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- Reemergence of subject matter after ein of abstract art - Art establishment, museums critics ect, hated pop art - For that reason, the best pop art is in europe, europeans collected it - Andy warhol, not financially successful as an artist - Past 10 years, andy warhol is responsible for over half of the money made in the auction market - Has skewed our understanding of his success - Couldnt sell his work bc the people who bought art were not interested in andy warhol - Has had the largest legacy of any artist - Warhol understood the media in a way that profoundly effected the way it has been developed - The factory- his second studio in new your - Factory is where u produce paintings as fast as possible to sell them - Pollock said i am nature, warhol said i am a machine

Andy warhol, the factory, New york city, 1965

- Direct manipulations of soil and terrain, dramatized by the ambiguous status of both culture and nature - Growing interest in ecology - Innovation on the concept of sculpture

Boettger, the ground of earthen sculpture

- Warhol thinks everyone should be a machine - Warhol grounded his art in the ubiquity of the packaged commodity - Produced his most powerful work by dramatizing the breakdown of commodity exchange - Commitment to photo silkscreen technique - Car lost its aura of pleasure and freedom and became a concrete instrument of sudden and irreparable injury

Crow, saturday disaters

- Happenings have more to do with the art world than with alternative theater music or dance - Happenings must be situated in a historical relation to both high modernism, most particularly the asifest form or postwar abstract expressionism an in relation to the pop, minimalist, nd conceptual art practices that began in the 60s

Drucker, collaboration without objects

- Also referred to as Land art or Earthworks, is largely an American movement that uses the natural landscape to create site-specific structures, art forms, and sculptures. - The movement is considered Post- Minimalist, and comes out of the beginnings of the environmental movement in the United States. - The rejection of traditional gallery and museum spaces defined Earth art practice. - By creating their works outside of these institutions, Earth artists rebuffed the commodity status these venues conferred on art, challenging traditional definitions of art as something to be bought and sold for profit. - Earth artists often utilized materials that were available at the site on which their works were constructed and placed, honoring the specificity of the site. Earth art often required wide, open spaces meaning that many works were not available to the average viewer and thus the artists questioned the very purpose of art as something to be viewed. - Artists included Robert Smithson, Walter de Maria, Robert Morris, and Christo and Jeanne-Claude.

Earth art

- Stella- there has always been a trend towards simpler painting and it was bound to happen - Shift from balanced to symmetrical paintings - Nonrelational patterning- doesnt relate parts - judd, avoid s compositional effects to avoid european tradition- symmetry fixes this - Judd what you want to express is much better that how you may go about it - The parts are always more important than the whole - Still wants it to exist as a whole - Totally uninterested with european art - Stella- abstract expessionist would be good if they could keep the paint as good as it was in the can, thats what he tried to do - Paintings based on the fact that only what can be seen is there - Really is an object - Can see the whole idea without any confusion

Glazer, questions to stella and judd

- a form of performance art that developed in the United States in the late-1950s and 1960s. - Happenings occurred anywhere and were often multi-disciplinary, with a nonlinear narrative and active participation of the audience. - There was no consistent style for Happenings, but they operated with the fundamental belief that art could be brought into the realm of everyday life. - The concept of the ephemeral was important to Happenings as the performance was a temporary experience, and, as such could not be exhibited in a museum in the traditional sense. - The only artifacts remaining from Happenings are photographs. - The purpose of Happenings was to confront and dismantle conventional views of the category of 'art.' - Artists included Robert Morris, Claes Oldenburg and Allen Kaprow.

