Campbell Biology: Chapter 28- Protists
Choose the nutritional mode that is primarily employed by the following protist: oomycetes
heterotrophic (by absorption)
Choose the nutritional mode that is primarily employed by the following protist: amoebozoans that do not possess endosymbionts
heterotrophic (by ingestion)
A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following?
holdfasts
A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following? gel-forming polysaccharides thalli bladders holdfasts
holdfasts
Which process allowed the nucleomorphs of chlorarachniophytes to be first reduced, and then (in a few species) lost altogether, without the loss of any genetic information?
horizontal gene transfer
The best evidence for not classifying the slime molds as fungi comes from slime molds
DNA sequences
If the Archaeplastidae are eventually designated a kingdom, and if the land plants are excluded from this kingdom, then what will be true of this new kingdom?
It will be paraphyletic
Ulva (Sea lettuce)
(Chlorophyll, Archaeolastida) Edible seaweed Multicellular thallus split into leaflike blades & rodlike holdfast that anchors the alga against turbulent waves
Caulerpa
(Chlorophyll, Archaeolastida) Intertidal chlorophyte Branched ailments lack cods-walls and thus, are multi-nucleate. Looks like one huge "supercell"
Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins? 1.Plasmodium 2.Trichomonas 3.Paramecium 4.Trypanosoma 5.Entamoeba
1 and 4
Part G - Interpreting the comparison matrix Which bacterial species has an rRNA gene that is most similar to that of the wheat mitochondrion?
A. tumefaciens
Similar to most amoebozoans, the forams and the radiolarians also have pseudopods, as do the white blood cells of animals. If one were to erect a taxon that included all organisms that have cells with pseudpods, what would be true of such a taxon?
It would be polyphyletic
Are the functions of pseudopodia limited to movement?
No
Which description best suits the term meiosis?
Non-indentical haploid cells
Unikonta: Opisthonkontas
Nucleariids, fungi, choanoflagellates, animals
Protista have diverse
Nutritional modes & habitats
Secondary endosymbiosis
Occurs when a living cell (host) engulfs another eukaryote cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis
Part E - Understanding the methodology Why did the researchers choose only one plant (wheat) to include in the comparison matrix?
Only one source of mitochondrial rRNA was needed to represent all mitochondria.
The Irish potato famine was caused by an organism that belongs to which group?
oomycetes
Which of these groups includes both aquatic decomposers and the parasites responsible for late potato blight?
oomycetes
Plasmodium is a
parasitic apicomplexan that causes malaria
Golden algae, brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes, and charophyceans are some examples of protists that are _____.
photosynthetic
Diplomonads and parabasalids lack
plastids
Dinoflagellates _____. Dinoflagellates _____. are all autotrophic lack mitochondria possess two flagella include species that cause malaria
possess two flagella
Branching points at the root of the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree are
presently unclear
Which of the following produce the dense glassy ooze found in certain areas of the deep-ocean floor?
radiolarians
Reinforced, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which group?
radiolarians and forams
Thread-like pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which group?
radiolarians and forams
A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga probably belongs to which group?
red algae
Which of these algal groups possess a photosynthetic pigment that allows them to live in deep water?
red algae
Which group is incorrectly paired with its description?
red algae-acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis
Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of
secondary endosymbiosis
Choose the organism from the list below that best fits the following description: have two identical, functional flagella, roughly parallel to each other and emerging from about the same site
Chlamydomonas
Rhizaria
Chlorarachniophytes, forams, radiolarians
Which of the following have a wall of hydrated silica?
Diatoms
Part G Which of these groups is characterized by glasslike walls containing silica?
Diatoms Correct Diatoms are characterized by glasslike walls containing silica.
Chromalveolata: Stramenopiles include
Diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, oomycetes
Which of the following statements supports the hypothesis of an endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria?
Each mitochondrion has its own DNA molecule.
Entamoeba Histolytica
Entamoeba Hosts in humans Pathogenic Causes amebic dysentery 3rd leading parasitic death
Which of the following is responsible for nearly 100,000 human deaths worldwide every year? Which of the following is responsible for nearly 100,000 human deaths worldwide every year? Amoeba proteus Entamoeba histolytica Dictyostelium discoideum plasmodial slime molds
Entamoeba histolytica
Kinetoplastids
Euglenozoa, Excavata 1 large mitochondrion that contains organized DNA mass (kinetoplast) Include free-living consumers of bacteria in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems, and parasites of other eukarya Includes Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosome cruzi
Euglenids
Euglenozoa, Excavata 1 or 2 flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell Store glucose polymer paramylon (energy) Autotrophic (photosynthetic) Heterotrophic (fungal/phagocytosis)
Stentora
Freshwater cilliate; unicellular protozoan
Which plant form would you find after meiosis takes place:
Gametophyte
Which term describes the multicellular haploid form of a protist that shows alternation of generations?
Gametophyte
Part C Which term describes the multicellular haploid form of a protist that shows alternation of generations?
Gametophyte Correct A gametophyte is the multicellular haploid form of a protist that shows alternation of generations.
