our processing capacity

Which of the following is generally considered the best predictor of job satisfaction? social interactions the work itself pay task interdependence supervision

the work itself

Which of the following abilities is the primary strength of a bureaucracy? to break the unity-of-command concept between departments to perform standardized activities in a highly efficient manner to rotate people through different functional areas using lateral transfers to save a great deal of money by eliminating hierarchical roles to facilitate coordination when the organization has complex activities

to perform standardized activities in a highly efficient manner

Job dissatisfaction is more likely to translate into ________ when employees feel or perceive they have many available alternatives. This can happen when employees have high human capital. absenteeism tardiness turnover engagement neglect

turnover

Which of the following terms describes basic convictions that "a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct?" customs values traditions attitudes affects

values

A ________ organization is a small, core organization that outsources major business functions. bureaucratic virtual centralized matrix simple

virtual

Employees at Acme Express are dissatisfied with the working conditions, salary, and the general attitude of the management. Mark, Susan, and Toni are good friends who work at Acme, yet each seems to be reacting differently to the problems at work. Susan has composed a list of concerns along with her suggestions for improving conditions. Susan is dealing with her dissatisfaction through ________. exit voice loyalty neglect acceptance

voice

Generally, which of the following methods of communication should be used for communicating a complex and lengthy message when the message has to pass through a number of people? written communication grapevine communication oral communication filtered communication nonverbal communication

written communication

Which of the following factors encourages politicking? clear performance evaluation systems Correct zero-sum reward allocation practices role clarity increase in organizational resources low pressures for performance

zero-sum reward allocation practices

Courtney is the finance head of a tourism company. Recognizing that the company is hard-pressed financially, she decides to cancel the projects that are riskier in nature, and concentrate more on developing its reliable projects. Which of the following strategies has been adopted by Courtney? a. Concentrating resources on areas that need the most change b. Creating a vision for the organization c. Developing a personal brand and building trust d. Romanticizing risk

a. Concentrating resources on areas that need the most change The turnaround artist or transformational leader cannot take care of all problems at once in a troubled organization. A practical strategy is to get around limitations on funds, staff, or equipment by concentrating resources on problem areas that are most in need of change and have the biggest potential payoff.

Which of the following is recommended as an effective empowering practice? a. Providing ample information to workers b. Choosing work methods for group members c. Allowing group members to establish their own limits to empowerment d. Separating work activities from organizational goals

a. Providing ample information to workers For empowerment to be effective, employees should have ample information about everything that affects their work.

A recent development in corporate philanthropy is for corporate leaders to demand: a. a good return on investment, in terms of social impact. b. that the institutions receiving the money become good customers. c. that all recipients of their generosity believe in capitalism. d. respect and recognition from all recipients.

a. a good return on investment, in terms of social impact. The new breed of philanthropist studies each charitable cause as he or she would a potential business investment, seeking maximum return in terms of social impact. This philanthropist might also seek follow-up data, for example, on how many children were taught to read or by what percentage new cases of AIDS declined.

The general thrust of path-goal theory is to specify what a leader must do to: a. achieve high productivity and morale in a given situation. b. improve the work attitudes of group members. c. make the situation more favorable. d. make a directive style of leadership acceptable.

a. achieve high productivity and morale in a given situation. The path-goal theory of leadership effectiveness, as developed by Robert House, specifies what a leader must do to achieve high productivity and morale in a given situation.

An example of a whistleblower (in relation to ethics) would be a(n): a. bookkeeper who tells a journalist about fraudulent accounting in the company. b. company specialist conducting training programs about ethics. c. security guard who sends notices to employees who drive too fast in the company parking lot. d. executive who imposes fines on employees who behave unethically.

a. bookkeeper who tells a journalist about fraudulent accounting in the company. A whistleblower is an employee who discloses organizational wrongdoing to parties who can take action. Whistleblowers often go directly to a federal government bureau to report what they consider to be fraud and poor ethics by their employer.

A transactional leader in contrast to a transformational one is more likely to: a. emphasize rewards for meeting standards. b. inspire group members with a compelling vision. c. emphasize the growth of group members. d. help group members reach self-fulfillment.

a. emphasize rewards for meeting standards. A transactional leader in contrast to a transformational one is more likely to emphasize rewards for meeting standards.

