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Which of the following curves is classified as being compensatory? A. Thoracic B. Cervical C. Sacral D. None of the above

B. Cervical

What type of CR angle is required for posterior oblique (LPO/RPO) positions of the cervical spine? A. 15 cephalad B. 15 caudad C. 5 to 10 cephalad D. None. CR is perpendicular to IR.

A. 15 cephalad

Which position and/or projection of the cervical spine will best demonstrate the zygapophyseal joint spaces between C1 and C2? A. AP axial B. Lateral C. 45 obliques D. AP open mouth

D. AP open mouth

How much CR angulation is required for the AP axial projection for the cervical spine? A. CR is perpendicular to the image receptor B. 5 to 10 cephalad C. 15 to 20 cephalad D. 15 to 20 caudad

C. 15 to 20 cephalad

Which of the following pathologic conditions will require a decrease in manual technical factors? A. Advanced osteoporosis B. Severe scoliosis C. Moderate lordosis D. Scheuermann disease

A. Advanced osteoporosis

Along with the upper incisors, what other bony landmark must be aligned for the AP open-mouth projection? A. Base of skull B. Tip of mandible C. Inferior margin of lower incisors D. Thyroid cartilage

A. Base of skull

Where is the articular pillar located on a cervical vertebra? A. Between the superior and inferior articular processes B. Between the pedicle and the body C. Between the spinous process and the lamina D. Are not present on cervical vertebrae

A. Between the superior and inferior articular processes

A patient enters the ER because of a motor vehicle accident. The patient is on a back board and wearing a cervical collar. The technologist is concerned about the artifacts that the collar will project on the spine during the horizontal beam lateral projection. What should the technologist do in this situation? A. Leave the collar on during the exposure. B. Remove the cervical collar but be careful not to move the patient's head. C. Ask the patient to remove the collar herself (for liability reasons). D. Ask the ER physician to remove the collar and to hold the patient's head while the technologist is initiating the exposure.

A. Leave the collar on during the exposure.

Which aspect of the intervertebral disk is composed of semigelatinous material? A. Nucleus pulposus B. Annulus fibrosis C. Conus medullaris D. Cauda equina

A. Nucleus pulposus

Which of the following statements is true for a typical adult vertebra? A. The transverse processes extend laterally from the junction of the pedicles and laminae. B. The transverse processes are present only on thoracic vertebrae containing rib connections. C. The spinous process extends posteriorly from the body of the vertebra. D. All of the above

A. The transverse processes extend laterally from the junction of the pedicles and laminae.

The breast dose for a posterior oblique thoracic spine is more than four times the dose of an anterior oblique. A. True B. False

A. True

T2-3 intervertebral disk space is found at the level of the: A. jugular notch. B. sternal angle. C. xiphoid process. D. 2 inches (5 cm) below the jugular notch.

A. jugular notch.

The bony structures connected directly to the vertebral body are the: A. pedicles. B. articular processes. C. laminae. D. transverse processes.

A. pedicles.

The joints between articular processes of vertebra are termed: A. zygapophyseal joints. B. fibrous joints. C. intervertebral joints. D. synarthrodial joints.

A. zygapophyseal joints.

What type of CR angle must be used when performing the AP axial C spine projection erect? A. 15 cephalad B. 20 cephalad C. 15 caudad D. 25 cephalad

B. 20 cephalad

Which of the following projections will project the dens within the shadow of the foramen magnum? A. AP open mouth B. AP projection (Fuchs method) C. Twining method D. None of the above

B. AP projection (Fuchs method)

Which of the following statements is true? A. All adult vertebrae are separated by intervertebral disks. B. All thoracic vertebrae have at least one facet for rib articulation. C. The intervertebral disks are tightly bound to the vertebral bodies to prevent movement within the vertebral column. D. All of the above

B. All thoracic vertebrae have at least one facet for rib articulation.

A radiograph of an AP open-mouth projection reveals that the base of the skull is superimposed over the dens. What positioning error led to this radiographic outcome? A. Excessive flexion of the skull B. Excessive extension of the skull C. Excessive CR angulation D. Rotation of the skull

B. Excessive extension of the skull

An RPO position of the cervical spine requires a 45 oblique of the body with a 15 caudad CR angle. A. True B. False