How does the haploid form of Ulva "switch" to its diploid form?
Gametophytes produce cells that undergo mitosis to produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote.
Part F How does the haploid form of Ulva "switch" to its diploid form?
Gametophytes produce cells that undergo mitosis to produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote. Correct Gametophytes are haploid adults that produce cells that undergo mitosis and form gametes that fuse to form a diploid zygote.
Heteromorphic
Generations are structurally different
Isomorphic
Generations look similar
What color is the accessroy pigment, phycoerythrin, found in red algae?
Red
Archaeplastida
Red Algae & green algae are the closest relatives of land plants Over a billion years ago, a heterotrophic protists acquired a cyanokbactrical ensymbiont: descendants evolved into red and green algae 475 may, green algae lineage produced land plants in secondary endosymbiosis
Which group is characterized by cells with fine hairlike projections on their flagella?
Stramenopila
Part L Which group is characterized by cells with fine hairlike projections on their flagella?
Stramenopila Correct Stramenopiles are characterized by cells that bear fine hairlike projections on their flagella.
Diatoms, Golden and Brown algae, Oomycetes
Stramenopiles
Which term describes the fusion of two gametes to form a diploid zygote?
Syngamy
Part B Which term describes the fusion of two gametes to form a diploid zygote?
Syngamy Correct Syngamy is the fusion of two gametes to form a diploid zygote.
Alternation of generations
The alternation of multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid forms
Part A What advantage do organisms that reproduce sexually have over organisms that reproduce asexually?
Their offspring may be more adaptable to changes in the environment. Correct Offspring produced by sexual reproduction are genetically different from their parents and may be better able to thrive if the environment changes.
Which of the following is characteristic of ciliates?
They are often multinucleate.
Amoebozoans
Unikonta Lobe-shaped pseudopodia Includes gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and slime molds
Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae _____. Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae _____. have alternation of generations have cell walls containing cellulose are unicellular have plastids
are unicellular
Green algae often differ from land plants in that some green algae
are unicellular
The following are all characteristic of the water molds (Oomycota) except
a feeding plasmodium
The following are all characteristic of the water molds (oomycetes) except
a feeding plasmodium.
Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of
secondary endosymbiosis.
Chlorophytes can reproduce
sexually through meiosis or asexually through mitosis
Kinetoplastids in the genus Trypanosoma infect humans and cause
sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease
The goal in classifying organisms should be to create categories that reflect the evolutionary histories of organisms. What system would be best to use?
a system that uses as many kingdoms as necessary to be accurate
Many types of foraminiferans form a symbiotic relationship with _____.
algae
Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because
all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids.
Which of these are actual mutualistic partnerships that involve a protist and a host organism?
all except C
Which of the following are actual mutualistic partnerships that involve a protist and a host organism?
all except that involving humans
You are designing an artificial drug-delivery ʺcellʺ that can penetrate animal cells. Which of these protist structures should provide the most likely avenue for research along these lines?
apical complex
Plasmodium, the parasitic organism that causes malaria, is a _____.
apicomplexan
Part H Plasmodium, the parasitic organism that causes malaria, is a _____.
apicomplexan Correct Plasmodium, is an apicomplexan.
Which of the following correctly pairs a protist with one of its characteristics?
apicomplexans : parasitic
Human Use of Seaweeds
Mostly red algae of Poryphora genus Harvest for food Agar & Carrageenan are extracted from red algae Dried and used in sushi Antibodies used in biotechnology
Ceratium tripos
Unicellular marine dinoflagella
The largest seaweeds are _____.
brown algae
The largest seaweeds belong to which group?
brown algae
Which three groups contain large algae known as seaweeds?
brown algae, red algae, and green algae
Part E Which three groups contain large algae known as seaweeds?
brown algae, red algae, and green algae Correct All three of these are seaweeds.
Which of the following is a producer? ciliates kinetoplastid diatom apicomplexan
diatom
Protists can reproduce:
Both asexually and sexually
Which of these was not derived from an ancestral alpha proteobacterium?
chloroplast
A paramecium is a(n) _____.
ciliate
All of the organisms classified as _____ move and feed using cilia.
ciliates
You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions of the cytoplasm, each featuring the 9+2 filament pattern. It has well-developed organelles and three nuclei, one large and two small. This organism is most likely to be a member of which group?
ciliates
You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions of the cytoplasm, each featuring the 9 + 2 filament pattern. It has well-developed organelles and three nuclei, one large and two small. This organism is most likely to be a member of which group?
ciliates
Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched? Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched? ciliates - red tide organisms entamoebas - ingestive heterotrophs euglenozoans - unicellular flagellates apicomplexans - internal parasites
ciliates - red tide organisms
Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched?
ciliates : red tide organisms
Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched?
ciliates-red tide organisms
Judging from Table 28.1 and given that waterʹs density and, consequently, its buoyancy decrease at warmer temperatures, in which environment should diatoms (and other suspended particles) sink most slowly?
cold seawater
Some species of slime molds form
colonies.