In Fiedler's contingency theory, an important dimension for rating situation favorability is: a. leader-member relations. b. personal power. c. task structure. d. position power.

a. leader-member relations. An important dimension to rate a situation, according to Fiedler's contingency model, is leader-member relations. The leader therefore has the most control in a situation in which relationships with members are the best

A principle of ethical and moral leadership is to: a. pay attention to all stakeholders. b. maximize personal returns in business transactions. c. regularly publicize moral victories. d. maximize shareholder wealth.

a. pay attention to all stakeholders. Ethical and moral leaders strive to treat fairly all interested parties affected by their decisions. To do otherwise creates winners and losers after many decisions are made.

The purpose of a tough question by a leader is to help the person or group _____. a. stop and think about why they are doing or not doing something b. understand that they deserve to be punished c. realize how much they have to learn d. overcome a loss in self-confidence

a. stop and think about why they are doing or not doing something A tough question is one that makes a person or group stop and think about why they are doing or not doing something.

According to the normative decision model, group support refers to: a. the degree to which the team supports the organization's objectives at stake in the problem. b. the ability of team members to work together in solving problems. c. the likelihood that the team might commit to a company-wide decision. d. team members' knowledge or expertise in relation to the problem.

a. the degree to which the team supports the organization's objectives at stake in the problem. In the context of the normative decision model,group support refers to the degree to which the team supports the organization's objectives at stake in the problem.

An example of an executive leader helping sustain the environment would be to: a. use as much renewable energy as possible at the company. b. create attractive designs on packages. c. charge customers for shipping and delivery. d. construct new buildings rather than preserve old ones.

a. use as much renewable energy as possible at the company. Helping build a sustainable environment can involve hundreds of different actions such as making packaging smaller; making more extensive use of fluorescent lighting; and, when feasible, using energy from solar panels and wind turbines to replace burning of fossil fuels

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires public companies to _____.​ a. ​disclose whether they have adopted a code of ethics for senior financial officers b. ​provide a list of possible penalties to be imposed on whistleblowers at all levels c. ​use renewable sources of energy wherever possible d. ​donate part of their profit to charitable organizations

a. ​disclose whether they have adopted a code of ethics for senior financial officers The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, triggered by the financial scandals around the year 2000, requires public companies to disclose whether they have adopted a code of ethics for senior financial officers. In some firms, workers at all levels are required to sign the code of conduct.

An effective vision should: a. connect with the goals and dreams of constituents. b. fulfill the dreams of the leader. c. replace the company goal-setting system. d. focus on day-to-day responsibilities instead of the future.

a. Connect with the goals and dreams of constituents A characteristic of an effective vision formulated by a leader is that it connects with the goals and dreams of constituents.

One technique a leader uses to bring about transformations is to get people: a. to look beyond self-interest. b. focused on minor satisfactions. c. not to worry that the organization's future is threatened. d. to accept early retirement, if appropriate.

a. To look beyond self interest A transformational leader helps bring about major, positive changes by moving group members beyond their self-interests and toward the good of the group, organization, or society. The essence of transformational leadership is developing and transforming people.

Leadership takes into account factors related to the leader, the persons being led, and: a. context, or the internal and external environment. b. forces beyond the control of the leader. c. personal characteristics of group members. d. personality traits of leaders.

a. context, or the internal and external environment Leadership does not exist in the abstract but takes into account factors related to the leader, the person or persons being led, and a variety of forces in the environment.

​Walker is a supervisor at an exporting unit. He has a cheerful disposition, and encourages and appreciates his team members who suggest ideas or accomplish tasks. Which of the following traits best describes Walker's behavior? a. ​Extraversion b. ​Courage c. ​Personalized power motive d. ​Tenacity

a. extraversion Extraversion has been recognized for its contribution to leadership effectiveness because it is helpful for leaders to be gregarious, outgoing, and upbeat in most situations. Also, extraverts are more likely to want to assume a leadership role and participate in group activities.

A company president attends a groundbreaking ceremony for a new children's hospital located near company headquarters. The president's role is best classified as that of: a. figurehead. b. coach. c. spokesperson. d. team leader.

a. figurehead Four specific behaviors fit the figurehead role of a leader: entertaining clients or customers as an official representative of the organization, making oneself available to outsiders as a representative of the organization, serving as an official representative of the organization at gatherings outside the organization, and escorting official visitors.

