BZ 101 - Study for Exam 3

Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by a(n)

Bacterium

Genital herpes infections often become latent, meaning the virus

Becomes Dormant

When the vertebrate embryo consists of a trophoblast and an inner cell mass it is called a(n)

Blastocyte

During gastrulation, invagination leads to the formation of the primitive gut and the opening to the gut is called the

Blastopore

The second stage of animal development leads to the formation of a hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells known as a

Blastula

Which of these are typical effects of aging on the blood vessels?

Blood pressure rises. The internal diameter of blood vessels becomes narrower.

Menopause usually occurs in women between the ages of

45-55

Approximately what percentage of babies are born on their "due date"?

5%

Typical number of repeats of the CGG repeats?

5-50; a premutation would be 50-230 repeats.

Fetal eyelids are fully open during the

5-7 months

What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a Mendelian dihybrid cross when both parents are heterozygous for both of their traits?

9:3:3:1

A developing human embryo typically implants in the endometrium how long after fertilization?

A few days

Parkinson's disease

A neurological condition that affects the brain and other parts of the nervous system.

Which of these observations were made after the introduction of AZT, the first antiretroviral drug, in 1995?

AZT was initially highly effective. HIV quickly developed resistance to AZT.

The coelom gives rise to which of these structures in humans?

Abdominal Cavity Thoracic Cavity

AIDS stands for

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Leptin is produced in what type of tissue?

Adipose

The Gland Labeled is a ____ gland

Adrenal

Adrenal Cortex

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland targets the ____

Select all of the following that are patterns typical of autosomal dominant inheritance.

Affected children will usually have an affected parent. Two unaffected parents will have unaffected children. Both males and females are equally affected.

What membrane within the body stalk holds umbilical blood vessels and eventually contributes to the umbilical cord?

Allantois

Peter has a gene that encodes blue eyes, while Karin has a gene for green eyes. Alternate forms of genes such as blue versus green for one trait are called

Alleles

Testes

Androgens come from

Vassopressin

Another name for ADH

Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by the _______ pituitary gland and causes the thyroid gland to produce thyroid ________

Anterior ; Hormones

An important mechanism that contributes to pattern formation is programmed cell death, also called

Apoptosis

An HIV-infected person with a CD4+ T-cell count less than 200 cells/mm3 would be in which category of HIV infection?

Category C

Which of the following must happen first in the process of a cross-pollination experiment?

Cut away anthers from a plant's flower

Defective chloride channels in plasma membranes and abnormally large amounts of mucus in the lungs and pancreas are two characteristics of the autosomal recessive condition called

Cystic-fibrosis

Saw palmetto and finasteride, drugs used to treat BPH, inhibit an enzyme that normally

Enhances Testosterone

The path of sperm until it exits the body

Epididymis > Vas Deferens > Ejaculatory Duct> Urethra

Which hormone does BPA mimic?

Estradiol

During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, the hormone that causes the endometrium to thicken and become more vascular is

Estrogen

Select all of these that are normal components of most types of oral contraceptives (birth control pills).

Estrogen Progesterone

In a family tree that begins with you and your spouse, your children would be considered the _____ generation.

F1

Pituitary dwarfism results from inadequate levels of GH during adulthood. True or False?

False

True or False: There is a 'left' and 'right' brain in people.

False

True or false: An HIV-infected woman who becomes pregnant must immediately cease taking any antiretroviral drugs.

False

True or false: Epigenetic changes are the result of mutations

False

True or false: Hormones typically stimulate changes in the organs that produce them.

False

True or false: Human sperm must develop in a warmer temperature than body temperature.

False

True or false: Newborns delivered by Cesarean section routinely receive eyedrops to protect against eye infection by N. gonorrhoeae.

False

Risk Factors for Type II Diabetes

Family history, Food choices, and Activity Levels

A male gets his Y Chromosome from his

Father

When antibodies react with thyroid cells and cause the overproduction of thyroid hormones, _______ disease results; this condition can make a person nervous, hyperactive, and irritable.

Graves

A condition in which the blood sugar is low, the skin is pale, and breathing is shallow is called

Hypoglycemia

Under-production of thyroid hormones is called

Hypothyroidism

Conception occurs in laboratory glassware during a procedure called

In Vitro Fertilization

A heterozygote displaying an intermediate phenotype between that of the two homozygotes is an example of

Incomplete dominance

Glucocorticoid

Increase Blood Glucose Levels

What is the typical task of cAMP as it functions in a peptide hormone response involving muscle cells?

Initiates a series of reactions within the muscle cells

A physician places sperm into the vagina during a procedure called artificial

Insemination

In type I diabetes, the pancreas fails to produce the hormone

Insulin

A sperm and oocyte join together during the process of

Fertilization

Why does the fetus need circulatory features that are not found in the adult circulatory system?