Which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer?
diatom
A snail-like, coiled, porous shell of calcium carbonate is characteristic of which group?
foraminiferans
A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is characteristic of which group?
foraminiferans
According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?
from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes
According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?
from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria
The chloroplasts of all of the following are derived from ancestral red algae, except those of
green algae
Which taxon of eukaryotic organisms is thought to be directly ancestral to the plant kingdom?
green algae
Which taxonomic group containing eukaryotic organisms is thought to be directly ancestral to the plant kingdom?
green algae
The chloroplasts of all of the following are thought to be derived from ancestral red algae, except those of
green algae.
Waterʹs density and, consequently, its buoyancy decrease at warmer temperatures. Based on this consideration and using data from Table 28.1, at which time of year should one expect diatoms to be storing excess calories mostly as oil
late summer
Assume that some members of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthetic protists evolve to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fish gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digests food. Over time, which of the following phenotypic changes would you expect to observe in this population of protists? gain of a rigid cell wall loss of chloroplasts gain of meiosis loss of motility
loss of chloroplasts
Slime molds (Mycetozoans)
(Amoebozoans, Unikonta) Once thought to be funds Multicellular aggregate that forms asexual fruiting bodies (like fungi) Two groups distinguished by life cycle: Plasmodial & cellular Bright yellow or orange
Entamoebas
(Amoebozoans, Unikonta) Parasites that infect veterbrates & some invertebrates Humans host 6 species Includes E. histolytica
Select the four statements about Plasmodium that are true.
(1) Plasmodium cells infect two specific types of cells in humans. (2) Plasmodium cells infect two specific types of cells in humans. (3) Plasmodium cells are transferred to humans through mosquito saliva. (4 )Inside an infected mosquito, haploid gametes fuse, forming a diploid zygote that develops into an oocyst.
Name one example of a (1) beneficial protist and a (2) harmful protist. Format your answer: (1) ______________ and (2)_________________
(1) trypanosoma and (2) postelisia
Dinoflagellates
(Alveolata, Chromalveolata) Aquatic photoautotrophs & heterotrophs Abundant components of marine and freshwater plankton 2 flagella that make then spin as they move through the water ("dino-") Internal cellulose plate "armor" B/C of rapid growth, responsible for "red tides" which are toxic to humans Kills invertebrates & fish or humans that eat infected fish
Apicomplexans
(Alveolata, Chromalveolata) Parasites of animals and cause human disease Named because one end (apex) contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues Non photosynthetic plastids (apicoplast) Reproduce sexually and sexually which req. 2 or more different host species of completion Causes malaria (attacks RBC) & carried in mosquito saliva
Ciliata
(Alveolata, Chromalveolata) Use Cilia to move and feed Have micronuclei (have duplicate genes to regulate daily cell activities like feeding, water balance, and waste removal) and micronuclei (conjugation, sexual process producing genetic variation) Red algae for secondary endosymbiosis
Gymnamoebas
(Amoebozoans, Unikonta) Common unicellular amoebozoans Live in soil, freshwater, or marine environments Most are heterotrophic & actively seek to consume bacteria and other protists
Plasmodial Slime molds
(Amoebozoans, Unikonta) Forms a mass at one point in life called plasmodium to produce fruiting bodies in sexual reproduction Plasmodium: undivided by membranes, contains many diploid nuclei, extends pseudopodia through decomposing material, engulfs food by phagocytosis, & cytoplasmic streams spread nutrients & O2 through out cytoplasm Includes Physarum polycephalum
Cellular Slime molds
(Amoebozoans, Unikonta) Multicellular aggregate that forms asexual fruiting bodies Cells remain separated by their membranes Solitary cells Low food levels cause aggregation Haploid with diploid zygotes Includes Dictyosetlium discoideum
Volvox
(Chlorophyll, Archaeolastida) Multicellular olonial freshwater chlorophyte Colony is a hallow ball whose wall is composed of thousands of biflagellate cells embedded in gelatinous matrix. Cells are usually connected by strands of cytoplasm & if isolated, the cells can't produce. Large colonies eventually produce small "daughter" cells within them.