Charismatic leaders use metaphors and analogies primarily to: a. inspire team members to higher performance. b. convince group members that they are confident. c. craft an articulate and highly emotional message. d. gear language to different audiences.

a. inspire team members to higher performance A well-chosen analogy or metaphor appeals to the intellect, to the imagination, and to values. Charismatic leaders use visions for the important purpose of inspiring group members.

To apply "management by storytelling," the leader should: a. tell fascinating stories about the company to employees. b. evaluate morale based on anecdotal evidence. c. reward and punish group members based on anecdotal evidence. d. tell stories about unsuccessful competitors.

a. tell fascinating stories about the company to employees Leadership by storytelling is the technique of inspiring and instructing team members by telling fascinating stories. The technique is a major contributor to building a strong company culture.

With respect to heredity and environment, leadership effectiveness appears to be: a. the combined influence of heredity and environment. b. mostly due to heredity. c. mostly due to the environment. d. four-fifths heredity and one-fifth environment.

a. the combined influence of heredity and environment The traits, motives, and characteristics required for leadership effectiveness are caused by a combination of heredity and environment. Leaders are both born and made.

Peter, the team leader of IntraCall Inc, is not satisfied with the performance of his team due to the negative feedback and innumerous complaints received by dissatisfied callers. Which of the following measures can Peter adopt to build the reputation of his team and be considered an effective leader? a. He should concentrate on the weaknesses of his employees and focus on patching up such areas. b. He should concentrate on honing the strengths of his employees and putting them to best practice. c. He should identify and sack fire employees and reshuffle the entire team. d. He should focus on providing solutions to problems rather than asking tough questions.

b. He should concentrate on honing the strengths of his employees and putting them to best practice. An axiom of effective leadership and management is to make good use of the strengths of group members rather than concentrating effort on patching up areas for improvement.

Which one of the following is the most recommended approach to leadership during a crisis? a. Move group members away from their usual work routine. b. Lead with compassion. c. Choose a circle-the-wagons mentality. d. Focus on small-scale details over the big picture.

b. Lead with compassion. In the context of the normative decision model, group support refers to the degree to which the team supports the organization's objectives at stake in the problem.

Which one of the following questions in an ethical screen deals with the philosophical principle of reversibility? a. Who gets hurt? b. What would you tell your child to do? c. How does it smell? d. Is it fair?

b. What would you tell your child to do? What would you tell your child, sibling, or young relative to do? This question is based on the deontological principle of reversibility, which evaluates the ethics of a decision by reversing the decision maker.

A leader at the postconventional level of moral development is likely to: a. be moral just enough to look good. b. attempt to do the most good for the most people. c. falsify earnings statements to be eligible for a big bonus. d. maximize personal gain in most business transactions.

b. attempt to do the most good for the most people. At the postconventional level, people are guided by an internalized set of universal principles that may even transcend the laws of a particular society. A leader at the postconventional level of moral behavior would be concerned with doing the most good for the most people, without regard for whether such behavior brought him or her recognition and fortune.

Sending thank-you notes to large numbers of people is regarded as a: a. method of controlling lines of communication. b. basic, but effective, political technique. c. way to make a quick showing. d. method of keeping others informed.

b. basic, but effective, political technique.

A rationale for empowerment is that the most successful organizations: a. have highly knowledgeable managers in most positions. b. effectively use the talents of all players on the team. c. have highly knowledgeable autocrats in most positions. d. invest heavily in research and development.

b. effectively use the talents of all players on the team.

Chief financial officer Barry submits travel and expense reports that are completely genuine and encourages employees in his division to always give accurate and correct information. Barry is using the ethical initiative called: a. developing formal mechanisms for dealing with ethical problems. b. leading by example. c. open-book management. d. accepting whistleblowers.

b. leading by example. Strategic leadership of ethics and social responsibility includes leading by example. If workers throughout the firm believe that behaving ethically is in and behaving unethically is out, ethical behavior will prevail.

Corporate social responsibility centers on a firm's: a. contributions to charity. b. positive contribution to society. c. adherence to laws. d. focus on maximizing profit.

b. positive contribution to society. Being socially responsible fits into the Thou Shalt approach, or finding out better ways for leaders to make a positive contribution to society. When corporate social responsibility generates value for shareholders and stakeholders, it is regarded as good business strategy.