Fetus cannot use lungs for gas exchange

The vesicular or Graafian ____ is a structure in the ovary that contains the oocyte and that becomes the corpus luteum after ovulation.

Follicle

Within the cortex of each ovary, there are _____ that each contain an immature oocyte.

Follicles

The first half of the ovarian cycle, during which the follicle matures and much estrogen is produced, is the

Follicular Stage

The six large membranous areas between adjacent bones in a fetal skull are also called

Fontanelles

In general, What Happens to the Brain of an Alzheimers Patient?

It gets smaller.

Select all statements that apply to artificial insemination by donor (AID).

It involves placement of sperm directly into the woman's vagina. Prior to being placed in the vagina, sperm can be sorted into those that are believed to be X chromosome-bearing or Y chromosome-bearing. It is useful when the male partner has a low sperm count.

Select all statements that apply to the contraceptive device known as a diaphragm.

It is a soft latex cup with a flexible rim. It should be inserted no more than two hours before sex.

Cortisol

It promotes the metabolism of fatty acids. It promotes the breakdown of muscle protein to amino acids.

During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, the hormone that causes the endometrium to become 2-3 times thicker and produce a thick mucous secretion is

Progesterone

The corpus luteum develops from a vesicular follicle after ovulation, and it produces the hormone _____ and some estrogen

Progesterone

The anterior pituitary secretes _____, which stimulates the production of breast milk.

Prolactin

An older man who has a weak urine flow and who needs to urinate frequently at night is most likely suffering from an enlarged

Prostate

The _____ gland is located beneath the urinary bladder in a male, and the ejaculatory ducts pass through it.

Prostate

BPH refers to the enlargement of the

Prostate Gland

In males, the unpaired, donut-shaped gland surrounds the upper portion of the

Prostate; Urethra

During HIV replication, the viral enzyme that cuts long polypeptides into smaller proteins is

Protease

What is the function of the FMR1 gene

Provides instructions for making the FMRP protein which helps regulate the development of other proteins and plays an important role in development of synapses.

Tay-Sachs disease, sickle-cell anemia, and PKU are inherited as autosomal _____ disorders.

Recessive

Mineralocorticoids

Regulate water and salt balance

Identify the problems associated with exposure to BPA.

Reproductive function and Blood Pressure Increase

Which of these are typical effects of aging on the immune system?

Response to vaccination is diminished. Antibody responses decline.

Tangles (Alzheimer's Disease)

Tau protein fibers build up inside cells.

The lack of an enzyme called Hex A and the progressive deterioration of psychomotor functions are two characteristics of ____-____ disease.

Tay-Sachs

Hypothyroidism

Simple goiter Hashimoto thyroiditis myxedema

Visible features of Parkinson's Disease

Slowness of movement, Tremors at Rest, Muscle Rigidity.

During early animal development, the blastocoel forms when water follows what ion, which is pumped into extracellular spaces?

Sodium

Neuroglia

Support and Nourish Neurons and maintain homeostasis and form Myelin.

A woman who is contracted and paid to have another woman's baby is called a(n) mother.

Surrogate

If an individual showing a dominant phenotype, but an unknown genotype, is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual for that trait, this would be considered a

Testcross

In Rut, Elk Bulls have a 1000 fold hormone increase in what?

Testosterone

Androgens

Testosterone is an example of a male sex hormone. Male sex hormones are commonly calle

On a cold day, an iguana's skin is much darker than on a warm sunny day. Changes in skin color are stimulated by which hormone?

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

How does the brain of the Prairie vole differ from the brain of its cousins?

Monogamous rodent brains has more receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin.

An experiment during which two heterozygous individuals are bred and produce two different phenotypes for a single trait is termed a

Monohybrid Cross

An individual of genotype Qq is bred with an individual of genotype Qq is an example of a(n)

Monohybrid Cross

What is polyspermy?

More than 1 sperm fertilizing an egg cell.

After the zygote undergoes cleavage, a solid ball of cells called the Blank______ is formed.

Morula

The solid ball of cells that develops as a result of cleavage is called a(n)

Morula

Select all of these structures that are formed during the cellular stages of development.

Morula; Blastula

Which of these statements are correct regarding STDs caused by bacteria?

Most can be cured by antibiotic therapy. Many are becoming resistant to antibiotics.

A male gets his X chromosome from his

Mother

Effector

Muscles and glands that cause an effect in response to directions from the nervous system.

Resting potential

The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane

Select all correct statements about male or female condoms.

The effectiveness of condoms is improved by using a spermicide. Both male and female condoms provide some protection against STDs.

Once the neural tube has formed in an animal, the developing embryo is now called the

Neurula

Can a father pass an x-linked recessive condition to his son.

No

Is Cushing's Disease heritable?