Happenings

- Initially gave jackie the liz taylor treatment - Not a moviestar - Abandoned it bc she sees that it isnt working - Cant get the same visual and emotional impact - Not a movie star or a sex symobol, not where her value lays - Doesnt really work, doesnt have the sell that marylin had - Problem of finding a way into jackie was the kenedy assassination - Warhol the king of media - Assassination and funeral was highly televised - Burial took 12 hours, very carefully choreographed - Nobody knew who killed kennedy or why, people were scared - Pictures were all published in life magazine - Pictures he used all came out of life magazine - Most commercial and commodified images he could find to make his screens - different screens used - All immediately identifiable - Jackie at the funeral, at the buriall, on the plane

Kennedy getting shot

- Monochrome: paining of one color - Looking at plain blue canvases - Blue epoch - Funny combo of conservative catholicism and zen buddhism - In a catholic sect dating back to mideaval times, defenders of holy mother mary - Believes the color blue, color of her mantle, is a devine color - Zen- if you meditate with that blue in front of you, you will attain a higher level of consciousness - Blue epoch, epoch of enlightenment - 11 canvases, all blue monochrome - All different prices, 100$ or 10 x that - Exactly the same painting, size and color - The difference in pricing was that they were at different levels of consciousness and spirituality - More expecinve= more advanced spirituality

Klein, proposition monochrome -blue epoch, milan, 1957

- Hot gallery in paris - Rausch was before him, johns was after - Weird ass title - Gallery front with huge curtain, ikb curtain - Used yeves kine ikb stamps, invitations, now worth a fortune - Walked in to the void - There is nothing there - It was completely empty - The idea that the experience is what he wants the audience to get - Experience of entering the empty space

Klein, the void, iris clert gallery, paris, 1958

- Hadnt painted since 1968 - Warhol was shot in his studio by valarie solano, president of scum, felt he was her life - Shot him 12 times, nearly died, and didnt paint anymore - Warhol then went into film - Mao zedong, chinese communist party - 5 sizes - Completely rethinks the market for art making - Trying to apply commercial selling principles to art making

Mao installation, paris, 1974

- Emerged in New York in the early 1960s among artists who were renouncing recent art (especially painting) they thought had become stale. - The new art of Minimalism favored the cool over the "emotional:" their sculptures were frequently fabricated from industrial materials and emphasized anonymity over the expressive excesses of Abstract Expressionism. - Minimalists avoided overt symbolism and emotional content, but instead called attention to the materiality of the works. They removed suggestions of biography from their art, and metaphors of any kind. - Minimalists used prefabricated industrial materials and simple, often repeated, geometric forms together with an emphasis on the physical space (or "literal space") occupied by the artwork itself. - Artists included Robert Morris, Donald Judd, Carl Andre, Frank Stella and Richard Serra.

Minimalism

- Emerges as not just a kind of institutional critique of minimals ism, but a femeinist critique of minimalism - Minimalism had tremendous long lasting effects - Very quickly groups of artists, women, had a deep dissatisfaction w minimalism

Minimalism - post studio work

- Much disapproval over andres work - Andre succeeding in making art creatively visible by the tasteless raw and unnaceotible and non artistic for of art - Vastly different from abstract expressionism - Production of clear solid forms through processes of cutting and assembling the form - Openly declared nature of the materials - Expressive presence achieved by simple means - Provokes speculation in the viewers mind - Despite its embodiment in quite elementary forms, the ten- sion between an unchanging, reiterated volume and the sculptures' sharply varied shapes is mysterious. - exemplifies Andre's concern with greatly reducing the degree of art's traditional interference with things as they are, and with revealing aspects of the world - Clear attention to the works materials - Dependent on context

Morphet, carl andres bricks

- Objecthood is a term from art critic Michael Fried's famous essay "Art and Objecthood" of 1967. - Fried argued Minimal sculpture called attention to two things: - a) Its status as an object - b) Your status as a viewer - "Objecthood" is a condition of seeing artworks as objects, as things located in space and time. - According to Fried: "objecthood" is in opposition to "good art" which transports you outside of time and space. You are absorbed in an artistic experience. - Fried argue with Minimal sculpture, and its Objecthood, you are in a theatrical experience.

Objecthood

- A genre in which art is presented "live,"usually by the artist but sometimes with collaborators. - It is a form of conceptual art which conveys content-based meaning in a drama-related sense, rather than being a performance for entertainment purposes. - The foremost purpose of performance art has been to challenge the conventions of traditional forms of visual art such as painting and sculpture. - At times when these modes no longer seem to answer artists' needs, artists have often turned to performance in order to find new audiences and test new ideas. - Practitioners included Yves Klein, Yoko Ono and Joseph Beuys.

