Cancer test
Which of the following is correct regarding cancer?
* Cancer cells can affect the physiology of the body's organ systems. * Cancer is a disease that is the result of an inability to regulate cell division. *One in three females and one in two males will develop cancer in their lives.
A research oncologist is one who studies the causes and treatments of cancer. What area(s) would a research oncologist study to understand the formation of a new cancer?
* Genetic factors * Environmental factors * Prevalence in male versus females
Which of the following is correct regarding immunotherapy? Select all that apply.
* It uses the body's immune cells to fight cancer. * It has the ability to attack specific cancer cells. * It may use monoclonal antibodies to attack cancer cells.
Four levels of protein structure
* Primary structure * Secondary structure * Tertiary structure * Quaternary structure
Which of the following are used to determine the stage of cancer?
* The size of the tumor * The presence of cancer in nearby lymph nodes * Whether the cancer has moved to other organs of the body
Which of the following are correct regarding malignant tumors? Select all that apply.
* They may undergo metastasis. *They invade surrounding tissues. *They are masses of unspecialized cells
Which of the following is not correct regarding tumor-suppressor genes?
A mutation in just one gene causes cancer. A cell has two copies of each tumor suppressor gene, and if there is a mutation in one gene, the other copy will still function correctly.
The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides. Which of the following correctly matches the complementary nucleotides of DNA?
Adenine:Thymine and Cytosine:Guanine
Which of the following is a natural product, produced by plants, that interferes with the formation of the spindle fibers during cell division?
Alkaloids,- Alkaloids are a natural product, produced by plants, that interferes with the formation of the spindle fibers during cell division
This type of chemotherapeutic drug causes breaks in the structure of the DNA molecule, thus preventing cell division.
Alkylating agents-Alkylating agents are a chemotherapeutic drug that causes breaks in the structure of the DNA molecule, thus preventing cell division.
Secondary structure
Amino acids interact based on weak chemical interactions
Which of the following scanning tools is a special type of X-ray that is used to deternine if the cancer has spread?
CT scan
Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 1 of breast cancer?
Cancer is found in a few lymph nodes
Which characteristics correspond with Stage 0 of breat cancer?
Cancer is localized and less than 2 cm
Immunotherapy helps the body recognize what?
Cancerous cells as non-self
Lymphoma
Cells and tissues of the immune system
Change of Breast cancer
Change by the growth and migration away from the original location
During Angiogenesis tumor cells release what?
Chemical signals that promote the growth of new blood vessels, which supply the tumor with nutrients
Sarcoma
Connective tissue, such as bone
A mutation in the __________ results in uncontrolled cell division. This mutation can lead to be cancer.
ERBB-2
The replication of the genetic material occurs following a successful passage of which checkpoint?
G1
At which of the following checkpoints is a cell's DNA checked for damage, and if found, the cell is sent to the G0 phase?
G1, - At the G1 checkpoint, a cell's DNA is checked for damaged, and if found, the cell is sent to the G0 phase.
Which of the following forms of radiation has the shortest wavelength and highest amount of energy?
Gamma waves, Gamma waves are a form of radiation that has the shortest wavelength and highest amount of energy.
Cancer can be caused by.
Genetic or environmental factors
Cytosine binds with?
Guanine
Which of the proteins below is expressed by a proto-oncogene?
HER-2
Tumor suppressor genes
Halt cell division if an error is found in the DNA
Which of the following terms means the ability of the body to operate under a set of defined internal conditions?
Homeostasis
The shape of an enzyme determines what?
How it will interact with molecules.
Genes are units of genetic information that provide what?
Instruction for making proteins
Carcinoma
Lining of the internal organs or skin
Which tumor holds the greater threat to our bodies? Begnin or Malignant
Malignant
Which of the following is the end result of a PCR process?
Multiple copies of a gene of interest
Which of the following is the end result of a PCR?
Multiple copies of a gene of interest
Quaternary structure
Multiple protein chains interact to form larger molecules with more complex functions
Enzymes are?
Protein catalysts for chemical reactions
ERBB-2 is a?
Proto-oncogene
Tumor suppressor genes do what?
Shut down cell division to repair errors that have occurred
Melanoma
Skin
A breast cancer tumor is detected that is about 2 cm in size and has only moved into lymph nodes associated in the breast? What stage would this cancer be assigned to?
Stage 2
Adenine binds with?
Thymine
__________ brachytherapy is when the "seed" is placed near the tumor
intracavitary
Intra
is between
Inter
is within
CT scans are?
less invasive than other scans and are used to determine the extent of the cancer
What molecule helps to move the genetic information from the nucleus of the cell to the ribosome?
mRNA
Angiogenesis is:
the growth of blood vessels in response to a growing tumor
Immunotherapy is a new method of treatment that?
* Uses monoclonal antibodies to target specific antigens on the surface of cancer cells * Involves genetically-engineered white blood cells that activate the action of cytotoxic T cells * Uses chemical such as interferons and interleukins to stimulate white blood cells activity * Helps the immune system identify cancerous cells and target them for destruction
Which of the following procedures use X-rays to detect the presence of cancer? Select all that apply.
*CT scan *Mammogram
Tertiary structure
3-D molecule, functional
There are two types of brachytherapy. ___________ brachytherapy is when the "seed" is placed in the tumor
Interstitial
Cancer is a disease that is caused by?
The inability of the body to control the cell division of cells
Primary structure
The linear sequence of amino acids
Interphase
The majority of the cell's time; normal functions occur Consists of G1( Growth), S(synthesis), and G2 (growth) phases
The information for producing a protein is contained within which part of the DNA molecule?
The nitrogen-containing bases
What does the Cell Cycle describe?
The organized series of events required for cell divison
M phase
The portion where cell division occurs; consists of mitosis and cytokinesis
Translation
The process of reading codons to bring in complementary amino acids
Cancers are named based on which of the following?
The types of tissues or organs they originate in
Chance of females having cancer?
There is a one and three chance of developing cancer
Chance of males having cancer?
There is a one in two chance of developing cancer
Begnin tumors often rrsemble to there surrounding
True
Malignant tumor often do not resemble there surrounding
True
The purpose of translation is to
Use mRNA codons to link together amino acids to form a polypeptide chain
Leukemia
White blood cells in the bone marrow