BZ 101 - Study for Exam 3
Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by a(n)
Bacterium
Genital herpes infections often become latent, meaning the virus
Becomes Dormant
When the vertebrate embryo consists of a trophoblast and an inner cell mass it is called a(n)
Blastocyte
During gastrulation, invagination leads to the formation of the primitive gut and the opening to the gut is called the
Blastopore
The second stage of animal development leads to the formation of a hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells known as a
Blastula
Which of these are typical effects of aging on the blood vessels?
Blood pressure rises. The internal diameter of blood vessels becomes narrower.
Menopause usually occurs in women between the ages of
45-55
Approximately what percentage of babies are born on their "due date"?
5%
Typical number of repeats of the CGG repeats?
5-50; a premutation would be 50-230 repeats.
Fetal eyelids are fully open during the
5-7 months
What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a Mendelian dihybrid cross when both parents are heterozygous for both of their traits?
9:3:3:1
A developing human embryo typically implants in the endometrium how long after fertilization?
A few days
Parkinson's disease
A neurological condition that affects the brain and other parts of the nervous system.
Which of these observations were made after the introduction of AZT, the first antiretroviral drug, in 1995?
AZT was initially highly effective. HIV quickly developed resistance to AZT.
The coelom gives rise to which of these structures in humans?
Abdominal Cavity Thoracic Cavity
AIDS stands for
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Leptin is produced in what type of tissue?
Adipose
The Gland Labeled is a ____ gland
Adrenal
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland targets the ____
Select all of the following that are patterns typical of autosomal dominant inheritance.
Affected children will usually have an affected parent. Two unaffected parents will have unaffected children. Both males and females are equally affected.
What membrane within the body stalk holds umbilical blood vessels and eventually contributes to the umbilical cord?
Allantois
Peter has a gene that encodes blue eyes, while Karin has a gene for green eyes. Alternate forms of genes such as blue versus green for one trait are called
Alleles
Testes
Androgens come from
Vassopressin
Another name for ADH
Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by the _______ pituitary gland and causes the thyroid gland to produce thyroid ________
Anterior ; Hormones
An important mechanism that contributes to pattern formation is programmed cell death, also called
Apoptosis
An HIV-infected person with a CD4+ T-cell count less than 200 cells/mm3 would be in which category of HIV infection?
Category C
Which of the following must happen first in the process of a cross-pollination experiment?
Cut away anthers from a plant's flower
Defective chloride channels in plasma membranes and abnormally large amounts of mucus in the lungs and pancreas are two characteristics of the autosomal recessive condition called
Cystic-fibrosis
Saw palmetto and finasteride, drugs used to treat BPH, inhibit an enzyme that normally
Enhances Testosterone
The path of sperm until it exits the body
Epididymis > Vas Deferens > Ejaculatory Duct> Urethra
Which hormone does BPA mimic?
Estradiol
During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, the hormone that causes the endometrium to thicken and become more vascular is
Estrogen
Select all of these that are normal components of most types of oral contraceptives (birth control pills).
Estrogen Progesterone
In a family tree that begins with you and your spouse, your children would be considered the _____ generation.
F1
Pituitary dwarfism results from inadequate levels of GH during adulthood. True or False?
False
True or False: There is a 'left' and 'right' brain in people.
False
True or false: An HIV-infected woman who becomes pregnant must immediately cease taking any antiretroviral drugs.
False
True or false: Epigenetic changes are the result of mutations
False
True or false: Hormones typically stimulate changes in the organs that produce them.
False
True or false: Human sperm must develop in a warmer temperature than body temperature.
False
True or false: Newborns delivered by Cesarean section routinely receive eyedrops to protect against eye infection by N. gonorrhoeae.
False
Risk Factors for Type II Diabetes
Family history, Food choices, and Activity Levels
A male gets his Y Chromosome from his
Father
When antibodies react with thyroid cells and cause the overproduction of thyroid hormones, _______ disease results; this condition can make a person nervous, hyperactive, and irritable.
Graves
A condition in which the blood sugar is low, the skin is pale, and breathing is shallow is called
Hypoglycemia
Under-production of thyroid hormones is called
Hypothyroidism
Conception occurs in laboratory glassware during a procedure called
In Vitro Fertilization
A heterozygote displaying an intermediate phenotype between that of the two homozygotes is an example of
Incomplete dominance
Glucocorticoid
Increase Blood Glucose Levels
What is the typical task of cAMP as it functions in a peptide hormone response involving muscle cells?
Initiates a series of reactions within the muscle cells
A physician places sperm into the vagina during a procedure called artificial
Insemination
In type I diabetes, the pancreas fails to produce the hormone
Insulin
A sperm and oocyte join together during the process of
Fertilization
Why does the fetus need circulatory features that are not found in the adult circulatory system?