Diatoms
(Stramenopiles, Chromalveolata) Close to brown and gold algae b/c stramenopila Shaped like shoe box Unicellular photosynthetic algae Has 2-part glass-like strong walls of hydrate silica (frustules) that survives fossilization (diatomaceous earth) 90% asexual via amitosis (each gets half of wall) 10% sexual via ameboid or flagellated sperm Stores food with Laminarin (glucose polymer)
Oomycetes
(Stramenopiles, Chromalveolata) Include water molds, white rusts, and downy mildew Most are decomposers or parasites Have filaments (hyphae) that absorb nutrients Phytophthora ingestans causes late blight of potatoes
Brown Algae (Phaeophytes, Seaweed)
(Stramenopiles, Chromalveolata) Largest & most complex algae Multicellular & localized to temperate coasts Brown b/c carotenoid pigments in plastids Mostly marine Analogous to plants No true roots, stems, or leaves Leaflike: blade, Stemlike: stipe, Rootlike: holdfast Cell walls have cellulose and gel forming polysaccharides called Agarose Adaptions to strong waves to protect thalli Used in soup, biotechnology, and Algin is used Include an alternation of generations Include Lminaria, Macrocystis, and Postelsia
Golden Algae (Chrysophytes)
(Stramenopiles, Chromalveolata) Named for yellow/brown carotenoids Biflagellated with both flagella attached near 1 cell end of the cell Live in vase shaped lorica Major component in phytoplankton Most are photosynthetic, some are mixotrophic Unicellular, Synura except Dinobryon
When did secondary endosymbiosis occur
1.7 billion years ago
How many species of protists are there
115000
Theoretically, which two of the following present the richest potential sources of silica? 1. marine sediments consisting of foram tests 2. marine sediments consisting of diatom cases (valves) 3. marine sediments consisting of radiolarian shells 4. marine sediments consisting of dinoflagellate plates
2 and 3
Which of the following statements concerning living phytoplanktonic organisms are true? 1. They are important members of communities surrounding deep-sea hydrothermal vents. 2. They are important primary producers in most aquatic food webs. 3. They are important in maintaining oxygen in Earth's seas and atmosphere. 4. They are most often found growing in the sediments of seas and oceans. 5. They can be so concentrated that they affect the color of seawater.
2, 3, and 5
When did protists come about
2.1 billion years ago
You are given the task of designing an aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis in fairly deep water (e.g., 250 m deep), and can also crawl about and engulf small particles. With which two of these structures would you provide your protist? 1. hydrogenosome 2. apicoplast 3. pseudopods 4. chloroplast from red alga 5. chloroplast from green alga
3 and 4
Part A - Understanding the comparison matrix Find the cell that represents the comparison of Comamonas testosteroni and Escherichia coli. What value is given in that cell?
61
Which species interaction applies to bees that harvest nectar and pollen from flowers?
Mutualism.
Describe endosymbiosis (3pts) and name two organelles that evolved through this process (1pt).
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism. Mitchondria and plastids are involved in this process
The evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes probably
A, B, and C
Heterotroph
Absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles (fungal/animal, protozoans)
Diatomaceous Earth
Accumulations of fossilized diatom cell walls A soft, crumbly, porous sedimentary deposit formed from the fossil remains of diatoms.
Protists are mostly unicellular except
Algae
Part A Many types of foraminiferans form a symbiotic relationship with _____.
Algae Correct Forams derive nourishment from photosynthetic algae living within their shells.
Which of the following statements concerning protists is true?
All protists have mitochondria, though in some species they are much reduced and known by different names.
Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, Ciliates
Alveolata
The members of _____ are characterized by cells with small membrane-bounded cavities under their cell membranes.
Alveolata
Part B The members of _____ are characterized by cells with small membrane-bounded cavities under their cell membranes.
Alveolata Correct Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans and ciliates are classified in Alveolata, a group characterized by cells with small membrane-bounded cavities under their cell membranes.
Slime molds, Gymnamoebas, Entamoebas
Amoebozoans
Which of the following have lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia:
Amoebozoans
Which of the following is true of secondary endosymbiosis?
An organism containing an endosymbiont is engulfed by another organism and becomes an endosymbiont.
Green Algae
Archaeolastida Name b/c chloroplasts Resemble plant chloroplasts Viridiplantae (subkingdom of plants) Consists of two groups: Chlorophytes & Charophytes
Chlorophytes
Archaeolastida Type of green algae Most live in freshwater & some marine Some live in damp spoil as symbionts in lichens (fungal) or in snow (Chlamydomonas nivalis) 7000 species Simplest are biflagellate Unicellular, colonial, & multicellular Sexual & Asexual Includes Volvox
Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
Archaeplastida Color b/c pigment (phycoerythrin) which masks green chlorophyll 6,000 species Usually multicellular & largest are seaweeds Most abundant large algae in tropics Most are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic parasites of other red algae Alteration of generation- no flagellated cells Includes Bonnemaisonia hamifera and Dulse (Palmaria palmata)
Delesseria sanguinea
Multicellular
Which of the following is often called seaweed?
Brown algae
Part J The largest seaweeds are _____.
Brown algae Correct Brown algae are the largest of the seaweeds.
Trichonomonas Vaginalis
Caused by parabasalids Epithelial Pathogen Alters vaginal pH (acidity) Males can get from sex
You discover a new species of slime mold that has a spore and stalk consisting of many cells. Which group does it belong with?
Cellular slime molds
Part F Stramenopiles include all of the following groups EXCEPT ______.
Cellular slime molds Correct Cellular slime molds are amoebozoans
Which of the following is a correct statement about slime molds?
Cellular slime molds form masses when food is scarce, but their cells remain separated.
Part A Which of the following is a correct statement about slime molds?
Cellular slime molds form masses when food is scarce, but their cells remain separated. Correct Cellular slime molds function almost like multicellular organisms when food is depleted. They form a multicellular mass that forms fruiting bodies.
Part O Which algal group has chloroplasts much like those of green plants in structure and pigment makeup?
Chlorophytes Correct Chlorophytes (green algae), like green plants, contain both chlorophylls a and b.
