Cancer Exam

____ is the movement of energy in the form of waves or particles.

Radiation

In external radiation therapy for cancer, gamma rays and ____ are used because these contain the ____ levels of energy.

X-rays, highest

Interact Directly with the DNA

topoisomerase inhibitors, alkylating agents, antimetabolites

Stage 1A

-Cancer cells have not spread to the lymph nodes

Stage 1B

-Cancer cells have spread to the surrounding lymph nodes

Both Stage 1A and 1B

-Cancer is evident and has invaded surrounding tissues -Tumor is small, less 2 cm

Stage 0

-No evidence of cancer cells -Cancer is evident but has not spread to surrounding tissues

In order for cancer to develop, which of the following events must occur? Select all that apply.

1. A cell malfunctions and unregulated cell division occurs. 2. Genetic mutation causes a cell to lose its normal genetic programming and control mechanisms.

Homeostasis is defined as ____. Select all that apply

1. Adjustments in physiological processes to respond to changes that disrupt the internal environment 2. Maintaining a narrow range of internal conditions to optimize the body's performance 3. Utilizing negative feedback mechanisms to maintain internal conditions 4. Mechanisms in place to regulate temperature, blood sugar, pH, and levels of chemicals in the blood

Cancer Cells

1. Appear as irregular shaped cells 2. Look different to surrounding cells due to large, dark nuclei 3. Cell are immortal due to the presence of the enzyme telomerase that continues to lengthen the ends of the telomeres

Normal Cells

1. Appear as small, regular-shaped cells 2. Look similar to surrounding cells since these cells are genetically identical 3. Have a fixed lifespan due to the length of the telomeres at the end of chromosomes

Select all of the following examples of how cancer can disrupt organ function.

1. Brain cancer may place pressure on areas of the brain that regulate bodily functions and disrupt their regulation. 2. Cancer in the bone marrow may prevent white blood cells from forming, reducing the ability of the immune system, and leaving the body open to infection. 3. Blood is re-routed and nutrients are directed to the tumors in the breast, leaving fewer resources for normal cells.

Which of the following are ways to differentiate between cancer cells and normal cells? Select all that apply.

1. Cancer cells continue to divide even when they come into contact with other cells. 2. Cancer cells are not regulated because they have lost the ability to control cell division.

Which of the following is/are a way to describe how genome editing could prevent the formation of cancer? Select all that apply.

1. Correct mutations that have set a cell on a cancer pathway 2. Restore the function of mutated tumor suppressor genes 3. Restore the regulatory mechanism that protects against the formation of cancer

Which of the following is/are true about cancer cells? Select all that apply.

1. Disregard their genetic programming 2. Lose their specialization 3. Divide uncontrollably

A cell is the smallest unit of biological organization that has all of the characteristics of life. Which of the following are considered characteristics of life?

1. Passes on genetic information to offspring 2. Acquires materials and energy to manufacture cellular components 3. Adapts to changes in its environment

Stages of transcription

1. RNA polymerase identifies the gene to be expressed. 2. RNA polymerase exposes the nucleotide bases of the gene by unwinding the double helix. 3. RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA, called the template strand, to produce a complementary RNA molecule. 4. The RNA polymerase and the complementary RNA strand are released along with the DNA, reforming a double helix.

Mammogram

An X-ray picture of the breast to look for early signs of breast cancer

Telophase (Mitosis)

As new chromosomes reach the poles, the nuclear envelopes re-form, and the chromatin decondenses.

Tumors may be divided into one of two categories. ____ are an abnormal growth composed of multiple layers of abnormal cells that are localized to one tissue type.

Benign tumors

____ is a disease that begins with changes in the body at the ____ level due to abnormal cells dividing in a disorderly manner.