Fetus cannot use lungs for gas exchange
The vesicular or Graafian ____ is a structure in the ovary that contains the oocyte and that becomes the corpus luteum after ovulation.
Follicle
Within the cortex of each ovary, there are _____ that each contain an immature oocyte.
Follicles
The first half of the ovarian cycle, during which the follicle matures and much estrogen is produced, is the
Follicular Stage
The six large membranous areas between adjacent bones in a fetal skull are also called
Fontanelles
In general, What Happens to the Brain of an Alzheimers Patient?
It gets smaller.
Select all statements that apply to artificial insemination by donor (AID).
It involves placement of sperm directly into the woman's vagina. Prior to being placed in the vagina, sperm can be sorted into those that are believed to be X chromosome-bearing or Y chromosome-bearing. It is useful when the male partner has a low sperm count.
Select all statements that apply to the contraceptive device known as a diaphragm.
It is a soft latex cup with a flexible rim. It should be inserted no more than two hours before sex.
Cortisol
It promotes the metabolism of fatty acids. It promotes the breakdown of muscle protein to amino acids.
During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, the hormone that causes the endometrium to become 2-3 times thicker and produce a thick mucous secretion is
Progesterone
The corpus luteum develops from a vesicular follicle after ovulation, and it produces the hormone _____ and some estrogen
Progesterone
The anterior pituitary secretes _____, which stimulates the production of breast milk.
Prolactin
An older man who has a weak urine flow and who needs to urinate frequently at night is most likely suffering from an enlarged
Prostate
The _____ gland is located beneath the urinary bladder in a male, and the ejaculatory ducts pass through it.
Prostate
BPH refers to the enlargement of the
Prostate Gland
In males, the unpaired, donut-shaped gland surrounds the upper portion of the
Prostate; Urethra
During HIV replication, the viral enzyme that cuts long polypeptides into smaller proteins is
Protease
What is the function of the FMR1 gene
Provides instructions for making the FMRP protein which helps regulate the development of other proteins and plays an important role in development of synapses.
Tay-Sachs disease, sickle-cell anemia, and PKU are inherited as autosomal _____ disorders.
Recessive
Mineralocorticoids
Regulate water and salt balance
Identify the problems associated with exposure to BPA.
Reproductive function and Blood Pressure Increase
Which of these are typical effects of aging on the immune system?
Response to vaccination is diminished. Antibody responses decline.
Tangles (Alzheimer's Disease)
Tau protein fibers build up inside cells.
The lack of an enzyme called Hex A and the progressive deterioration of psychomotor functions are two characteristics of ____-____ disease.
Tay-Sachs
Hypothyroidism
Simple goiter Hashimoto thyroiditis myxedema
Visible features of Parkinson's Disease
Slowness of movement, Tremors at Rest, Muscle Rigidity.
During early animal development, the blastocoel forms when water follows what ion, which is pumped into extracellular spaces?
Sodium
Neuroglia
Support and Nourish Neurons and maintain homeostasis and form Myelin.
A woman who is contracted and paid to have another woman's baby is called a(n) mother.
Surrogate
If an individual showing a dominant phenotype, but an unknown genotype, is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual for that trait, this would be considered a
Testcross
In Rut, Elk Bulls have a 1000 fold hormone increase in what?
Testosterone
Androgens
Testosterone is an example of a male sex hormone. Male sex hormones are commonly calle
On a cold day, an iguana's skin is much darker than on a warm sunny day. Changes in skin color are stimulated by which hormone?
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
How does the brain of the Prairie vole differ from the brain of its cousins?
Monogamous rodent brains has more receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin.
An experiment during which two heterozygous individuals are bred and produce two different phenotypes for a single trait is termed a
Monohybrid Cross
An individual of genotype Qq is bred with an individual of genotype Qq is an example of a(n)
Monohybrid Cross
What is polyspermy?
More than 1 sperm fertilizing an egg cell.
After the zygote undergoes cleavage, a solid ball of cells called the Blank______ is formed.
Morula
The solid ball of cells that develops as a result of cleavage is called a(n)
Morula
Select all of these structures that are formed during the cellular stages of development.
Morula; Blastula
Which of these statements are correct regarding STDs caused by bacteria?
Most can be cured by antibiotic therapy. Many are becoming resistant to antibiotics.
A male gets his X chromosome from his
Mother
Effector
Muscles and glands that cause an effect in response to directions from the nervous system.
Resting potential
The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane
Select all correct statements about male or female condoms.
The effectiveness of condoms is improved by using a spermicide. Both male and female condoms provide some protection against STDs.
Once the neural tube has formed in an animal, the developing embryo is now called the
Neurula
Can a father pass an x-linked recessive condition to his son.
No
Is Cushing's Disease heritable?