Rita is a leader of high integrity. According to the technical meaning of integrity, Rita will: a. be kind to employees even if she does not like them. b. stick to the principles she thinks are right. c. have high morals in every facet of her life. d. steal only to benefit poor people.

b. stick to the principles she thinks are right. Integrity refers to loyalty to rational principles; it means practicing what one preaches regardless of emotional or social pressure.

The general point of Fiedler's contingency theory of leadership is that the best style of leadership is determined by: a. how well the leader gets along with group members. b. the situation in which a leader works. c. a balance of task and relationship factors. d. the leader's personality.

b. the situation in which a leader works. Fred E. Fiedler developed a widely researched and quoted contingency model more than forty years ago that holds that the best style of leadership is determined by the situation in which the leader is working.

The major thrust of the servant leader is to _____. a. place self-interest before service b. work on behalf of group members to help them achieve their goals c. think first in terms of the stockholder d. act humbly yet search for individual glory

b. work on behalf of group members to help them achieve their goals A servant leader serves constituents by working on their behalf to help them achieve their goals, not the leader's own goals.

Clara is the CEO of an online retail store. Her business saw a 40 percent increase in profits in the current year owing to her instant adaptation to current and upcoming trends. This shows that: a. Clara lacks in practical intelligence. b. Clara is a flexible leader. c. Clara is over-confident. d. Clara is driven by personalized power motive.

b. Clara is a flexible leader A leader is someone who facilitates change. It therefore follows that a leader must be flexible enough to cope with such changes as technological advances, downsizings, global outsourcing, a shifting customer base, and a changing work force. Flexibility, or the ability to adjust to different situations, has long been recognized as an important leadership characteristic.

During a team meeting, the team manager expresses disappointment in his team's productivity rate. Svetalana, a team member, speaks up and says that their current project is particularly taxing on the team members and they have not compromised on the quality of their work. Which of the following qualities of a good follower is Svetlana displaying in this scenario? a. Self-management b. Courage c. Competence d. Commitment

b. Courage Courage is an essential quality of effective followers. Effective followers establish themselves as independent, critical thinkers and fight for what they believe is right. When Svetlana speaks up about the reasons that affect productivity, she is demonstrating courage.

Emotional intelligence tends to: a. be closely associated with technical skill. b. improve with experience. c. peak at an early career stage. d. decrease substantially during middle age.

b. Improve with experience Experience is important for emotional intelligence because it increases with age, and a person usually becomes better at managing relationships with practice.

Kiev, the manager of an accounting department, helps his CFO in framing the financial policies of his company. In this scenario, Kiev is carrying out the leadership role of a(n) _____. a. spokesperson b. strategy developer c. executor d. figurehead

b. Strategy developer. The strategy developer role is concerned with shaping the future of the organization, or a unit within the larger organization. Specific activities involved in this role include helping develop organizational policies. When Kiev helps frame the financial policies, he is involved in the role of a strategy developer.

A major source of satisfaction from being a leader is: a. the opportunity to sidestep organizational politics. b. a chance to help others grow and develop. c. being able to avoid the long hours typically worked by team members. d. loads of overtime pay.

b. a chance to help others grow and develop A leader works directly with people, often teaching them job skills, serving as a mentor, and listening to personal problems. Part of a leader's job is to help other people become managers and leaders. A leader often feels as much of a people helper as does a human resource manager or a counselor.

Which one of the following is the least typical characteristic of a transformational leader? a. charisma b. low standing on moral reasoning c. encouraging personal development of staff d. practicing empowerment

b. low standing on moral reasoning While some charismatic leaders are unethical and lead their organizations and outsiders toward illegal and immoral ends, this is not an ideal characteristic in the transformational leader.

Wanda, a team leader, is managing the critical role of selling company assets to raise cash and has, therefore, gained prominence. Which of the following is the explanation for the source of power Wanda is exercising? a. Power stemming from ownership b. Power stemming from being close to power c. Strategic contingency theory d. Prestige power Response Feedback:Rationale:

c. Strategic contingency theory The strategic contingency theory of power suggests that units best able to cope with the firm's critical problems and uncertainties acquire relatively large amounts of power. Wanda's influence over organizational decisions, such as selling company assets, illustrates this theory.

Kevin announces that starting next financial year, 25% of his team members' salaries will depend on their performance. His team members had no say in this process. In the context of the normative decision model, Kevin demonstrates _____. a. facilitating b. delegating c. deciding d. consulting

c. deciding In the context of the normative decision model, "deciding " is a decision making style in which the leader either announces the decision or sells it to the group, after making the decision by himself.