B. False

The anterior oblique thoracic spine demonstrates the upside zygapophyseal joints. A. True B. False

B. False

Which one of the following projections will best demonstrate a compression fracture of the thoracic spine? A. AP projection B. Lateral projection C. Posterior oblique positions D. Anterior oblique positions

B. Lateral projection

Why are the anterior oblique projections (RAO/LAO) preferred over the posterior oblique projections of the cervical spine? A. More comfortable for the patient B. Less thyroid and breast dose C. Prevent overlap of the mandible over the spine D. Place the zygapophyseal joints closer to the image receptor

B. Less thyroid and breast dose

Which of the following positions will best demonstrate the left zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine? A. LPO B. RPO C. RAO D. Lateral

B. RPO

The zygapophyseal joints for the thoracic spine lie at an angle of ____ in relation to the midsagittal plane. A. 45 B. 60 C. 70 to 75 D. 90

C. 70 to 75

A digital (CR) radiograph taken of a lateral thoracic spine projection demonstrates poor visibility of the spine. The image was taken on a full 14 17-inch (35 43 cm) IR. The following factors were used during the exposure: 80 kV, 80 mAs, 40-inch (102 cm) SID, and collimation to the size of the IR. Which one of the following modifications will result in a more diagnostic image? A. Decrease kV B. Decrease mAs C. Collimate to spine D. Increase SID

C. Collimate to spine

A radiograph of an RAO of the cervical spine reveals that the lower intervertebral foramina are not open. The upper vertebral foramina are well visualized. Which positioning error most likely lead to this radiographic outcome? A. Excessive CR angulation B. Insufficient CR angulation C. Insufficient rotation of the upper body D. Incorrect CR placement

C. Insufficient rotation of the upper body

Which factor is most important to open up the intervertebral joint spaces for a lateral thoracic spine projection? A. Use sufficiently high kV B. Collimate the spine region to reduce scatter C. Keep vertebral column parallel to tabletop D. Angle the CR 5 to 10 caudad

C. Keep vertebral column parallel to tabletop

The spinal cord tapers off to a point distally at the level of: A. lower L5. B. L2-3 intervertebral space. C. L1-L2. D. L4-5 intervertebral space.

C. L1-L2.

Which of the following positions will best demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine? A. AP axial B. Posterior obliques C. Lateral D. Anterior obliques

C. Lateral

A patient comes to radiology for a follow-up study for a clay shoveler's fracture. Which of the following projections will best demonstrate this fracture? A. AP cervical spine B. Lateral thoracic spine C. Lateral cervical spine D. AP axial-vertebral arch projection

C. Lateral cervical spine

Which imaging modality will best demonstrate HNP in the cervical spine? A. CT B. Hyperflexion and hyperextension lateral projections C. MRI D. Nuclear medicine

C. MRI

Kyphosis is defined as a(n): A. normal or abnormal lumbar swayback curvature. B. normal or abnormal convex sacral curvature. C. normal compensatory curve of thoracic spine. D. abnormal thoracic curvature with increased convexity.

D. abnormal thoracic curvature with increased convexity.

The most prominent aspect of the thyroid cartilage corresponds to the vertebral level of: A. C5. B. C1-2. C. C6-7. D. C7-T1.

A. C5.

A radiograph of a lateral projection of the cervical spine reveals that the ramus of the mandible is superimposed over the spine. What could the technologist have done to prevent this? A. Increase the extension of the skull. B. Increase the flexion of the skull. C. Angle the CR 3 to 5 caudad. D. Have the patient hold 5 to 10 lb in each hand.

A. Increase the extension of the skull.

Which of the following factors does not apply to a lateral projection of the cervical spine? A. Use a 72-inch (183 cm) SID. B. Suspend respiration upon full inspiration. C. Perform horizontal-beam lateral projection if trauma is suspected. D. Center CR to thyroid cartilage.

B. Suspend respiration upon full inspiration.

The xiphoid process corresponds to the vertebral level of: A. T8. B. T10. C. T7. D. T12.