No
Endocrine Glands
No Ducts Produce hormones secreted into interstitial fluid then diffuses into the bloodstream. Ex: Insulin and Glucogon.
Which gene determines eye color in humans?
OCA2
An ovarian follicle matures from a primary follicle into a vesicular follicle during the
Ovarian Cycle
correct statements about the ovarian follicles
Ovarian follicles are located in the ovarian cortex. All ovarian follicles a woman will have are present when she is born. Typically only one ovarian follicle matures each month.
Females have a pair of gonads called the
Ovaries
The _____ are responsible for producing the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Ovaries
Chlamydia infection can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which is characterized by inflammation of the
Oviducts
Which of the following hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin ADH
Newborns are routinely tested at hospitals for this autosomal recessive condition that can be treated with a special diet until the brain is fully developed. It is called
PKU
Breast soreness, joint pain, headache, and irritability are common symptoms of
PMS
The long organ that lies in the abdomen between the kidneys and near the duodenum of the small intestine is called the
Pancreas
When blood glucose levels rise, the _____ secretes the hormone _____ to lower the glucose level; when blood glucose levels are low, the same organ produces _____ to raise glucose levels.
Pancreas; Insulin; Glucogon
correct statements about IUDs.
They are usually made of copper or plastic. They prevent implantation. One type releases progesterone.
Select all correct explanations for how medications like Viagra and Cialis treat ED.
They inhibit an enzyme found mainly in the penis. They prolong the activity of chemicals responsible for an erection.
Maturation of lymphocytes called T cells occurs in the
Thymus Gland
A simple goiter is caused by over-stimulation of the _____ gland by TSH
Thyroid
T3 and T4 are hormones secreted by the ______ gland that increases ______ rate
Thyroid; Metabolic
What is the purpose of PGD?
To test embryos (prior to implantation) for genetic diseases/disorders.
Which type of diabetes is most commonly associated with an inability to properly use the insulin the body produces?
Type II Diabetes
Select all correct statements about the ovarian follicles.
Typically only one ovarian follicle matures each month. Ovarian follicles are located in the ovarian cortex. All ovarian follicles a woman will have are present when she is born.
What tubular structure connects the developing embryo to the placenta and houses blood vessels containing fetal blood?
Umbilical Chord
In animals such as frogs, chickens, and humans, the notochord is eventually replaced by the
Vertebral Column
Oviduct
Where does fertilization occur?
Steroid
Which type of hormone is composed of a 4-carbon ring along with side chains?
During resting potential an impulse is not being conducted. True or False?
True
True or false: Changes can affect gene expression
True
True or false: The placenta will be used to support both the embryo and fetus.
True
When two pea plants with round, yellow seeds breed, they produce many offspring all with round, yellow seeds. These pea plants are considered
True-breeding
What does the abnormally expanded CGG segment do to the FMR1 gene?
Turns off the FMR1 Gene
All-or-none response
a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.
Which two ideas suggest why aging occurs?
a process affected by a multitude of factors preprogrammed genetic events
Peptide hormones affect target cells by
binding to receptors found on the cell surface.
Seminal vesicles lie at the base of the urinary
bladder
Central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
Even if a person tests negative on an HIV test, they can still be infected and transmit the virus, because the standard HIV screening test detects
anti-HIV antibodies
The primitive gut is also known as the
archenteron
Long-term nonprogressors are people who
are infected with HIV but remain healthy for long periods.
Growth Factors
are produced by different types of organs and cells and stimulate mitosis and cell division.
Which of these can be caused by human papillomaviruses?
cervical cancer anal cancer genital warts
Ovarian follicles are found
cortex of ovaries
Which of these are typical effects of aging on the respiratory system?
decreased lung elasticity reduced ventilation decreased vital capacity
Characteristics of cystic fibrosis
defective chloride channels in plasma membranes autosomal recessive disorder abnormally thick mucus in lungs and pancreas most common lethal genetic disorder among Caucasians in the United States
Coat color in Himalayan rabbits is influenced by the temperature at which the animal is reared. This is an example of a trait that is
determined by genotype and environment
Which of these are potential causes of erectile dysfunction?
diabetes mellitus depression atherosclerosis smoking
Identify the processes that are part of cellular differentiation?
differential gene expression specialized cells produce only certain proteins
The term ___ allele means that this allele will mask the recessive allele when they are together in the same organism.
dominant
The term HAART refers to
drug combinations used to treat HIV infections.
Mendel's first law of inheritance, the law of segregation, states that
during gamete formation an individuals factors for a trait will separate.
inflammation of the liver
hepatitis
Select all of these that are treatments for genital warts.
laser burning surgery acid application freezing
Which of the following are examples of gonadotropic hormones?
luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone
Autosomes are any chromosomes other than ____ chromosomes.
sex
Haploid gametes are produced by organisms that carry out ____ reproduction.
sexual
Seminiferous tubules are the structures where are produced.
sperm
The function of HIV reverse transcriptase is to
synthesize viral dsDNA from viral RNA.