Stramenopiles
Chromalveolata Hairy and smooth flagella Includes heterotrophs and some algae
Alveolata
Chromalveolaya Membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) under the plasma membrane
Part I A paramecium is a(n) _____.
Ciliate Correct A paramecium makes use of its cilia to move and feed.
Part K All of the organisms classified as _____ move and feed using cilia.
Ciliates Correct Ciliates move and feed using cilia.
Which group of organisms (ciliates, animals, or plants) has the most complex cells?
Cilliates
Mixotrophs
Combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
Which process is not an example of consumption?
Commensalism
Which process is not an example of consumption?
Commensalism.
Photoautotroph
Contain chloroplasts (plant, algae)
Part A Archaeplastids, which include red and green algae and land plants, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) _____.
Cyanobacterium Correct Structural and molecular biological evidence supports the idea that endosymbiotic cyanobacteria gave rise to the chloroplasts found in red and green algae and land plants.
How do humans combat infection by the Plasmodium parasite?
Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected liver cells by recognizing a Plasmodium protein bound to an HLA protein on the surface of those cells.
Which of the following have two flagella, spin through the water, and are the cause of toxic red tides?
Dinoflagellates
Part A A sign on the beach states, "Beach Closed. Red Tide." The organisms interfering with your use of this beach are probably _____.
Dinoflagellates Correct Dinoflagellate blooms, episodes of explosive population growth, cause red tides in coastal waters.
Coral bleaching, which causes high coral mortality, has been occurring widely in coral reefs. Coral bleaching actually refers to the death of symbiotic dinoflagellates living within the corals. Why does coral bleaching cause the corals to die? Dinoflagellates protect the corals from UV radiation. Dinoflagellates protect the corals from pathogenic bacteria. Dinoflagellates provide nutrients from the products of photosynthesis to the corals in exchange for a safe place to live. Dinoflagellates attract zooplankton and other prey that the corals eat. Dinoflagellates secrete the calcium carbonate that forms the "exoskeleton" of coral animals.
Dinoflagellates provide nutrients from the products of photosynthesis to the corals in exchange for a safe place to live.
Part A Coral bleaching, which causes high coral mortality, has been occurring widely in coral reefs. Coral bleaching actually refers to the death of symbiotic dinoflagellates living within the corals. Why does coral bleaching cause the corals to die?
Dinoflagellates provide nutrients from the products of photosynthesis to the corals in exchange for a safe place to live. Correct Without the extra nutrients provided by symbiotic protists, the corals cannot compete with other organisms for resources.
Red Algae is a common ancestor of
Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, Ciliatae, and Stramenopiles
Chromalveolata: Alveolates include
Dinoflagellates, apcomplexans, & ciliates
Secondary endosymbiosis created
Dinucleation in some (2 nuclei)
Giadia Intenstinalis
Diplomonad Mammalian Pathogen Cysts (killed with boing) ingested via feces and drinking water and cause severe diarrhea
Excavata include
Diplomonads, parabasalids, & euglenozoans
Protists fit into which domain?
Eukaryotes
Euglenozoa
Excavata Includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites presence of a spiral or Flagella have crystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella Mitochondrion have disk shaped cristae Has two groups: Kinetoplastids & Euglenids
Diplomonads
Excavata No plastids Two nuclei and multiple flagella Causes Giadia Intenstinalis
Parabasalids
Excavata No plastids Move with flagella and an undulating part of the plasma membrane Causes Trichomonas Vaginalis
True or false? Organisms that exhibit alternation of generations reproduce sexually in the diploid stage
False
Part G True or false? Organisms that exhibit alternation of generations reproduce sexually in the diploid stage.
False Correct Organisms that exhibit alternation of generations reproduce asexually in the diploid stage by producing haploid cells that form spores, which then germinate into haploid adults. The haploid adults produce haploid gametes that can then participate in sexual reproduction.
Why is the filamentous morphology of the water molds considered a case of convergent evolution with the hyphae of fungi?
Filamentous shape is an adaptation for a nutritional mode as a decomposer
Chlorophytes, Charophyceans
Green Algae
Which chromosomal form would you find after meiosis takes place:
Haploid
Which of the following statements about Ulva's haploid stage is true?
Haploid cells are produced by meiosis of diploid cells
Which of the following statements about Ulva's haploid stage is true?
Haploid cells are produced by meiosis of diploid cells.
Part E Which of the following statements about Ulva's haploid stage is true?
Haploid cells are produced by meiosis of diploid cells. Correct This statement is true; the diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis.
A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts _____.
Has 3 or 4 membranes
All protists come from a
Heterotrophic, Archean cyanobactrium
Which structure mediates the attachment of spores to a surface on which to grow?
Holdfast
Part D Which structure mediates the attachment of spores to a surface on which to grow?
Holdfast Correct A holdfast attaches spores to surfaces on which they can grow.
Diatoms are mostly asexual members of the phytoplankton. Diatoms lack any organelles that might have the 9 + 2 pattern. They obtain their nutrition from functional chloroplasts, and each diatom is encased within two porous, glasslike valves. Which question would be most important for one interested in the day-to-day survival of individual diatoms?