No

Endocrine Glands

No Ducts Produce hormones secreted into interstitial fluid then diffuses into the bloodstream. Ex: Insulin and Glucogon.

Which gene determines eye color in humans?

OCA2

An ovarian follicle matures from a primary follicle into a vesicular follicle during the

Ovarian Cycle

correct statements about the ovarian follicles

Ovarian follicles are located in the ovarian cortex. All ovarian follicles a woman will have are present when she is born. Typically only one ovarian follicle matures each month.

Females have a pair of gonads called the

Ovaries

The _____ are responsible for producing the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

Ovaries

Chlamydia infection can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which is characterized by inflammation of the

Oviducts

Which of the following hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

Oxytocin ADH

Newborns are routinely tested at hospitals for this autosomal recessive condition that can be treated with a special diet until the brain is fully developed. It is called

PKU

Breast soreness, joint pain, headache, and irritability are common symptoms of

PMS

The long organ that lies in the abdomen between the kidneys and near the duodenum of the small intestine is called the

Pancreas

When blood glucose levels rise, the _____ secretes the hormone _____ to lower the glucose level; when blood glucose levels are low, the same organ produces _____ to raise glucose levels.

Pancreas; Insulin; Glucogon

correct statements about IUDs.

They are usually made of copper or plastic. They prevent implantation. One type releases progesterone.

Select all correct explanations for how medications like Viagra and Cialis treat ED.

They inhibit an enzyme found mainly in the penis. They prolong the activity of chemicals responsible for an erection.

Maturation of lymphocytes called T cells occurs in the

Thymus Gland

A simple goiter is caused by over-stimulation of the _____ gland by TSH

Thyroid

T3 and T4 are hormones secreted by the ______ gland that increases ______ rate

Thyroid; Metabolic

What is the purpose of PGD?

To test embryos (prior to implantation) for genetic diseases/disorders.

Which type of diabetes is most commonly associated with an inability to properly use the insulin the body produces?

Type II Diabetes

Select all correct statements about the ovarian follicles.

Typically only one ovarian follicle matures each month. Ovarian follicles are located in the ovarian cortex. All ovarian follicles a woman will have are present when she is born.

What tubular structure connects the developing embryo to the placenta and houses blood vessels containing fetal blood?

Umbilical Chord

In animals such as frogs, chickens, and humans, the notochord is eventually replaced by the

Vertebral Column

Oviduct

Where does fertilization occur?

Steroid

Which type of hormone is composed of a 4-carbon ring along with side chains?

During resting potential an impulse is not being conducted. True or False?

True

True or false: Changes can affect gene expression

True

True or false: The placenta will be used to support both the embryo and fetus.

True

When two pea plants with round, yellow seeds breed, they produce many offspring all with round, yellow seeds. These pea plants are considered

True-breeding

What does the abnormally expanded CGG segment do to the FMR1 gene?

Turns off the FMR1 Gene

All-or-none response

a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.

Which two ideas suggest why aging occurs?

a process affected by a multitude of factors preprogrammed genetic events

Peptide hormones affect target cells by

binding to receptors found on the cell surface.

Seminal vesicles lie at the base of the urinary

bladder

Central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

Even if a person tests negative on an HIV test, they can still be infected and transmit the virus, because the standard HIV screening test detects

anti-HIV antibodies

The primitive gut is also known as the

archenteron

Long-term nonprogressors are people who

are infected with HIV but remain healthy for long periods.

Growth Factors

are produced by different types of organs and cells and stimulate mitosis and cell division.

Which of these can be caused by human papillomaviruses?

cervical cancer anal cancer genital warts

Ovarian follicles are found

cortex of ovaries

Which of these are typical effects of aging on the respiratory system?

decreased lung elasticity reduced ventilation decreased vital capacity

Characteristics of cystic fibrosis

defective chloride channels in plasma membranes autosomal recessive disorder abnormally thick mucus in lungs and pancreas most common lethal genetic disorder among Caucasians in the United States

Coat color in Himalayan rabbits is influenced by the temperature at which the animal is reared. This is an example of a trait that is

determined by genotype and environment

Which of these are potential causes of erectile dysfunction?

diabetes mellitus depression atherosclerosis smoking

Identify the processes that are part of cellular differentiation?

differential gene expression specialized cells produce only certain proteins

The term ___ allele means that this allele will mask the recessive allele when they are together in the same organism.

dominant

The term HAART refers to

drug combinations used to treat HIV infections.

Mendel's first law of inheritance, the law of segregation, states that

during gamete formation an individuals factors for a trait will separate.

inflammation of the liver

hepatitis

Select all of these that are treatments for genital warts.

laser burning surgery acid application freezing

Which of the following are examples of gonadotropic hormones?

luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone

Autosomes are any chromosomes other than ____ chromosomes.

sex

Haploid gametes are produced by organisms that carry out ____ reproduction.

sexual

Seminiferous tubules are the structures where are produced.

sperm

The function of HIV reverse transcriptase is to

synthesize viral dsDNA from viral RNA.