Rates of infection with N. gonorrhoeae are especially high in which groups of people?
those aged 15 to 29 African Americans
Characteristics of phenylketonuria (PKU).
treatment is a special diet until the brain is fully developed a metabolic disorder that affects nervous system development lack enzyme for normal metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine
The specific structure that secretes human chorionic gonadotropin is the
trophoblast
select all that allow ovulation, but prevent fertilization and/or implantation.
tubal ligation male or female condom intrauterine device (IUD) diaphragm
Select all of these that can be caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
urethral discharge pelvic inflammatory disease heart damage urethritis
Most research on developing a male birth control pill is focused on
using a progesterone-like hormone to inhibit sperm production.
herpes simplex virus type 2
usually causes genital herpes
After fertilization and early development, the embryo travels down the ____ and implants in the _______ of the uterus
uterine tube; endometrium
Multiple Choice Question After fertilization and early development, the embryo travels down the ____ and implants in the _____ of the Uterus.
uterine tube; endometrium
select all that prevent ovulation
vaginal contraceptive ring oral contraceptive pill
On its way from the testes to the urethra, sperm actually travels through which of these structures?
vas deferens ejaculatory duct
Sperm travel from the epididymites to the ejaculatory duct via the
vas duct
Monogamy
one spouse (Even in the Animal Kingdom) / Mating for life
likely mechanisms by which intrauterine devices (IUDs) prevent pregnancy.
preventing fertilization. preventing implantation.
The Preven Emergency Contraceptive Kit prevents pregnancy by
preventing the embryo from implanting in the uterus.
Extremely high levels of which hormone can lead to dysmenorrhea?
prostaglandins
Glands that add secretions to sperm
prostate gland seminal vesicles bulbourethral glands
Effective treatments for testicular cancer may include
radiation. chemotherapy. removal of the affected testis.
The effects of parathyroid hormone.
reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys stimulation of osteoclasts absorption of calcium in the intestine
heritance of two ___ alleles is required before an autosomal recessive disorder will appear.
recessive
Sertoli cells are supporting cells found in the ______. It's also where the process of spermatogenesis occurs .
seminiferous tubules
Symptoms of myxedema.
Weight Gain, Hair Loss, Slow Heart Rate
Endocrine System
What organ system is mainly responsible for the secretion of hormones?
The nervous and endocrine systems are involved with homeostasis. Select the correct statements about these systems from the list below.
(These are all correct) The nervous system responds rapidly by nerve impulses. Hormones of the endocrine system travel by blood to target tissues. The endocrine system produces a more prolonged response. The endocrine system has a slower response time than the nervous system.
Select all of the events that occur during the third week of human development.
-Appearance of heart/nervous system
What is the probability of two parents with the genotypes Pp and pp, producing an offspring with the genotype of PP?
0
Karyotype
An ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell
As of 2019, about how many people in the United States were infected with HIV?
1.1 Million
Select all of the answers that are expected to result from a cross between two individuals with the following genotypes: Ff x Ff.
1/2 Ff individuals 1/4 ff individuals 1/4 FF individuals
Compared to the thymus of a newborn, the thymus of a 60-year old is
1/20 times as large
What is the chance that parents who are both heterozygous for widow's peak (Ww) have three children who all have straight hairlines (ww)?
1/64
Approximately what percentage of women aged 25 to 35 have some degree of endometriosis?
10-33%
The placenta is fully developed by the Blank______ week of development.
10th
Humans have pairs of cranial nerves and pairs of spinal nerves
12 | 31
What is the expected genotypic ratio of a Mendelian monohybrid cross involving individuals with the following genotypes: Tt x Tt?
1:2:1
What is the expected genotypic ratio of a Mendelian dihybrid cross when both parents are heterozygous for both of their traits?
1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
How many types of herpes simplex virus commonly infect humans?
2
Approximately what percentage of people infected with genital herpes virus never experience symptoms, but can still transmit the infection?
20%
How many genes are found on the y chromosome?
200
How many genes are found on the X-chromosome?
2000
Fragile X syndrome is
230 repeats
In the United States, about what percentage of women have had a genital herpes infection?
25%
In humans, due date is calculated by adding how many days to the start of the last menstrual period?
280 Days
Body cells typically have ______ allele(s) for each trait, whereas gamete cells have ______.
2;1
During normal menstruation, approximately how much blood is lost?
30-40 Ml
The number of follicles that mature during a human female's reproductive years is approximately
300-500; 400
What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a Mendelian monohybrid cross involving individuals who have the following genotypes: Ww x Ww?