The consideration dimension of leadership behavior includes how well the leader creates an environment of _____. a. increased concern for financial controls b. carefully controlled work procedures c. emotional support, friendliness, and trust d. careful concern for organizational productivity

c. emotional support, friendliness, and trust Consideration is the degree to which the leader creates an environment of emotional support, warmth, friendliness, and trust.

A leader who scored high on initiating structure would _____. a. emphasize listening and personal warmth b. disregard the feelings of team members c. emphasize work scheduling and assigning tasks d. strive to keep the group informed

c. emphasize work scheduling and assigning tasks Initiating structure means organizing and defining relationships in the group by engaging in such activities as assigning specific tasks, specifying procedures to be followed, scheduling work, and clarifying expectations for team members.

In a research and development firm, the _____ has the most legitimate power. a. lab manager b. summer associate c. head of research and development d. senior research analyst

c. head of research and development Rationale:The lawful right to make a decision and expect compliance is called legitimate power. People at the highest levels in the organization have more power than do people below them. The head of research and department is the highest in the hierarchy and therefore has the most legitimate power.

A consequence of the dependence perspective is that when leaders start losing their ability to control resources, they:

c. lose power. a. compensate by receiving additional position power. b. shift to another source of power. c. lose power. d. become dependent on the organization. According to the dependence perspective, when leaders lose some of their power to control resources, their power declines.

The higher a unit reports in a firm's hierarchy, the: a. less dependent it is on organizational resources. b. more likely it will be the first to go during downsizing. c. more power it acquires. d. less likely it is to accrue opportunity power.

c. more power it acquires. The closer a person is to power, the greater the power he or she exerts. Likewise, the higher a unit reports in a firm's hierarchy, the more power it possesses.

A key part of 360-degree feedback is for leaders to _____. a. use a circular form for evaluating others. b. receive both positive and negative feedback almost daily. c. receive feedback from those who work with and for them. d. receive a little feedback almost every workday.

c. receive feedback from those who work with and for them. In particular, 360-degree feedback is a formal evaluation of superiors based on input from people who work for and with them, sometimes including customers and suppliers.

One suggestion to the leader based on path-goal theory is for the leader to: a. encourage group members to provide their own structure. b. purposely make ambiguous the path between goal attainment and receiving a reward. c. reduce frustrating barriers to reaching goals. d. give people careful instructions, even when they can perform the task well.

c. reduce frustrating barriers to reaching goals. Reducing frustrating barriers to reaching goals is one step a leader can take to influence performance and satisfaction.

The ______ leader enhances morale when group members work on stressful or frustrating tasks by displaying concern for group members' well-being. a. achievement oriented b. participative c. supportive d. directive

c. supportive The supportive leader enhances morale when group members work on dissatisfying, stressful, or frustrating tasks.

An authentic leader would most likely: a. expect more of workers than of himself or herself. b. engage in excessive organizational politics. c. practice his or her values consistently. d. imitate the behavior of the company CEO.

c. Practice his or her values consistently. Authentic leaders demonstrate a passion for their purpose, practice their values consistently, and lead with their hearts as well as their heads. They establish long-term meaningful relationships and have the self-discipline to get results.

Finance manager Sharon has the reputation of "walking the talk," so she most likely scores high on the trait of: a. humility. b. sense of humor. c. trustworthiness. d. extraversion.

c. Trustworthiness An effective leader or manager is supposed to walk the talk, thereby showing a consistency between deeds (walking) and words (talking). In this context, trust is defined as a person's confidence in another individual's intentions and motives and in the sincerity of that individual's word.

Edwards is the head of the procurement department at FreshDelights, a frozen yogurt chain. Anticipating a reduction in the demand for frozen yogurt in the upcoming winter season, Edwards decides to reduce the dairy procurement. Edwards is: a. a humble leader. b. a leader with a pessimistic outlook. c. a conceptual thinker. d. driven by personalized power motive.

c. a conceptual thinker.. To develop visions and corporate strategy, a leader needs farsightedness, the ability to understand the long-range implications of actions and policies. Conceptual thinking refers to the ability to see the overall perspective, and it makes farsightedness possible. A conceptual thinker understands how the external environment influences the organization.