Rates of infection with N. gonorrhoeae are especially high in which groups of people?

those aged 15 to 29 African Americans

Characteristics of phenylketonuria (PKU).

treatment is a special diet until the brain is fully developed a metabolic disorder that affects nervous system development lack enzyme for normal metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine

The specific structure that secretes human chorionic gonadotropin is the

trophoblast

select all that allow ovulation, but prevent fertilization and/or implantation.

tubal ligation male or female condom intrauterine device (IUD) diaphragm

Select all of these that can be caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

urethral discharge pelvic inflammatory disease heart damage urethritis

Most research on developing a male birth control pill is focused on

using a progesterone-like hormone to inhibit sperm production.

herpes simplex virus type 2

usually causes genital herpes

After fertilization and early development, the embryo travels down the ____ and implants in the _______ of the uterus

uterine tube; endometrium

Multiple Choice Question After fertilization and early development, the embryo travels down the ____ and implants in the _____ of the Uterus.

uterine tube; endometrium

select all that prevent ovulation

vaginal contraceptive ring oral contraceptive pill

On its way from the testes to the urethra, sperm actually travels through which of these structures?

vas deferens ejaculatory duct

Sperm travel from the epididymites to the ejaculatory duct via the

vas duct

Monogamy

one spouse (Even in the Animal Kingdom) / Mating for life

likely mechanisms by which intrauterine devices (IUDs) prevent pregnancy.

preventing fertilization. preventing implantation.

The Preven Emergency Contraceptive Kit prevents pregnancy by

preventing the embryo from implanting in the uterus.

Extremely high levels of which hormone can lead to dysmenorrhea?

prostaglandins

Glands that add secretions to sperm

prostate gland seminal vesicles bulbourethral glands

Effective treatments for testicular cancer may include

radiation. chemotherapy. removal of the affected testis.

The effects of parathyroid hormone.

reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys stimulation of osteoclasts absorption of calcium in the intestine

heritance of two ___ alleles is required before an autosomal recessive disorder will appear.

recessive

Sertoli cells are supporting cells found in the ______. It's also where the process of spermatogenesis occurs .

seminiferous tubules

Symptoms of myxedema.

Weight Gain, Hair Loss, Slow Heart Rate

Endocrine System

What organ system is mainly responsible for the secretion of hormones?

The nervous and endocrine systems are involved with homeostasis. Select the correct statements about these systems from the list below.

(These are all correct) The nervous system responds rapidly by nerve impulses. Hormones of the endocrine system travel by blood to target tissues. The endocrine system produces a more prolonged response. The endocrine system has a slower response time than the nervous system.

Select all of the events that occur during the third week of human development.

-Appearance of heart/nervous system

What is the probability of two parents with the genotypes Pp and pp, producing an offspring with the genotype of PP?

0

Karyotype

An ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell

As of 2019, about how many people in the United States were infected with HIV?

1.1 Million

Select all of the answers that are expected to result from a cross between two individuals with the following genotypes: Ff x Ff.

1/2 Ff individuals 1/4 ff individuals 1/4 FF individuals

Compared to the thymus of a newborn, the thymus of a 60-year old is

1/20 times as large

What is the chance that parents who are both heterozygous for widow's peak (Ww) have three children who all have straight hairlines (ww)?

1/64

Approximately what percentage of women aged 25 to 35 have some degree of endometriosis?

10-33%

The placenta is fully developed by the Blank______ week of development.

10th

Humans have pairs of cranial nerves and pairs of spinal nerves

12 | 31

What is the expected genotypic ratio of a Mendelian monohybrid cross involving individuals with the following genotypes: Tt x Tt?

1:2:1

What is the expected genotypic ratio of a Mendelian dihybrid cross when both parents are heterozygous for both of their traits?

1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1

How many types of herpes simplex virus commonly infect humans?

2

Approximately what percentage of people infected with genital herpes virus never experience symptoms, but can still transmit the infection?

20%

How many genes are found on the y chromosome?

200

How many genes are found on the X-chromosome?

2000

Fragile X syndrome is

230 repeats

In the United States, about what percentage of women have had a genital herpes infection?

25%

In humans, due date is calculated by adding how many days to the start of the last menstrual period?

280 Days

Body cells typically have ______ allele(s) for each trait, whereas gamete cells have ______.

2;1

During normal menstruation, approximately how much blood is lost?

30-40 Ml

The number of follicles that mature during a human female's reproductive years is approximately

300-500; 400

What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a Mendelian monohybrid cross involving individuals who have the following genotypes: Ww x Ww?