3:1
How many different combinations of alleles are possible in the gametes formed during a dihybrid cross?
4
Most men have some enlargement of the prostate gland beginning at around age
40
About what percentage of men aged 40-75 have experienced erectile dysfunction?
50%
Medications like Viagra and Cialis are effective in helping about what percentage of men with ED?
65%
What causes increased levels of Cortisol in Cushing's?
A (Benign) Tumor called an Adenoma forming in the pituitary gland.
what is Morula?
A ball of unspecialized cells?
Action Potential
A rapid change in polarity across an axonal membrane as a nerve impulse occurs.
Posterior Pituitary Gland
ADH and oxytocin are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the
The ___ encloses the developing embryo in a fluid-filled sac.
Amnion
Extraembryonic membranes are found in
Amniotes (Reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Plaques (Alzheimer's Disease)
Amyloid Proteins build up in the space between nerve cells.
Threshold
An action potential occurs if a stimulus causes the axonal membrane to depolarize to a certain level called
Simple Goiter
An enlargement of the thyroid gland because of iodine lacking the diet and constant stimulation by TSH results in a(n)
Barr Body
An inactivated x chromosome
Prolactin is a hormone produced by the _______ pituitary gland. Prolactin stimulates the _______ glands to produce milk and also suppresses ______ in the ovaries of a nursing mother.
Anterior; Mammary; Ovulation
In cross-pollination experiments, what floral structure must be removed to prevent self-pollination?
Anther
The ABO alleles inherited by humans determines the presence or absence of ____ on their red blood cells.
Antigens
Both Maryan syndrome and Huntington disease are expressed if an individual inherits only one allele. These are examples of
Autosomal Dominant Disorders
Any chromosome other than sex chromosomes are called
Autosome
One of the main indications that an HIV infection is progressing to AIDS is a loss of what type of cells?
CD4+ T cells
Neurons
Cells that transmit nerve impulses.
The morula and blastula are Blank______ stages of development.
Cellular
About ten types of HPV are responsible for the cancer of the
Cervix
Pheremones
Chemical signals that act between individuals of the same species are called
The most commonly reported STD in the United States is
Chlamydia
During the second week of human development, the trophoblast becomes the
Chorion
Which type of extraembryonic membrane forms the human placenta?
Chorion
The combination of external fimbriae and _____ inside the oviducts propel the egg towards the uterus.
Cilia
Cell division that results in a decrease in the size of the cell is known as
Cleavage
The organ of sexual arousal in females is the glans
Clitoris
In the lancelet, the space between the two layers of mesoderm that grow out of the archenteron becomes the
Coelom
Following ovulation, a vesicular follicle develops into a(n) And produces progesterone.
Corpus Loteum
The adrenal hormones called mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids are secreted by the adrenal
Cortex
What prevents polyspermy?
Cortical granules and depolarization of egg cell membrane.
In animals, ______ occurs at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels.
Development
Individuals with a decreased ability to regulate their blood glucose metabolism suffer from a disorder called
Diabetes Milletus
An individual of genotype QqBb breeds with an individual of genotype QqBb. This is an example of a(n) ____ cross.
Dihybrid
Homozygous- both alleles are identical ; Heterozygous the two alleles are different.
Distinguish homozygous and heterozyougs
Inheritance of only one dominant allele is necessary for an autosomal ___ genetic disorder to appear.
Dominant
Treatments for Parkinson's
Drugs that Mimic Dopamine. As well as deep brain stimulation.
The outer layer in an early gastrula is called the
Ectoderm
The outermost layer of tissue in a developing embryo is the
Ectoderm
Mendel's law of independent assortment.
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs. All possible combinations of alleles can occur in gametes.
Cleavage can be defined as
Early Cell Division
Each vas deferens empties into a(n)
Ejaculatory Duct
What causes Cushing's disease?
Elevated Levels of Cortisol
Which developmental period immediately follows fertilization?
Embryonic Development
Interstitial Fluid
Endocrine glands secrete their hormones into
The primitive gut is bordered by the innermost tissue layer, which is called the
Endoderm; is also creates the lining of the digestive system tract.
Menstruation is the monthly shedding of the
Endometrium
Finger-like projections near the ovaries that help guide oocytes to the fallopian tubes are called
Fimbriae
Haploid sex cells (sperm and eggs) are also called
Gametes
Tissue layers form during which developmental stage?
Gastrulation
Select all of the events that occur during the second week of human development.
Gastrulation occurs. Implantation occurs. HCG appears in the urine. The inner cell mass detaches from the trophoblast.
Turner
Genetic females with a singular x chromosome (45).
Klinefilter
Genetic males have an extra copy of the X-Chromosome, sometimes even two.