Performance art

- Started with a group of artists who reintroduced identifiable imagery drawn from mass media and popular culture and was a major shift in the direction of modernism. - By creating paintings or sculptures of mass culture objects and media stars, the Pop art movement aimed to blur the boundaries between "high" art and "low" culture. - Pop artists seemingly embraced the post-WWII manufacturing and media boom. - Some critics have cited the Pop art choice of imagery as an enthusiastic endorsement of the capitalist market and the goods it circulated, while others have noted an element of cultural critique in the Pop artists' elevation of the everyday to high art: tying the commodity status of the goods represented to the stats of the art object itself, emphasizing art's place as, at base, a commodity. - Artists include Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, Tom Wesselmann and Robert Indiana.

Pop art

- Responding to minimalism -refers to a range of art practices that emerged in the late 1960s. - reacted against the earlier movement's impersonality, trying to invest sculpture once again with emotionally expressive qualities. - Rejected Minimalism's cold, over-intellectual and even authoritarian mood, responding with sculptures of more expressive qualities, often evoking the body and aspects of sexuality. Some Post-Minimalists took the cue to get out of the gallery and install art in new environments. - Some took artwork into the natural environment as in the Land art, or Earth art, movement. - Artists include Eva Hesse, Robert Morris, the Earth artists (Smithson, de Maria, Christo and Jeanne-Claude), and the Feminist art movement.

Post-Minimalism

- Titled arc was dismantled - Two year evaluation period - Serra addressed GSA concerns over placement, maintenance, lighting, and so forth, until the sculpture was accepted by agency offices in both Washington and New York. - The salient points here are 1) that Serra followed established procedures and fulfilled all GSA requirements, and 2) that the GSA could not have been, in any way, surprised by the appearance of Tilted Arc.2 public argument concentrated on the alleged destructive effects of the sculpture on the social function of the p - Tilted Arc was compared to the Ber- lin Wall. - To some, Serra's sculpture, more than most, was perceived as threatenin comments elicited by Tilted Arc went beyond any implicit "hostile" content in the piece. The sculpture was seen as being downright dangerous. A - It provided a variety of con- stantly changing views that interacted directly with the street and the architecture.

Senie, serras tilted arc

- Tail of the prial began as a diagonal line - Basalt and earth were scooped up from the beach and deposited by trucks - Tension would hold the jetty together - Following the spiral steps we return to our origins

Smithson, spiral jetty

- Beset with the most grandiose ambitions and the most mystical tendencies - Made art that embodied formless and the immaterial - Work he made required little technical skill but a brilliant grasp of ideas and of the art world - With IKB klein at last felt able to lend artistic expression to his personal life, as an autonomous realm whose twin poles were infinite distance and immediate presence - Principle paintings were withous subject - A man in space, a leap into the void