3:1

How many different combinations of alleles are possible in the gametes formed during a dihybrid cross?

4

Most men have some enlargement of the prostate gland beginning at around age

40

About what percentage of men aged 40-75 have experienced erectile dysfunction?

50%

Medications like Viagra and Cialis are effective in helping about what percentage of men with ED?

65%

What causes increased levels of Cortisol in Cushing's?

A (Benign) Tumor called an Adenoma forming in the pituitary gland.

what is Morula?

A ball of unspecialized cells?

Action Potential

A rapid change in polarity across an axonal membrane as a nerve impulse occurs.

Posterior Pituitary Gland

ADH and oxytocin are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the

The ___ encloses the developing embryo in a fluid-filled sac.

Amnion

Extraembryonic membranes are found in

Amniotes (Reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Plaques (Alzheimer's Disease)

Amyloid Proteins build up in the space between nerve cells.

Threshold

An action potential occurs if a stimulus causes the axonal membrane to depolarize to a certain level called

Simple Goiter

An enlargement of the thyroid gland because of iodine lacking the diet and constant stimulation by TSH results in a(n)

Barr Body

An inactivated x chromosome

Prolactin is a hormone produced by the _______ pituitary gland. Prolactin stimulates the _______ glands to produce milk and also suppresses ______ in the ovaries of a nursing mother.

Anterior; Mammary; Ovulation

In cross-pollination experiments, what floral structure must be removed to prevent self-pollination?

Anther

The ABO alleles inherited by humans determines the presence or absence of ____ on their red blood cells.

Antigens

Both Maryan syndrome and Huntington disease are expressed if an individual inherits only one allele. These are examples of

Autosomal Dominant Disorders

Any chromosome other than sex chromosomes are called

Autosome

One of the main indications that an HIV infection is progressing to AIDS is a loss of what type of cells?

CD4+ T cells

Neurons

Cells that transmit nerve impulses.

The morula and blastula are Blank______ stages of development.

Cellular

About ten types of HPV are responsible for the cancer of the

Cervix

Pheremones

Chemical signals that act between individuals of the same species are called

The most commonly reported STD in the United States is

Chlamydia

During the second week of human development, the trophoblast becomes the

Chorion

Which type of extraembryonic membrane forms the human placenta?

Chorion

The combination of external fimbriae and _____ inside the oviducts propel the egg towards the uterus.

Cilia

Cell division that results in a decrease in the size of the cell is known as

Cleavage

The organ of sexual arousal in females is the glans

Clitoris

In the lancelet, the space between the two layers of mesoderm that grow out of the archenteron becomes the

Coelom

Following ovulation, a vesicular follicle develops into a(n) And produces progesterone.

Corpus Loteum

The adrenal hormones called mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids are secreted by the adrenal

Cortex

What prevents polyspermy?

Cortical granules and depolarization of egg cell membrane.

In animals, ______ occurs at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels.

Development

Individuals with a decreased ability to regulate their blood glucose metabolism suffer from a disorder called

Diabetes Milletus

An individual of genotype QqBb breeds with an individual of genotype QqBb. This is an example of a(n) ____ cross.

Dihybrid

Homozygous- both alleles are identical ; Heterozygous the two alleles are different.

Distinguish homozygous and heterozyougs

Inheritance of only one dominant allele is necessary for an autosomal ___ genetic disorder to appear.

Dominant

Treatments for Parkinson's

Drugs that Mimic Dopamine. As well as deep brain stimulation.

The outer layer in an early gastrula is called the

Ectoderm

The outermost layer of tissue in a developing embryo is the

Ectoderm

Mendel's law of independent assortment.

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs. All possible combinations of alleles can occur in gametes.

Cleavage can be defined as

Early Cell Division

Each vas deferens empties into a(n)

Ejaculatory Duct

What causes Cushing's disease?

Elevated Levels of Cortisol

Which developmental period immediately follows fertilization?

Embryonic Development

Interstitial Fluid

Endocrine glands secrete their hormones into

The primitive gut is bordered by the innermost tissue layer, which is called the

Endoderm; is also creates the lining of the digestive system tract.

Menstruation is the monthly shedding of the

Endometrium

Finger-like projections near the ovaries that help guide oocytes to the fallopian tubes are called

Fimbriae

Haploid sex cells (sperm and eggs) are also called

Gametes

Tissue layers form during which developmental stage?

Gastrulation

Select all of the events that occur during the second week of human development.

Gastrulation occurs. Implantation occurs. HCG appears in the urine. The inner cell mass detaches from the trophoblast.

Turner

Genetic females with a singular x chromosome (45).

Klinefilter

Genetic males have an extra copy of the X-Chromosome, sometimes even two.