How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters?
Diatoms are mostly asexual members of the phytoplankton. Diatoms lack any organelles that might have the 9+2 pattern. They obtain their nutrition from functional chloroplasts, and each diatom is encased within two porous, glasslike valves. Which question would be most important for one interested in the day-to-day survival of individual diatoms?
How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters?
Plasmodium, which causes malaria, is an apicomplexan that requires both the mosquito and what other organism to complete its life cycle?
Human
Why is the filamentous morphology of the water molds considered a case of convergent evolution with the hyphae (threads) of fungi?
In both cases, filamentous shape is an adaptation for the absorptive nutritional mode of a decomposer
An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival? It has an endospore. It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption. It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids.
It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption.
A mixotroph loses its plastids yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival?
It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis.
Typically as cells grow, their increase in volume outpaces their increase in surface area, and continued survival requires undergoing asexual reproduction to reestablish a healthy surface area to volume ratio. Thus, which of these is least likely to contribute to the ability of a single-celled foraminiferan to grow to a diameter of several centimeters?
Its calcium carbonate test contributes extra mass.
Trypanosome cruz (Chagas' disease)
Kinetoplastid (Euglenozoa, Excavata) Carried by Triatomine bugs (kissing bugs) In South America Causes fatigue, fever, swollen lymph glands, and heart failure Nifurtimox and Benznidazole
Trypanosome Brucei
Kinetoplastid (Euglenozoa, Excavata) Causes African Sleeping Sickness carried by African tsetse fly Causes fever, skin lesions, rash, & slurred speech Cured wth Suramin or Melarsoprol
Part D Which of these groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, the organism that causes sleeping sickness?
Kinetoplastids Correct Parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, are classified as kinetoplastids
Kintoplastids, Euglenids
Kintoplastids, Euglenids
Dipomonads and parabasalids
Lack plastids No mitochondria with DNA Anaerobic
Diplomonad and Parabasalids share all the following characteristic except:
Live in aerobic environments
Which statement regarding resistance is false?
Many humans have become resistant to antimalarial drugs.
Which form of Plasmodium is the immediate cause of anemia in humans?
Merozoites
Which of the following statements about the Plasmodium parasite is true?
Merozoites live off the hemoglobin and nutrients in red blood cells and divide to produce more merozoites, destroying red blood cells in the process.
Which form of Plasmodium is the immediate cause of anemia in humans?
Merozoites.
Which of the features below are found in all protist lineages?
Mitochondria
Primary Endosymbiosis
Mitochondria evolved by endosymbiosis of an aerobic prokaryote. Plastids evolved by endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium.
Primary endosymbiosis
Mitochondria evolved by endosymbiosis of an aerobic prokaryote. Plastids evolved by endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium.
Giardia's mitosome can be said to be "doubly degenerate," because it is a degenerate type of ________, an organelle that is itself a degenerate form of ________.
Mitochondria, proteobacterium
If an organism is both photosynthetic and heterotrophic, how would you categorize the organism?
Mixotroph
Part N Which of these groups includes both aquatic decomposers and the parasites responsible for late potato blight?
Oomycetes Correct Correct. Oomycetes (water molds and their relatives) include both decomposers and the parasites responsible for late potato blight.
Part C Golden algae, brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes, and charophyceans are some examples of protists that are _____.
Photosynthetic Correct All of the listed groups are photosynthetic.
Select the correct statement about photosynthesis by primary producers. Land plants carry out over 80% of the world's photosynthesis. Photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes carry out the majority of the photosynthesis in aquatic communities. Cyanobacteria carry out more of the world's photosynthesis than protists do.
Photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes carry out the majority of the photosynthesis in aquatic communities.
_____ are eukaryotic autotrophs that float near the surface of water and are the basis of the food chain. _____ are eukaryotic autotrophs that float near the surface of water and are the basis of the food chain. Zooplankton Slime molds Phytoplankton Cyanobacteria Symbionts
Phytoplankton
Part A _____ are eukaryotic autotrophs that float near the surface of water and are the basis of the food chain.
Phytoplankton Correct These photosynthetic organisms serve as the basis of the food chain.
Green algae is a common ancestor of
Plastids and euglenids
Protists originate from
Primary and secondary endosymbiosis
How would you classify golden and brown algae?
Protist
Part M Which of these algal groups possess a photosynthetic pigment that allows them to live in deep water?
Red algae Correct The phycobilins and other accessory pigments of red algae allow them to absorb the wavelengths of light that penetrate deep water and to use them in photosynthesis.