Charismatic leaders are often characterized as: a. having considerable internal conflict. b. minimizing risks. c. being willing to use unconventional strategies. d. creating distrust among constituents.

c. being willing to use unconventional strategies. Risk taking adds to a person's charisma because others admire such courage. In addition to treasuring risk, charismatic leaders use unconventional strategies to achieve success.

Simon, the CEO of a consumer electronics firm, receives a huge positive response from the industry experts and consumers for introducing breakthrough technologies in the company's products. Simon is a _____ leader. a. born b. extraverted c. creative d. humble

c. creative Many effective leaders are creative in the sense that they arrive at imaginative and original solutions to complex problems. Creative ability lies on a continuum, with some leaders being more creative than others. At one end of the creative continuum are business leaders who think of innovative products and services.

Self-confidence is an important leadership characteristic found: a. in male leaders more than in female leaders. b. primarily among supervisors. c. in almost every leadership setting. d. primarily among executives.

c. in almost every leadership setting Self-confidence is not only a personality trait. It also refers to a behavior and an interpersonal skill that a person exhibits in a number of situations. Hence, it is required in almost every leadership setting.

Tenacity is considered to be an important leadership characteristic because: a. it requires tenacity to keep a job during an era of downsizing. b. leaders have such limited power over group members. c. it often takes a long time to implement a new program. d. leaders are so often under attack from group members.

c. it often takes a long time to implement a new program Tenacity multiplies in importance for organizational leaders because it takes a long time to implement a new program or to consummate a business deal, such as acquiring another company.

Leaders who have the "right stuff" have: a. made the right connections to become leaders. b. the intellectual characteristics associated with effective leadership. c. the necessary traits and characteristics to lead effectively. d. inborn charismatic behaviors.

c. the necessary traits and characteristics to lead effectively. Leaders who have the "right stuff" have the necessary traits and characteristics to lead effectively. Observations by managers and human resource specialists, as well as dozens of research studies, indicate that leaders have certain personality traits. These characteristics contribute to leadership effectiveness in many situations.

A study of firefighters and the emotional component of their leaders' charisma showed that: a. a leader's lack of charisma can have a negative impact on safety. b. the positive affect of officers increased the negative affect of the firefighters. c. those under the command of a charismatic leader were happier that those who were not. d. charismatic leaders were less happy than their subordinates.

c. those under the command of a charismatic leader were happier that those who were not. The results of the firefighter suggested that firefighters under the command of a charismatic officer were happier than those under the command of a noncharismatic officer. Charismatic leaders who expressed positive emotion and thoughts tended to have an even stronger impact on the positive emotional state of firefighters.

Adapting to changing times is most important for which approach to leadership? a. Leadership grid b. Charismatic c. Trait approach d. Contingency approach

d. Contingency approach Rationale:In the context of the contingency approach,the effective leader adapts to changing circumstances.

_____ power stems from a leader's authority to respond to the consequences of people's actions. a. Prestige b. Information c. Expert d. Reward

d. Reward The authority to give employees rewards for compliance is reward power, and the power to punish for noncompliance is coercive power. Both these types of power stems from a leader's authority to respond to the consequences of people's actions.

A pronounced characteristic of an entrepreneurial leader is _____. a. a preference for taking huge risks b. a cautious attitude toward taking risks c. a reliance on others to take the big risks d. a sensible risk taking approach

d. a sensible risk taking approach Entrepreneurs are known for their sensible risk taking approach. Because entrepreneurs take sensible risks, many do not perceive themselves as being risk takers—just as many tightrope walkers believe they are not taking risks because they perceive themselves to be in control.

Chief operations officer Joan has an ethical mind, so she has a point of view that helps workers: a. feel entitled to whatever they can get away with or steal. b. lose their sense of reality. c. focus on maximizing personal gains. d. aspire to do good work that matters to many people.

d. aspire to do good work that matters to many people. Cognitive and educational psychologist Howard Gardner believes that for a leader to stay ethical, he or she must develop an ethical mind, or a point of view that helps the individual aspire to good work that matters to their colleagues, companies, and society in general.

Participative management is likely to work the best with a. employees in small, entrepreneurial firms. b. shy and nonassertive employees. c. employees in a large bureaucracy. d. competent and intelligent people.

d. competent and intelligent people. The participative style is well suited to managing competent people who are eager to assume responsibility. Such people want to get involved in making decisions and giving feedback to management.