What are 2 factors associated with both types of Diabetes

Genetics Environmental Triggers

A chocolate Labrador retriever has brown fur. The combination of alleles that produce the brown fur represents the dog's

Genotype

Phenotype - Physical Characteristics Genotype - The genetic makeup

Genotype and phenotype

During animal development, the three embryonic ____ layers develop into the different organs and tissues.

Germ

If too much growth hormone is produced during childhood, a condition called _____ may result

Gigantism

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the adrenal ______ to respond to short term stress.

Glands

Testies and ovaries

Gonadotropic hormones affect which of the following glands?

Hormones that are produced by the anterior pituitary gland.

Growth Prolactin Luteinizing Hormone

Target Cell

Have receptors for the hormone, and the hormone combines with the receptor as a key files a lock.

The Brain is Divided into two visible parts called

Hemispheres

Recessive genes are typically masked when an individual's genotype is___ for the gene.

Heterozygous

In a ___ pair of chromosomes, one member is inherited from the mother, while the other member is inherited from the father.

Homologous

Acosomal Enzyme

How does the sperm penetrate the corona radiate and zone pellucid?

The hormone that maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy is called human

Human chorionic gonadotropin

This autosomal dominant neurological disorder leads to progressive degeneration of brain cells and does not appear until the individual is in their middle ages, usually after they have had children. It is called ____ disease.

Huntingtons

A single sperm is injected into an oocyte during a procedure called _____ sperm injection.

Intracytoplasmic

Which of the following are true with regard to the thymus gland?

It is most active during childhood. It plays a role in T cell maturation.

Select all correct statements regarding the occurrence of ovarian cancer.

It typically occurs in women over age 40. It has a worse prognosis than testicular cancer.

The adrenal glands are located on top of the

Kidneys

In the female, the external structures that extend backwards from the mons pubis are the

Labia Majora

Interneurons

Lie entirely within the CNS

The hormone produced by fat cells that plays a role in appetite control is

Leptin

The locus of an allele refers to its

Location on a chromosome

Alleles of a gene are typically located at the same on homologous chromosomes.

Locus

Glucagon's

Low blood glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to secrete

The second half of the ovarian cycle in human females, in which the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen, is called the

Luteal Phase

The vulva include two larger folds of skin called labia , and two smaller, inner folds called labia

Majora ; Minora

This autosomal dominant condition can cause the aorta to have a weakness in it that may cause it to burst without warning, and the individual has long limbs and fingers. It is called ____ syndrome.

Marfan

A primary oocyte develops into a secondary oocyte by what process?

Meiosis I

The embryonic dorsal supporting rod called the notochord is formed by cells from which germ layer?

Mesoderm

The middle layer of cells within the gastrula is called the

Mesoderm

The musculoskeletal system is derived from which germ layer?

Mesoderm

How do Hormones contribute to Homeostasis?

Metabolism, Growth, Development, and many other processes.

During the ____ cycle, hormones prepare the uterus for implantation of a developing embryo.

Meunstral cycle

What leads to destruction of Neurons in Parkinson's patients?

Misfolded proteins in Neurons are called Lewy Bodies/ improper removal of old Mitochondria from cells/Chemicals released by glial cells.

Defects in a mother's cells, specifically in the organelles called____, may warrant the use of donor eggs.

Mitochondria

Three alleles for the same gene control the inheritance of ABO blood types, by determining which antigens will be expressed on the surface of red blood cells. The resulting four blood types are A, B, AB and O. Select all of the characteristics of human blood type inheritance.

Multiple Alleles Codominant

The chance of two or more independent events occurring simultaneously is determined by _____ the chance of the events occurring independently.

Multiplying

Which of the following is the term for the clinical symptoms that occur due to an underactive thyroid in adults?

Myxedema

How do feedback mechanisms help control blood glucose levels

Negative Feedback

Oxytocin is Produced during childbirth via

Negative Feedback

Production of Hormones is controlled by

Negative Feedback | The action of other hormones.

Dopaminergic Neurons

Nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine.

Which of these body systems is derived from ectoderm?

Nervous System

Which structure develops first during the formation of the animal nervous system?

Neural Plate

In vertebrates, the spinal cord and brain develop from which of these? Select all that apply.

Neural Tube ; Ectoderm

A normal gamete (a sperm or an egg) has ___ allele(s) for each trait.

One

Menopause is not considered to be complete until menstruation has not occurred for

One Year

Infections that mainly occur in people with a weak immune system are known as

Opportunistic

People in the terminal stages of AIDS typically die from

Opportunistic Infections

The Gland Labeled is a ____ Gland

Parathyroid

The process of morphogenesis includes cell migration to form germ layers, as well as the arrangement of different tissues and organs in the body, which is also known as

Pattern Formation

When you organize your family relatedness into a chart, you are creating a

Pedigree

Protein hormones, which are also called _____ hormones, are composed primarily of amino acids.