Archaeplastida
Red algae, chorophytes, charophyters, (green algae), land plants
From primary endosymbiosis, protists separated into
Red and green algae
Radiolaria
Rhizaria Marine Tests are fused into 1 delicate piece made of silica Phagocytose microorganisms with pseudopodia Axopodia (pseudopodia) radiate from central body and facilitate in movement and feeding
Cercozoa
Rhizaria Mostly heterotrophs, some mixotrophic chlorachniophytes Marine freshwater and soil Includes Paulinella chrmoatophora Chromatophore-peptidoglycan present, alternate cyanobacterium species symbiont
Foramnifera
Rhizaria Unicellular Named for porous multi chambered shells (tests) Calcium carbonate hardened organic matter Pseudopodia extend through the pores in the test, used for swimming feeding test formation Members of plankton communities Sand/rock/algeae attachment Found in marine or freshwater Excellent index fossils Heterotrophic but form symbiotic relationships with photosynthesis algae in phytoplankton
Unikonta: Amoebozoans
Slime molds, gymnamoebas, entamoebas
Biologists have long been aware that the defunct kingdom Protista is paraphyletic. Which of these statements is both true and consistent with this conclusion?
Some protists, all animals, and all fungi share a protist common ancestor, but these protists, animals, and fungi are currently assigned to three different kingdoms
If an organism's life cycle includes 'alternation of generation', what is it alternative between?
Sporophyte and Gametophyte generations
What advantage do organisms that reproduce sexually have over organisms that reproduce asexually?
Their offspring may be more adaptable to changes in the environment.
Living diatoms contain brownish plastids. If global warming causes blooms of diatoms in the surface waters of Earth's oceans, how might this be harmful to the animals that build coral reefs?
The coral animals' endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may get "shaded out" by the diatoms
According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food?
The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Which of the following statements concerning protists is false?
The primary organism that transmits malaria to humans by its bite is the tsetse fly.
Why has the kingdom Protista been abandoned? Some protists are multicellular. The kingdom Protista is not monophyletic. Some protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists. Some protists are as small as prokaryotes. The second and third answers are correct.
The second and third answers are correct.
Which of these statements about dinoflagellates is false?
Their dead cells accumulate on the seafloor, and are mined to serve as a filtering material.
Which of the following statements about dinoflagellates is false?
Their fossil remains form limestone deposits.
Which of the following is characteristic of ciliates? Which of the following is characteristic of ciliates? They are often multinucleate. They use pseudopods as feeding structures. They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis. Most live as solitary autotrophs in fresh water.
They are often multinucleate.
Which of the following is not characteristic of ciliates?
They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis.
What makes certain red algae appear red?
They possess pigments that reflect and transmit red light.
Part F Why did the researchers include five bacterial species in the comparison matrix?
They wanted to identify which bacterium is most closely related to the ancestor of mitochondria.
Part C Why do some cells have a dash rather than a value?
Those cells would compare one species to itself.
Part D Why are some cells shaded gray, with no value?
Those cells would duplicate comparisons shown elsewhere in the matrix.
Rhizaria
Threadlike pseudopodia Like amoebas
True or false? One example of a coevolutionary arms race is when faster deer evolve and favor wolves and cougars that have stronger eyesight and senses of smell.
True
Unikonta
Two groups: Amoebozoans & Oposthokonts
The current state of the revision of "protistan" taxonomy is an example of which feature of good scientific practice?
both A and C
Which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as land plants? Which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as land plants? red algae green algae dinoflagellates both red algae and green algae brown algae
both red algae and green algae
DDT has been linked to which of the following?
breast cancer
A gelatinous seaweed that grows in shallow, cold water and undergoes heteromorphic alternation of generations is most probably what type of alga?
brown
A gelatinous seaweed that grows in shallow, cold water and undergoes heteromorphic alternation of generations is most probably what type of alga?
brown
Which of these statements is false and therefore does not support the hypothesis that certain eukaryotic organelles originated as bacterial can be cultured on agar, because they make all their own proteins. endosymbionts? Such organelles
can be cultured on agar, because they make all their own proteins.
The most basal (first to diverge) eukaryotic supergroup
cannot be determined.
When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium _____. When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium _____. cells infect the human liver cells cells cause lysing of the human red blood cells oocyst undergoes meiosis gametes fuse, forming an oocyst
cells infect the human liver cells
Stramenopiles include all of the following groups EXCEPT ______.
cellular slime molds
Which algal group has chloroplasts much like those of green plants in structure and pigment makeup?
chlorophytes
Which process results in genetic recombination, but is separate from the process by which the population size of Paramecium increases?
conjugation
Which process results in genetic recombination, but is separate from the process wherein the population size of Paramecium increases?
conjugation
Which organisms represent the common ancestor of all photosynthetic plastids found in eukaryotes?
cyanobacteria
The chloroplasts of modern plants are thought to have been derived according to which sequence?
cyanobacteria -> green algae -> green plants
The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?
cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants
Archaeplastids, which include red and green algae and land plants, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) _____. Archaeplastids, which include red and green algae and land plants, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) _____. slime mold alpha proteobacterium cyanobacterium apicomplexan archaean extremophile
cyanobacterium
Super cells characteristic of plasmodial slime molds result when which one of the following common cellular processes does not occur?
cytokinesis
You are given the task of designing an aquatic protist that is a primary producer. It cannot swim on its own, yet must stay in well-lit surface waters. It must be resistant to physical damage from wave action. It should be most similar to a(n)
diatom
A certain unicellular eukaryote has a siliceous (glasslike) shell and autotrophic nutrition. To which group does
diatoms
Which of these groups is characterized by glasslike walls containing silica?