What are 2 factors associated with both types of Diabetes
Genetics Environmental Triggers
A chocolate Labrador retriever has brown fur. The combination of alleles that produce the brown fur represents the dog's
Genotype
Phenotype - Physical Characteristics Genotype - The genetic makeup
Genotype and phenotype
During animal development, the three embryonic ____ layers develop into the different organs and tissues.
Germ
If too much growth hormone is produced during childhood, a condition called _____ may result
Gigantism
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the adrenal ______ to respond to short term stress.
Glands
Testies and ovaries
Gonadotropic hormones affect which of the following glands?
Hormones that are produced by the anterior pituitary gland.
Growth Prolactin Luteinizing Hormone
Target Cell
Have receptors for the hormone, and the hormone combines with the receptor as a key files a lock.
The Brain is Divided into two visible parts called
Hemispheres
Recessive genes are typically masked when an individual's genotype is___ for the gene.
Heterozygous
In a ___ pair of chromosomes, one member is inherited from the mother, while the other member is inherited from the father.
Homologous
Acosomal Enzyme
How does the sperm penetrate the corona radiate and zone pellucid?
The hormone that maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy is called human
Human chorionic gonadotropin
This autosomal dominant neurological disorder leads to progressive degeneration of brain cells and does not appear until the individual is in their middle ages, usually after they have had children. It is called ____ disease.
Huntingtons
A single sperm is injected into an oocyte during a procedure called _____ sperm injection.
Intracytoplasmic
Which of the following are true with regard to the thymus gland?
It is most active during childhood. It plays a role in T cell maturation.
Select all correct statements regarding the occurrence of ovarian cancer.
It typically occurs in women over age 40. It has a worse prognosis than testicular cancer.
The adrenal glands are located on top of the
Kidneys
In the female, the external structures that extend backwards from the mons pubis are the
Labia Majora
Interneurons
Lie entirely within the CNS
The hormone produced by fat cells that plays a role in appetite control is
Leptin
The locus of an allele refers to its
Location on a chromosome
Alleles of a gene are typically located at the same on homologous chromosomes.
Locus
Glucagon's
Low blood glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to secrete
The second half of the ovarian cycle in human females, in which the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen, is called the
Luteal Phase
The vulva include two larger folds of skin called labia , and two smaller, inner folds called labia
Majora ; Minora
This autosomal dominant condition can cause the aorta to have a weakness in it that may cause it to burst without warning, and the individual has long limbs and fingers. It is called ____ syndrome.
Marfan
A primary oocyte develops into a secondary oocyte by what process?
Meiosis I
The embryonic dorsal supporting rod called the notochord is formed by cells from which germ layer?
Mesoderm
The middle layer of cells within the gastrula is called the
Mesoderm
The musculoskeletal system is derived from which germ layer?
Mesoderm
How do Hormones contribute to Homeostasis?
Metabolism, Growth, Development, and many other processes.
During the ____ cycle, hormones prepare the uterus for implantation of a developing embryo.
Meunstral cycle
What leads to destruction of Neurons in Parkinson's patients?
Misfolded proteins in Neurons are called Lewy Bodies/ improper removal of old Mitochondria from cells/Chemicals released by glial cells.
Defects in a mother's cells, specifically in the organelles called____, may warrant the use of donor eggs.
Mitochondria
Three alleles for the same gene control the inheritance of ABO blood types, by determining which antigens will be expressed on the surface of red blood cells. The resulting four blood types are A, B, AB and O. Select all of the characteristics of human blood type inheritance.
Multiple Alleles Codominant
The chance of two or more independent events occurring simultaneously is determined by _____ the chance of the events occurring independently.
Multiplying
Which of the following is the term for the clinical symptoms that occur due to an underactive thyroid in adults?
Myxedema
How do feedback mechanisms help control blood glucose levels
Negative Feedback
Oxytocin is Produced during childbirth via
Negative Feedback
Production of Hormones is controlled by
Negative Feedback | The action of other hormones.
Dopaminergic Neurons
Nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine.
Which of these body systems is derived from ectoderm?
Nervous System
Which structure develops first during the formation of the animal nervous system?
Neural Plate
In vertebrates, the spinal cord and brain develop from which of these? Select all that apply.
Neural Tube ; Ectoderm
A normal gamete (a sperm or an egg) has ___ allele(s) for each trait.
One
Menopause is not considered to be complete until menstruation has not occurred for
One Year
Infections that mainly occur in people with a weak immune system are known as
Opportunistic
People in the terminal stages of AIDS typically die from
Opportunistic Infections
The Gland Labeled is a ____ Gland
Parathyroid
The process of morphogenesis includes cell migration to form germ layers, as well as the arrangement of different tissues and organs in the body, which is also known as
Pattern Formation
When you organize your family relatedness into a chart, you are creating a
Pedigree
Protein hormones, which are also called _____ hormones, are composed primarily of amino acids.