Peptide

The Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves are part of the

Peripheral Nervous System

A chocolate Labrador retriever has brown fur. In this example, the brown fur represents the dog's

Phenotype

The ___ refers to an organism's physical appearance or microscopic characteristics.

Phenotype

The parathyroid hormone causes the blood ____ level to decrease and blood calcium level to ____

Phosphate; Increase

A primary oocyte that divides by meiosis I produces a secondary oocyte and a(n)

Polar Body

The Gland Labeled is a _____ gland

Pituitary

During pregnancy, the structure that develops from maternal and fetal tissues, and facilitates exchange of materials between maternal and fetal blood, is called the

Placenta

What Monogamous rodent is featured in the video shown in class?

Prairie Voles

All assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are techniques used to increase the chances of

Pregnancy

The common age-related inability to focus on near objects is called

Presbyopia

cAMP is activated within a cell when epinephrine binds to a receptor on the cell surface. Thus, cAMP is called the ______ messenger.

Second/Secondary

The specific type of cell that is fertilized by a sperm is a(n)

Secondary Oocyte

Exocrine glands

Secrete through Ducts Products are secreted to the outside of body/into digestive tract. Ex: Sweat glands and Salivary Glands

Two paired structures that contribute nutrients and fluid to the semen and lie at the base of the urinary bladder are called the

Seminal Vesicles

The long, coiled structures where sperm are produced are called the

Seminiferous tubules

What are telomeres?

Sequences of DNA at the end of Chromosomes. Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from deteriorating.

Which of these is one of the most efficient ways to transmit HIV?

Sharing Needles

In males, FSH promotes the production of

Sperm

What structures will mature within the epididymis?

Sperm

Select all of the following that are produced by the testes

Sperm Testosterone

The production of sperm in males is called

Spermatogenesis

Select all cell types that can be infected by HIV

T cells dendritic cells macrophages

Motor Neuron

Takes messages from the CNS to an effector.

Sensory Neuron

Takes messages to the CNS.

Sympathetic

The ____ division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with fight or flight

Pancreatic Islets

The alpha, beta, and delta cells of the pancreas are arranged in clusters called

What embryonic stage implants in the uterus lining?

The blastocyst

Hormones

The chemical signals produced by endocrine glands are called

Which of these are typical effects of aging on the heart?

The heart muscle weakens. The heart rate returns to normal more slowly after stress. Blood may leak back through heart valves.

Pineal Gland

The hormone melatonin is produced by the

Genetic probability for a couple having a girl as a second child is ______ as it was for the first child.

The same

Which of these are typical effects of aging on the integumentary system?

The skin becomes thinner. There are fewer hair follicles. There is less subcutaneous adipose tissue.

How do plaques and tangles contribute to the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?

The small clumps of plaques may block cell to cell signaling in the synapse. Tangles destroy a vital cell transport system made of proteins.

Epigenetics

The study of how DNA interacts with the multitude of smaller molecules found in cells, which can activate and deactivate genes.

Peptide and Steroid(s)

The two basic chemical classes of hormones.

Which feature makes long-term nonprogressors so interesting for HIV researchers?

Their CD4+ T-cell counts remain normal.

Select all of the following statements that apply to the bulbourethral glands.

They are about the size of a pea. They are also called Cowper glands.

sex-linked trait

Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes

Where are the ovaries located in a human female?

Upper pelvic cavity

Which of these are typical effects of aging on the excretory system?

Urinary incontinence increases. Dehydration occurs faster. Blood supply to kidneys is reduced.

Compared to aging men, aging women are more likely to experience

Urinary incontinency

herpes simplex virus type 1

Usually causes cold sores

Estrogen and progesterone affect the endometrium which undergoes cyclic changes. This is referred to as the _____ cycle

Uteran

Identify the locations that endometrial-like tissues can grow.

Uterine Tubes Ovaries

The uterine tubes serve as a connection between the ovaries and the

Uterus

What medical advancement has occurred to help with human papillomavirus?

Vaccine can prevent infection.

What is A in this?

Vas Deferens

The surgical procedure during which the vasa deferentia are cut and sealed off is called

Vasectomy

An animal embryo that contains yolk has both an animal pole and a(n)

Vegetal Pole

Hepatitis B is caused by a Blank______ and is the most likely type of hepatitis to be transmitted sexually.

Virus

What are possible environmental triggers for type 1 Diabetes

Viruses and Cold Weather ; Early Diets

What's the inheritance pattern for Fragile X?

X-linked dominant.

Which body region is the pancreas located within?

Ya belly (Abdomen)

Does active transport require energy?

Yes, ATP

FIrst site of blood cell formation

Yolk sac

The union of a sperm and an oocyte produces a

Zygote

Polygenic traits typically result in

a continuous distribution of phenotypes.