B. T10.

Which of the following thoracic vertebra(e) possess no facets for costotransverse joints? A. T9-10 B. T11-12 C. T1 D. None of the above

B. T11-12

The posterior cervical oblique projections demonstrate the intervertebral foramina and pedicles on the side closest to the image receptor. A. True B. False

B. False

A radiograph of an AP open-mouth projection of the cervical spine reveals that the zygapophyseal joints are not symmetric. No fracture or subluxation are present. Which one of the following positioning errors most likely lead to this radiographic outcome? A. Excessive CR angulation B. Insufficient CR angulation C. Rotation of the spine D. Excessive flexion of the head

C. Rotation of the spine

A fracture of the vertebral body in which the anterior margin collapses, frequently associated with osteoporosis

Compression fracture

The PA projection (Judd method) is intended to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joint between C1 and C2. A. True B. False

B. False

How many bones make up the adult vertebral column? A. 33 B. 28 C. 26 D. 31

C. 26

The gonion corresponds to the vertebral level of: A. C1. B. C4-5. C. C3. D. C7.

C. C3.

How much rotation of the body is required for an LAO projection of the thoracic spine (from the plane of the table)? A. 20 B. 45 C. 50 to 60 D. 70

D. 70

The zygapophyseal joints for the typical cervical vertebra lie at an angle of ____ in relation to the midsagittal plane. A. 45 B. 60 C. 70 to 75 D. 90

D. 90

Herniation of intervertebral disk into the spinal canal

Herniated nucleus pulposus

Abnormal convex thoracic curvature

Kyphosis

A radiograph of an AP thoracic spine projection reveals that the upper thoracic spine is overexposed. The lower vertebrae have acceptable density and contrast. Which one of the following modifications will improve the visibility of the upper thoracic spine? A. Place the upper spine under the cathode side of the tube. B. Use a compensating (wedge) filter. C. Increase the kV to decrease the contrast of the upper spine. D. Use a breathing technique.

B. Use a compensating (wedge) filter.

Along with increasing the SID, what other factor will improve detail for lateral and oblique projections of the cervical spine? A. Increasing OID B. Using a small focal spot C. Using higher kV, lower mAs D. Using a breathing technique

B. Using a small focal spot

The AP axial-vertebral arch projection may be performed to better demonstrate the: A. lateral masses of C1 and C1-2 zygapophyseal joint space. B. articular pillars of C4-7. C. open intervertebral disk spaces of C3-T1. D. dens within the foramen magnum.

B. articular pillars of C4-7.

The most posterior aspect of a typical vertebra is the: A. pedicle. B. spinous process. C. lamina. D. body.

B. spinous process.

A patient enters the ER with a cervical spine injury as a result of a fall. The initial horizontal beam lateral projection reveals no subluxation or fracture. The ER physician is concerned about a whiplash injury. Which of the following routines would be most helpful in diagnosing this type of injury? A. Patient in the swimmer's lateral position B. Oblique projections of the cervical spine C. Patient in hyperflexion and hyperextension lateral positions D. AP Ottonello method

C. Patient in hyperflexion and hyperextension lateral positions

A patient comes to the radiology department for a cervical spine routine. The study is ordered for nontraumatic reasons. The AP open-mouth projection reveals that the base of the skull and upper incisors are superimposed, but they are obscuring the upper portion of the dens. On the repeat exposure, what should the technologist do to demonstrate the entire dens? A. Increase the flexion of the skull. B. Increase the extension of the skull. C. Perform the Fuchs or Judd method. D. Perform the AP chewing projection.

C. Perform the Fuchs or Judd method.

Which of the following pathologic conditions is defined as "a condition of the spine characterized by rigidity of a vertebral joint"? A. Spondylitis B. Ankylosing spondylitis C. Spondylosis D. Scheuermann disease

C. Spondylosis

Which of the following factors will enhance the visibility of the vertebral bodies during a lateral projection of the thoracic spine? A. Use a high kV B. Increase SID C. Use a breathing technique D. Flex the spine

C. Use a breathing technique

Scoliosis is defined as an abnormal or exaggerated: A. concave curvature. B. convex curvature. C. lateral curvature. D. "swayback" lumbar curvature.

C. lateral curvature.

The thyroid dose for a posterior cervical oblique is ____ greater than that of the anterior oblique. A. two times B. one fourth C. more than 10 times D. None of the above; there is no significant difference with proper collimation.