Peptide
The Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves are part of the
Peripheral Nervous System
A chocolate Labrador retriever has brown fur. In this example, the brown fur represents the dog's
Phenotype
The ___ refers to an organism's physical appearance or microscopic characteristics.
Phenotype
The parathyroid hormone causes the blood ____ level to decrease and blood calcium level to ____
Phosphate; Increase
A primary oocyte that divides by meiosis I produces a secondary oocyte and a(n)
Polar Body
The Gland Labeled is a _____ gland
Pituitary
During pregnancy, the structure that develops from maternal and fetal tissues, and facilitates exchange of materials between maternal and fetal blood, is called the
Placenta
What Monogamous rodent is featured in the video shown in class?
Prairie Voles
All assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are techniques used to increase the chances of
Pregnancy
The common age-related inability to focus on near objects is called
Presbyopia
cAMP is activated within a cell when epinephrine binds to a receptor on the cell surface. Thus, cAMP is called the ______ messenger.
Second/Secondary
The specific type of cell that is fertilized by a sperm is a(n)
Secondary Oocyte
Exocrine glands
Secrete through Ducts Products are secreted to the outside of body/into digestive tract. Ex: Sweat glands and Salivary Glands
Two paired structures that contribute nutrients and fluid to the semen and lie at the base of the urinary bladder are called the
Seminal Vesicles
The long, coiled structures where sperm are produced are called the
Seminiferous tubules
What are telomeres?
Sequences of DNA at the end of Chromosomes. Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from deteriorating.
Which of these is one of the most efficient ways to transmit HIV?
Sharing Needles
In males, FSH promotes the production of
Sperm
What structures will mature within the epididymis?
Sperm
Select all of the following that are produced by the testes
Sperm Testosterone
The production of sperm in males is called
Spermatogenesis
Select all cell types that can be infected by HIV
T cells dendritic cells macrophages
Motor Neuron
Takes messages from the CNS to an effector.
Sensory Neuron
Takes messages to the CNS.
Sympathetic
The ____ division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with fight or flight
Pancreatic Islets
The alpha, beta, and delta cells of the pancreas are arranged in clusters called
What embryonic stage implants in the uterus lining?
The blastocyst
Hormones
The chemical signals produced by endocrine glands are called
Which of these are typical effects of aging on the heart?
The heart muscle weakens. The heart rate returns to normal more slowly after stress. Blood may leak back through heart valves.
Pineal Gland
The hormone melatonin is produced by the
Genetic probability for a couple having a girl as a second child is ______ as it was for the first child.
The same
Which of these are typical effects of aging on the integumentary system?
The skin becomes thinner. There are fewer hair follicles. There is less subcutaneous adipose tissue.
How do plaques and tangles contribute to the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?
The small clumps of plaques may block cell to cell signaling in the synapse. Tangles destroy a vital cell transport system made of proteins.
Epigenetics
The study of how DNA interacts with the multitude of smaller molecules found in cells, which can activate and deactivate genes.
Peptide and Steroid(s)
The two basic chemical classes of hormones.
Which feature makes long-term nonprogressors so interesting for HIV researchers?
Their CD4+ T-cell counts remain normal.
Select all of the following statements that apply to the bulbourethral glands.
They are about the size of a pea. They are also called Cowper glands.
sex-linked trait
Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes
Where are the ovaries located in a human female?
Upper pelvic cavity
Which of these are typical effects of aging on the excretory system?
Urinary incontinence increases. Dehydration occurs faster. Blood supply to kidneys is reduced.
Compared to aging men, aging women are more likely to experience
Urinary incontinency
herpes simplex virus type 1
Usually causes cold sores
Estrogen and progesterone affect the endometrium which undergoes cyclic changes. This is referred to as the _____ cycle
Uteran
Identify the locations that endometrial-like tissues can grow.
Uterine Tubes Ovaries
The uterine tubes serve as a connection between the ovaries and the
Uterus
What medical advancement has occurred to help with human papillomavirus?
Vaccine can prevent infection.
What is A in this?
Vas Deferens
The surgical procedure during which the vasa deferentia are cut and sealed off is called
Vasectomy
An animal embryo that contains yolk has both an animal pole and a(n)
Vegetal Pole
Hepatitis B is caused by a Blank______ and is the most likely type of hepatitis to be transmitted sexually.
Virus
What are possible environmental triggers for type 1 Diabetes
Viruses and Cold Weather ; Early Diets
What's the inheritance pattern for Fragile X?
X-linked dominant.
Which body region is the pancreas located within?
Ya belly (Abdomen)
Does active transport require energy?
Yes, ATP
FIrst site of blood cell formation
Yolk sac
The union of a sperm and an oocyte produces a
Zygote
Polygenic traits typically result in
a continuous distribution of phenotypes.