Solnit, Yves klein and the blue of distance

a reaction against the emotional and gestural excesses of Abstract Expression- ism Minimalism. Post Minimalism, in contrast to Minimalism, emphasized tactile sensual surfaces, and its inception has been associated with Hesse's art. This movement reacted against the sterility of Minimalism, celebrating instead curved, gestural lines From Surrealism, Hesse appropriated an emphasis on the irrational and on the break- ing of boundaries. She borrowed methods of disjunction, dismemberment, and dis- placement, as well as the employment of obsessive tactics that relied on or prompted a subsequent compulsive response from the viewe Eroticism is an integral component of the physicality of Hesse's work, figuring into her art through her fetishistic forms and use of tactics that evoke a compulsive response Freudian psychoanalytic theory, a fetish is an object that symbolizes or acts as a sub- stitute for sexual organs, thus allowing for the displacement of sexual feelings onto an inanimate thing. Freud designated containing objects as symbols of female genitalia, including both the vagina and the womb. He described boxes, cases, cupboards, and ovens as vaginas or uteri, and rooms as fetishes relating to women box form of Accession II - with its plea- surable interior of handwoven plush ten- tacles contrasted and contained within a hard, fabricated exterior grid - relates strongly to the male fetishizing of female genitalia She admired the accomplish- ments of Abstract Expressionist artists. Two of the movement's basic tenets are relevant to Hesse's art: an interest in artistic expression of the inner self and a concern with the activity of the artistic process. Hesse was attracted to Andy Warhol's art, especially his deadpan attitude.31 She especially admired the soft, sexually provocative forms of Claes Oldenburg and Yayoi Kusama (an artist often loosely associated with Pop Art Pop provided Hesse with an outlet for the humorous expression of absurd statements. "Because it exag- gerates. If something is meaningful, maybe it's more meaningful said ten times. It's not just an esthetic choice. If something is absurd, it's much more greatly exagger- ated, absurd, if it's repeated Weaving confers a silent power, allowing women to contend with their limitations by providing an alternative mode of expression to male-dominated art Hesse's Accession II works against the norm of what is expected in art made by women. The sculpture suggests the potent expressiveness of the "female experience," 44 rather than simply reiterating any historical concept of the female as victim.

Swartz, hesse response to minimalism

- Taken from a seed package - 900 flower paintings, done over 3 months - Can look very different, only difference is color - 3 different size flower paintings - Standard clothing is 3 sizes, s, m, l - 3 sizes implies3 prices, cant afford the big one get a smaller one - When people buy them they are pulled off the wall and replaced - Different rotations changes their appearance market place idea that art is just another commodity - Did something no other artist had done, he goes to the grocery store, he knows whats on the shelves and how its markets - No other men went to the grocery stor- artists - Prices differ based on quantity, financial incentive to buy more

Warhol installation, flower show, paris, 1965

- Ben day dots, lichtenstein - Emulated comic books with themes of war and romance - Paintings locate gender at the heart of the relationship they establish between high art and mass culture - Paintings exaggerate the diff between the proper space,, voice and affet of masculinity and femininity - Not only codify gender roles in comic books but draw attenion to these roles as figured representations - Highlight the manner in which gender roles are rhetorically constructed - Typically avoided identifiable comic book superheroes - Comic books plots predictable- happy ending - Women always in domestic settings - Men proved their worth through battle - Soldiers enjoy moments of success while women are caught in the throes of anguish - Unresolved emotional thoughts of women place them in a state of suspension - Exaggerates difference between masculine action and feminine emotion, simultaneously emphasizing the representational practices through which comic books define gender - Emphasizes role of ben day dots, stylized lines, and bold colors in formulating her posture of despair

Whiting, Borrowed spots

- Painted maylin liz and elivis strictly in their role as public icons - Warhol denied the existence of a private self lurking behind the facade of the celebrity - Warhols persona challenges the artistct identity of a pervious generation of abstract expressionists who presented as tourtures, solitary and private - Immediately identifiable because mass media has successfully typcasted the appearance of these stars- each brand name is a public self - Marylin, focused on features of the blond star - Emphasized formal aspects of mass media photography - The mystique of the public persona lies on the supposition that the stars private life always remains sat least partially unrevealed - Painting avoided the senstaionalism of their private lives - Portrays their professional roles as movie stars - No correlation between colors/schaows and emotions - Public identity of male movie stars depended on their sexual desirability - Public image of men if fabricated through pose, costume and makeup alluding to masculinity - Media turned jackies life into a public spectacle - Dealing with the public jackie not the private dead spouce - Refer to rituals of mourning - Absence of any aesthetic sign of artistic personality on the surface mirror warhols public identity as an artist who consisted of only a facead - If you want to know andy warhol, just look at the surface of my films paintings and me. There i am. Theres nothing behind it - Challenged abstract exressionism - Persona and artistic taste define two forms of aethetic taste: camp and pop - Camp love and artifce of exaggeration

Whiting, warhol, the public star and private self