C. more than 10 times

A patient comes to radiology for a thoracic spine routine. The patient has a history of arthritis of the spine. The radiologist requests that additional projections be taken to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints. What positions and/or projections would be ideal to demonstrate these structures? A. Pillar view projection of interest region B. Swimmer's lateral projection C. Spot AP and lateral projections of interest region D. 70 oblique projections

D. 70 oblique projections

Which of the following features makes the cervical vertebra unique as compared with other vertebrae of the spine? A. Transverse foramina and double (bifid) tips on spinous processes B. Overlapping vertebral bodies C. Presence of zygapophyseal joints D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following is not a correct criterion for the AP axial C spine projection? A. C3 to T2 or T3 vertebral bodies should be visible. B. Spinous processes are seen to be equal distances from the vertebra body lateral borders. C. Center of the collimation field is at C4. D. All of the above are correct criteria.

D. All of the above are correct criteria.

Patient comes to radiology for a follow-up study of the cervical spine. The patient had spinal fusion between C5-6 performed 6 months earlier. His physician wants to assess the cervical spine for anteroposterior mobility. Which of the following projections would provide this assessment? A. Cervicothoracic projection B. AP axial-vertebral arch projection C. Judd or Fuchs projection D. Hyperflexion and hyperextension projections

D. Hyperflexion and hyperextension projections

A radiograph of an AP axial projection of the cervical spine reveals that the intervertebral joints are not open. The following factors were used for this projection: 5 cephalad angle, 40-inch (100 cm) SID, grid, slight extension of the skull, and the CR centered to the thyroid cartilage. Which of the following modifications should be made during the repeat exposure? A. Keep the CR perpendicular to the image receptor. B. Increase the SID to 72 inches (183 cm). C. Center the CR to the gonion. D. Increase the CR angulation.

D. Increase the CR angulation.

Which of the following positions will demonstrate the left intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine? A. RAO B. LPO C. Lateral D. LAO

D. LAO

For an average-size adult, which of the following would receive the highest skin dose? A. AP "wagging jaw" cervical spine, 3-second exposure time B. AP thoracic spine C. Lateral cervical spine at 72-inch (183 cm) SID D. Lateral thoracic spine

D. Lateral thoracic spine

A lateral projection of the thoracic spine reveals that the upper aspect, which is a primary area of interest on this patient, is obscured by the patient's shoulders. Which of the following changes will best demonstrate this region of the spine? A. Use a compensating (wedge) filter and repeat the exposure with increased kV. B. Angle the CR 10 to 15 cephalad. C. Perform the projection with the patient erect and holding weights in hand during exposure. D. Perform a cervicothoracic (swimmer's) lateral position.

D. Perform a cervicothoracic (swimmer's) lateral position.

A patient enters the ER due to a MVA. He is on a back board and in a cervical collar. The initial lateral cervical spine projection demonstrates C1 to C6. The patient has broad and thick shoulders. Because the hospital is in a rural setting, no CT scanner is available. Which of the following modifications would best demonstrate the lower cervical spine? A. Repeat the exposure and increase kV. B. Repeat the exposure but ask the patient to stand up and do the lateral projection erect. C. Repeat the exposure but have a student pull down on the arms during the exposure. D. Perform the horizontal beam cervicothoracic (swimmer's) lateral position.

D. Perform the horizontal beam cervicothoracic (swimmer's) lateral position.

A radiograph of a lateral thoracic spine reveals that there is excessive density along the posterior aspect of the spine. Even with good collimation, the scatter radiation reaching the image receptor obscures the spinous processes. What can the technologist do to improve the visibility of the posterior elements of the spine? A. Use higher-speed screens and film. B. Increase the kV, lower the mAs. C. Use a higher-ratio grid. D. Place a lead mat on the tabletop just posterior to the patient.

D. Place a lead mat on the tabletop just posterior to the patient.

Which term best defines or describes the vertebral body of C1? A. The smallest of all vertebral bodies B. A column of bone supported by an intervertebral disk C. A large bony mass D. There is no vertebral body at C1.

D. There is no vertebral body at C1.

Why is the chin extended for a lateral projection of the cervical spine? A. To open up the C1-2 joint space B. To demonstrate the articular pillars C. To open up the intervertebral joint space D. To prevent superimposition of the mandible upon the spine

D. To prevent superimposition of the mandible upon the spine

Normal or abnormal concave lumbar curvature

Lordosis

Inflammation of the vertebrae

Spondylitis