Cancer, cellular

____ carry nutrients and oxygen to cells and also remove waste materials.

Capillaries

Cancer detected in the body

DNA microarrays, Complete blood count, blood tests, imaging scan, biopsies

The determination of whether an individual has an increased susceptibility to cancer

Genetic testing, DNA microarrays

____ are responsible for removing excess fluid from the tissues and participate in the ____

Lymphatic vessels, immune response

The letter, ____, indicates whether the cancer has spread or metastasized to other parts of the body. ___ means the cancer has not spread whereas ____ means the cancer has moved to distant organs or tissues.

M, M0, M1

The letter, ____, describes the number of lymph nodes in which cancer has been detected. For example, ____, would indicate cancer cells in one lymph node. The higher the number, the ____ lymph nodes that contain cancer.

N, N1, more

____ refers to the movement of energy in the form of either ____ or particles.

Radiation, waves

Positron emission tomography

Radioactive material injected into the body to act as a tracer

Prophase (Mitosis)

Replicated chromosomes condense and attach to the mitotic spindle.

____: A) With a tumor in the breast, cancer is found in ____ four nearby lymph nodes. B) It may also mean a breast tumor is larger than ____, and the cancer has spread to ____ four nearby lymph nodes.

Stage 3A, more than, 5 cm, less than

In ____: A tumor has spread to the chest wall behind the breast. In addition, the factors that contribute to assigning this stage include spread to the ____, causing swelling, inflammation, or ulcerated wounds. It may have spread to as many as ____ lymph nodes near the breast.

Stage 3B, skin, nine

In ____: The cancer has spread to the area of the ____ or to more than ____ lymph nodes.

Stage 3C, collar bone, ten

____ is the process of finding out how much cancer is in a person's body and where it's located.

Staging

____, which describes the size of tumor, can range from ___, meaning no tumor is found, to ____ to refer to the size of the tumor. The ____ the number, the larger the tumor.

T, Tx, T1-T4, higher

The ____ system is a widely used cancer staging system by pathologists.

TNM classification

Which of the following statements concerning TNM classification is correct?

TNM classification is described as a system that uses three factors to score cancer: size of the tumor, the number of lymph nodes in which cancer is detected, and whether the cancer has metastasized.

Failing to respond to the signals that control normal cell behavior and growth, cancer cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner, invading normal tissues and organs and eventually spreading throughout the body (T/F)

TRUE

Computerized tomography scans

Taken as a series of X-ray pictures of the body at different angles to create a multi-dimensional view of the internal organs

Cytokinesis (Mitosis)

The entire cell physically divides into two daughter cells.

Metaphase (Mitosis)

The mitotic spindle aligns the replicated chromosomes at the center of the cell.

Anaphase (Mitosis)

The sister chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes that begin to move toward the poles of the cell.

Which of the following is most likely to occur when a tumor-suppressor gene is mutated?

The tumor-suppressor gene and resulting protein may lose their function and the ability to slow down the rate of the cell cycle.

____ cell division is a hallmark of cancer.

Unregulated

Imaging scans

Used in diagnosing cancer after an initial blood test suggests the presence of cancer in the body

Magnetic resonance imaging testing

Uses powerful magnets and radio waves to produce detailed, computer-generated pictures of the body

These cancer cells will undergo ____ and form new tumors in a different location.

angiogenesis

_____ _____ may disrupt calcium homeostasis by affecting the ways in which blood calcium levels are maintained.

bone cancer

__________ starts with changes at the genetic level of individual cells, which may cause some cells to lose control and divide rapidly and uncontrollably.

cancer

If a cell bypasses these regulations, the cell may not be able to stop continuously dividing and it is on its way to becoming ____.

cancerous

Each ____ operates a biological factory and is specialized to carry out a ____ set of instructions.

cell, specific

Billions of new ____ are produced every day to repair damaged tissues or replace worn out cells.

cells

Cancer is a disease that occurs at the __________ level of biological organization of living things.

cellular

Because this process is so critical, the steps of mitosis are carefully controlled by a number of ____ to ensure that each new daughter cell contains the same genetic information.

checkpoints

At the end of mitosis, the daughter cells are described as clones. For this description to be appropriate, the daughter cells must __________.

contain a set of genetic instructions that are identical to each other and that of the parent cell.