diatoms
A sign on the beach states, "Beach Closed. Red Tide." The organisms interfering with your use of this beach are probably _____.
dinoflagellates
Choose the organism from the list below that best fits the following description: have one flagellum oriented at 90 degrees to the second flagellum
dinoflagellates
Which group includes members that are important primary producers in ocean food webs, causes red tides that kill many fish, and may even be carnivorous?
dinoflagellates
Which of these taxa contains species that produce potent toxins that can cause extensive fish kills, contaminate
dinoflagellates
Sporophyte is
diploid
A biologist discovers a new unicellullar organism that possesses more than two flagella and two small, but equal-sized, nuclei. The organism has reduced mitochondria and no chloroplasts. How would you classify this organism?
diplomonad
Choose the organism from the list below that best fits the following description: possess more than two identical, functional flagella
diplomonads
The cells of _____ and _____ have modified mitochondria.
diplomonads ...parabasalids
Part A The cells of _____ and _____ have modified mitochondria.
diplomonads ...parabasalids Correct Correct. The cells of diplomonads and parabasalids have modified or reduced mitochondria.
Which of the following are two groups that are adapted to anaerobic conditions and contain modified mitochondria that lack DNA?
diplomonads and parabasalids
Part A Which of the following are two groups that are adapted to anaerobic conditions and contain modified mitochondria that lack DNA?
diplomonads and parabasalids Correct These groups are known for their modified mitochondria.
Spores are
haploid and move using flagellaIn laminaria, the two generations are heteromorphic
Kelps (giant brown algae) blades are attached to stipes that can rise as much as 60 m from the seafloor in order to
enable photosynthesis better
Eukaryotes have well developed cytoskeleton which
enables eukaryotic cells to have asymmetric forms
All of the following groups had taxonomic significance in the past, but only one is now considered to be a diverse clade. Which group is it?
euglenozoa
All protists are _____. All protists are _____. eukaryotic unicellular symbionts mixotrophic
eukaryotic
Protists are alike in that all are
eukaryotic
All protists are
eukaryotic.
Defining moment in the origin of eukaryotes occurred when a
host cell engulfed a bacterium that would later become an organelle found in all eukaryotes-the mitochondrion
Entamoebas are
ingestive heterotrophs
If we were to apply the most recent technique used to fight potato late blight to the fight against the malarial infection of humans, then we would _____. insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes increase the dosage of the least-expensive antimalarial drug administered to humans introduce a predator of the malarial parasite into infected humans use a "cocktail" of at least three different pesticides against Anopheles mosquitoes
insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes
If one were to apply the most recent technique used to fight potato late blight to the fight against the malarial infection of humans, then one would
insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes.
Which of the following groups does not include many planktonic species?
kinetoplastids
Which of these groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, the organism that causes sleeping sickness?
kinetoplastids
If both host and alga can survive apart from each other, then which of these best accounts for their ability to live together?
metabolic cooperation
The strongest evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic organelles is the similarity between extant prokaryotes and which of the following?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
Amoebas are not
monophyletic
In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with
multicellular diploid forms.
In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with multicellular diploid forms. multicellular haploid forms. unicellular diploid forms. multicellular polyploid forms. unicellular haploid forms.
multicellular diploid forms.
In life cycles with an alternation of generations
multicellular haploid forms alternate with multicellular diploid forms
Part B What does the value 61 signify about the comparable rRNA gene sequences in Comamonas testosteroni and Escherichia coli?
that 61% of the 617 nucleotide positions are the same in both species
Part H The rRNA gene of A. tumefaciens is most similar to the wheat mitochondrial rRNA gene. What does that suggest?
that the alpha proteobacteria are more closely related to the ancestor of mitochondria than the other bacterial taxa Correct Many alpha proteobacterial species are intimately associated with eukaryotic hosts, establishing intracellular associations with their hosts. For example, Rhizobium species live in nodules in the roots of legumes and fix atmospheric N2 into ammonia. Agrobacterium species live within plant tissues, where they grow as tumors. This feature of alpha proteobacteria is likely relevant to the origin of mitochondria, which arose as mutualistic endosymbionts and evolved into essential eukaryotic organelles.
Syngamy is
the fusion of two gametes to form a diploid zygote.
Giardia intestinalis inhabits
the intestines of mammals, is a diplomonad
Photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes carry out
the majority of the photosynthesis in aquatic communities.
Mitochondria of diplomonads are reduced because
they lack a functional ETC
Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae _____.
unicellular
Euglenozoans are
unicellular flagellates
Which pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime molds, such as Dictyostelium?
unicellular or multicellular
Which dichotomous pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime molds?
unicellular versus multicellular
Using dead diatoms to ʺpumpʺ CO2 to the seafloor is feasible only if dead diatoms sink quickly. Consequently application of mineral fertilizers, such as iron, should be most effective at times when diatom
valves are thickest, and laminarin is being produced rather than oil.