During delegation, if responsibilities are not clearly defined by the delegator, the result can be: a. environmental uncertainty. b. an opportunity for growth. c. a manager who knows he can no longer trust the subordinate. d. conflict between the delegator and the one delegated to.

d. conflict between the delegator and the one delegated to.

Emily, the product development manager of JuzTel, seeks suggestions from her team members for improvising on the company's existing range of cell phones. The team members pour in their suggestions and Emily takes the final call on the inputs received by them. In this scenario, Emily is portrayed as a(n) _____. a. autocratic leader b. democratic leader c. consensus leader d. consultative leader

d. consultative leader Consultative leaders confer with group members before making a decision. However, they retain the final authority to make decisions.

A top leader is supposed to help promote values and principles that _____. a. encourage employees to compete against one another b. create a public image of harmony c. line up squarely with company advertising d. contribute to the welfare of individuals and the organization

d. contribute to the welfare of individuals and the organization A major part of a top leader's role is to help promote values and principles that contribute to the welfare of individuals and organizations.

A leader engages in management openness when he _____. a. freely criticizes subordinates when they make a mistake b. informs subordinates of his career plans c. publishes salary data on the intranet d. encourages subordinates to voice their opinion

d. encourages subordinates to voice their opinion A major part of relationship-oriented leadership is to engage in management openness, or a set of leader behaviors particularly relevant to subordinates' motivation to voice their opinion.

According to the Law of Reciprocity (as it relates to organizational politics),: a. workers who are wronged seek revenge. b. hard work pays off in the long run. c. leaders get even with disloyal group members. d. everybody expects to be paid back.

d. everybody expects to be paid back.

Blue Inc., a highly profitable consumer goods manufacturing company, invests in a number of social responsibility initiatives that in turn generate profit for the company. Which feature of corporate and social performance is illustrated in the given scenario?​ a. ​Entitlement b. ​Deontological theory c. ​Whistleblowing d. ​Virtuous circle

d. ​Virtuous circle Rationale: More profitable firms can better afford to invest in social responsibility initiatives, and these initiatives can lead to more profits. The relationship between social and financial performance may be a virtuous circle, meaning that corporate social performance and corporate financial performance feed and reinforce each other.

Marcie is a charismatic leader. When she encounters Salvatore, a work associate she met once two years ago, Marcie is likely to say, a. "Hello there, buddy. Could you give me your name again?" b. "Hello there. It's nice to meet somebody new." c. "Hello, I vaguely recall us meeting before." d. "Hello Salvatore, good to see you again."

d. "Hello, Salvatore, good to see you again." Charismatic leaders, as well as other successful people, can usually remember the names of people they have seen only a few times. This ability is partly due to the strong personal interest charismatic leaders take in other people.

The most effective type of humor for an organizational leader to use is directed at: a. group members. b. the competition. c. other departments. d. himself or herself.

d. Him or herself Laughter and humor serve such functions in the workplace as relieving tension and boredom and defusing hostility. Executives and other managers who use self-deprecating humor appear more approachable and likeable to subordinates.

Davis is the CEO of a group of luxury hotels. As a committed and authentic leader, he has brought major changes in the company to attract new customers and ensure quality services. In addition, he has also executed major changes in employee relations and satisfaction, causing an increase in employee productivity. Which of the following best describes Davis' leadership style? a. Laissez-faire b. Transactional c. Polarizing d. Transformational

d. Transformational Transformational leadership focuses on what the leader accomplishes, yet it still pays attention to the leader's personal characteristics and his or her relationship with group members. The transformational leader helps bring about major, positive changes by moving group members beyond their self-interests and toward the good of the group, organization, or society.

When Carlos, the manager of a coffee shop, speaks to customers in order to find out trends in their preferences and their changing requirements, he is performing the leadership role of a(n) _____.​ a. ​team builder b. ​coach and motivator c. ​team player d. ​entrepreneur

d. entrepreneur Talking with customers or others in the organization to keep aware of changing needs and requirements, as Carlos is doing in this scenario, is one of the three entrepreneurial leadership role activities.

A major concern about charismatic leadership is that: a. there are not enough job openings for all the charismatic leaders. b. charismatic leaders place unreasonable expectations on group members. c. charismatic leaders are not usually as effective as non-charismatic leaders. d. group members sometimes follow a charismatic leader down an unethical path.

d. group members sometimes follow a charismatic leader down an unethical path. Some charismatic leaders are unethical and lead their organizations and outsiders toward illegal and immoral ends.