Although there are many different forms of cancer, it is presumed that cancer is a disease caused by the combined effects of both genetic and ____.

environmental factors

Just like chemotherapy, radiation therapy has the ability to damage ____ cells.

healthy

At ____ doses, radiation can be used as a form of treatment to kill cancer cells or slow their growth by damaging the ____.

high, DNA

The production of cells is closely regulated by a variety of ____ and genetic mechanisms within the cell to ensure that only the correct type and number of new cells are produced.

hormones

As the number of cancer cells ____, they may spread and invade nearby tissues and organs, disrupting their physiological processes and their ability to survive.

increases

When the genetic programming of a small group of cells becomes faulty, the cells start to ____ their specialization.

lose

The generalized ___ of control over cell reproduction exhibited by cancer cells is the result of accumulated abnormalities and is reflected in several aspects of cell behavior that distinguish cancer cells from their normal cells.

loss

Posing the greatest threat to our bodies, ____ are composed of ____ cells that possess the ability to ____ to other locations in the body.

malignant tumors, unspecialized, spread

If a ____ tumor comes into contact with the transport system of the body, this allows for the movement of cancer cells from one area of the body to other locations in the body. The spreading of cancer cells to new areas in the body is called ____.

malignant, metastasis

During ____, a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form ____ identical daughter cells.

mitosis, two

For ____ organisms, this single cell will undergo rapid ____ and divide over and over again until it becomes an adult body.

multicellular, cell division

If a cell accumulates ____ and becomes less specialized, it no longer functions as part of the surrounding ____.

mutations, tissue

Unlike chemotherapy, radiation therapy is ____ at destroying cancer cells that have metastasized since the process is more targeted against specific areas.

not effective

The response to radiation therapy is ____, and it takes days or weeks for the cells to stop dividing and die.

not immediate

The system is based on three factors: T, N, and M. By each of the letters, there will be a ____ that gives more details about the cancer.

number

After a general physician makes the initial diagnosis of cancer, the actual staging of cancer is done by an _____.

oncologist

All life begins as ____ cell.

one

The process of cell division is a highly ____ series of events that produces cells that are genetically ____ to each other.

organized, identical

As the cells divide, these replicates of the original cell will receive signals from the environment and turn on ____ pathways that instruct the cells to turn on certain sets of genetic instructions and turn off others.

physiological

Sometimes radiation can be expelled by _____ in the form of alpha and beta particles to treat specific cells and tissues within the body.

radioactive compounds

As you move through the electromagnetic spectrum, you start with the highest energy and ____ wavelengths, ____ rays, to the ____ energy and longest wavelengths, ____.

shortest, gamma, lowest, radiowaves

Stage 3 is divided into three levels based on the ____ of the tumor and the degree in which the cancer has spread into the surrounding tissues and lymph nodes.

size

In doing so, the cells become ____, which allows tissues and organs to form and have specific roles within the body.

specialized

To determine the ______________ of cancer, the oncologist will answer the following questions using a variety of methods: What is the size of the tumor What is the degree to which it has invaded nearby tissues Is the cancer present in nearby lymph nodes To what extent has the cancer metastasized to other organs of the body? By answering these questions, the doctors are able to give a patient a prognosis and a plan of treatment.

stage

Interfere with the Spindle Fibers Involved in Cell Division

taxanes, alkaloids

In Stage 3 breast cancer, the cancer has spread farther into the breast and surrounding ____

tissues

Both capillaries and lymphatic vessels are part of the ____ system of the body.

transport

Failure to undergo apoptosis and the cell's ability to continue to divide without regulation will create a mass of cells called a ____.

tumor

Which term describes an overgrowth of abnormal cells that serves no useful purpose?

tumor

With no genetic control, the cells start to divide ____ and the cells undergo more rounds of division than they normally would, making cells prone to replication errors.

uncontrollably

The electromagnetic spectrum, which indicates the range of all types of radiation, is based on ____.

wavelengths