Select all of the common symptoms of an enlarged prostate gland.
a weak stream of urine a sense of not emptying the bladder an increased urge to urinate
Which of the following hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
adrenocorticotropic hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone prolactin growth hormone
One of the most important mineralocorticoid hormones is _____ which stimulates the kidney to reabsorb sodium ions.
aldosterone
Conditions caused by diabetes mellitus.
buildup of blood ketones possible coma glucose in the urine
Actions of growth factors.
cause an increase in fibroblast and smooth muscle cells cause bone marrow stem cells to form white blood cells help in wound healing
Select all of these STDS that commonly cause eye infections in newborns.
chlamydia gonorrhea genital herpes
Which of these are typical effects of aging on the nervous system?
declining dopamine levels loss of some brain function death of some neurons
Which of these are typical effects of aging on the sensory systems?
declining sense of smell more stimulation needed for taste decreased ability of the lens of the eye to accommodate
A characteristic of Tay-Sachs disease is the lack of a(n) _____ called hexosaminidase.
enzyme
Functions of Hormones
essential for responses to stress development of body parts growth of body parts influence behavior influence cell metabolism
Select all of these that are functions of the placenta.
exchange nutrients and wastes produce estrogen produce HCG produce progesterone
Select all of these that are common symptoms of ovarian cancer.
frequent urge to urinate bloated feeling abdominal pain there often are no symptoms
Select all of these that are normally found in semen.
fructose sperm prostaglandins
When herpes simplex virus infections become latent, the virus can be found in
ganglia of sensory nerves.
Select the functions of the placenta.
gas exchange with maternal blood production of estrogen and progesterone provision of nutrients to the fetus
Cells begin to invaginate into the blastocoel during the early stage
gastrula
Which of these are typical symptoms of a genital herpes infection?
genital blisters swollen lymph nodes painful urination no symptoms at all
alpha cells
glucagon
Which of the following are hormones secreted by the adrenal glands in response to long-term stress?
glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids
Over secretion of thyroid hormones
hyperthyroidism Graves disease exophthalmia
Which of the following are functions of the fetal fontanels?
increase skull flexibility during childbirth facilitate rapid brain growth in an infant
Each genetic outcome of a genetic cross between the same parents is Blank______ all previous outcomes.
independent of
Which of these are correct explanations for how oral contraceptive pills prevent pregnancy?
inhibiting ovulation inhibiting production of FSH and LH mimicking the hormonal condition of pregnancy
Most medication used to treat herpes viral infections works by
inhibiting viral DNA replication.
beta cells
insulin
A gene called FOX03A has been linked to longevity in centenarians; this gene regulates ____ pathways of the body and protects against ____
insulin; free radicals
Describe the geneticist Gregor Mendel.
integrated mathematics in his studies used an experimental approach to his research careful, deliberate, note-taker
Which of these skills are normally acquired by the time a human child is five years old?
maturation of vision, hearing, smell begin using language manipulate objects walking
Select all of the following that are potential treatments for BPH.
medications to shrink the prostate saw palmetto inhibitors of 5-alpha reductase
Select all of these processes that are involved in spermatogenesis.
mitosis meiosis I meiosis II
Because testicular cancer is highly curable when discovered early, one of the more important preventative measures is
monthly testicular self-examination.
Which of these are typical effects of aging on the digestive system?
more tooth decay increased chance of periodontal disease reduced blood flow to the liver
mesoderm forms
muscle, bone, connective tissue, circulatory system, kidneys, gonads
Select all of the events that occur during the fourth and fifth weeks of human development.
presence of a tail appearance of the limb buds
Metabolic rate, height, and skin color are examples of traits inherited via ___ inheritance.
polygenic
Symptoms of diabetes insipidus.
production of large amounts of urine dehydration extreme thirst
Female Sex Hormones
progesterone estrogen
The main reason why combinations of antiretroviral drugs (HAART) are now used to treat HIV-infected people is to
reduce the development of HIV drug resistance.
functions of sertoli cells
regulate spermatogenic cells nourish sperm during spermatogenesis
Select the functions of the hypothalamus.
regulate water balance modulate blood pressure modulate heart rate regulate body temperature
delta cells
somatostatin
Which of these symptoms or disorders can be caused by chlamydia?
stillbirths pelvic inflammatory disease inflammation of the epididymides urethritis
Another term for Sertoli cells is
sustentacular cells
The male gonads are the ____ , which produce both hormones and_____
testes; sperm
blastocoel
the fluid-filled cavity of a blastula
Select all of the events that occur during the fifth through seventh months of human development.
the mother begins to feel fetal movement if born now, the fetus will likely survive the fetus is about 12 inches long
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) is typically used
to improve the success rate of in vitro fertilization.
On a pedigree, an unfilled circle represents an
unaffected female