Select all of the common symptoms of an enlarged prostate gland.

a weak stream of urine a sense of not emptying the bladder an increased urge to urinate

Which of the following hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone prolactin growth hormone

One of the most important mineralocorticoid hormones is _____ which stimulates the kidney to reabsorb sodium ions.

aldosterone

Conditions caused by diabetes mellitus.

buildup of blood ketones possible coma glucose in the urine

Actions of growth factors.

cause an increase in fibroblast and smooth muscle cells cause bone marrow stem cells to form white blood cells help in wound healing

Select all of these STDS that commonly cause eye infections in newborns.

chlamydia gonorrhea genital herpes

Which of these are typical effects of aging on the nervous system?

declining dopamine levels loss of some brain function death of some neurons

Which of these are typical effects of aging on the sensory systems?

declining sense of smell more stimulation needed for taste decreased ability of the lens of the eye to accommodate

A characteristic of Tay-Sachs disease is the lack of a(n) _____ called hexosaminidase.

enzyme

Functions of Hormones

essential for responses to stress development of body parts growth of body parts influence behavior influence cell metabolism

Select all of these that are functions of the placenta.

exchange nutrients and wastes produce estrogen produce HCG produce progesterone

Select all of these that are common symptoms of ovarian cancer.

frequent urge to urinate bloated feeling abdominal pain there often are no symptoms

Select all of these that are normally found in semen.

fructose sperm prostaglandins

When herpes simplex virus infections become latent, the virus can be found in

ganglia of sensory nerves.

Select the functions of the placenta.

gas exchange with maternal blood production of estrogen and progesterone provision of nutrients to the fetus

Cells begin to invaginate into the blastocoel during the early stage

gastrula

Which of these are typical symptoms of a genital herpes infection?

genital blisters swollen lymph nodes painful urination no symptoms at all

alpha cells

glucagon

Which of the following are hormones secreted by the adrenal glands in response to long-term stress?

glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids

Over secretion of thyroid hormones

hyperthyroidism Graves disease exophthalmia

Which of the following are functions of the fetal fontanels?

increase skull flexibility during childbirth facilitate rapid brain growth in an infant

Each genetic outcome of a genetic cross between the same parents is Blank______ all previous outcomes.

independent of

Which of these are correct explanations for how oral contraceptive pills prevent pregnancy?

inhibiting ovulation inhibiting production of FSH and LH mimicking the hormonal condition of pregnancy

Most medication used to treat herpes viral infections works by

inhibiting viral DNA replication.

beta cells

insulin

A gene called FOX03A has been linked to longevity in centenarians; this gene regulates ____ pathways of the body and protects against ____

insulin; free radicals

Describe the geneticist Gregor Mendel.

integrated mathematics in his studies used an experimental approach to his research careful, deliberate, note-taker

Which of these skills are normally acquired by the time a human child is five years old?

maturation of vision, hearing, smell begin using language manipulate objects walking

Select all of the following that are potential treatments for BPH.

medications to shrink the prostate saw palmetto inhibitors of 5-alpha reductase

Select all of these processes that are involved in spermatogenesis.

mitosis meiosis I meiosis II

Because testicular cancer is highly curable when discovered early, one of the more important preventative measures is

monthly testicular self-examination.

Which of these are typical effects of aging on the digestive system?

more tooth decay increased chance of periodontal disease reduced blood flow to the liver

mesoderm forms

muscle, bone, connective tissue, circulatory system, kidneys, gonads

Select all of the events that occur during the fourth and fifth weeks of human development.

presence of a tail appearance of the limb buds

Metabolic rate, height, and skin color are examples of traits inherited via ___ inheritance.

polygenic

Symptoms of diabetes insipidus.

production of large amounts of urine dehydration extreme thirst

Female Sex Hormones

progesterone estrogen

The main reason why combinations of antiretroviral drugs (HAART) are now used to treat HIV-infected people is to

reduce the development of HIV drug resistance.

functions of sertoli cells

regulate spermatogenic cells nourish sperm during spermatogenesis

Select the functions of the hypothalamus.

regulate water balance modulate blood pressure modulate heart rate regulate body temperature

delta cells

somatostatin

Which of these symptoms or disorders can be caused by chlamydia?

stillbirths pelvic inflammatory disease inflammation of the epididymides urethritis

Another term for Sertoli cells is

sustentacular cells

The male gonads are the ____ , which produce both hormones and_____

testes; sperm

blastocoel

the fluid-filled cavity of a blastula

Select all of the events that occur during the fifth through seventh months of human development.

the mother begins to feel fetal movement if born now, the fetus will likely survive the fetus is about 12 inches long

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) is typically used

to improve the success rate of in vitro fertilization.

On a pedigree, an unfilled circle represents an

unaffected female