cancer
normal chance of ovarian cancer
1.5%
normal chance of breast cancer
12.5%
BRCA gene chance of ovarian cancer
15-40%
BRCA gene chance of breast cancer
60%
the Abcde of cancer
Asymmetry
the aBcde of cancer
Border - is it irregular?
the abCde of cancer
Color - is it uneven?
the abcDe of cancer
Diameter - is it larger than a pencil eraser?
the abcdE of cancer
Evolving - is it changing?
HER2 negative
HER2 receptors surround cell, can also use hormone therapy
metastasis
The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
stage 0
abnormal cells are present but havent spread, carcinoma in situ
tumor suppressor gene
accepts growth proteins which allow for normal cell growth
when proto-oncogenes are copied multiple times it results in
an excess of growth stimulation protein
when the proto-oncogene moves on the DNA chain it results in
an excess of growth stimulation protein because the hormone is under new control
genetic tests may reveal...
an increased risk of cancer
resveratrol
antioxidant in red wine, anticancer
we can screen for these 7 common cancers..
breast, testicular, cervix, skin, oral, prostate and colorectal
stage IV
cancer is metastatic
stages I, II, III
cancer is present, the larger the number the larger the tumor and spread
some molecules that help starve cancer
catechin, polyphenol, resveratrol, genistein, lycopen, sulforaphane, omega 3 fatty acids
HeLa cells
cervical cancer cells from Henrietta Lacks
benign tumors have...
clear boundries between tissue and tumor
BRCA mutations dramatically increase the lifetime risk of...
developing breast and ovarian cancer
cancer death rates are going
down
foods that starve cancer...
fruit, veggies, tea, chocolate
cancer cells are...
genetically tested
cancer ignores tissue structure and...
grows on top of a sheet of cells
process of tumor growth: part two
growth of a benign tumor
process of tumor growth: part three
growth of a malignant tumor
distant cancer
has spread to distant parts of the body
preventative lifestyle
healthy weight, regular exercise, high fiber & low fat diet
types of breast cancer
hormone receptor positive, HER2 negative, triple negative
oncogenes result in
hyperactive growth stimulating proteins
process of tumor growth: part one
increased cell division
BMI over 30 leads to an
increased risk of cancer
malignant tumors...
invade other tissues
example of TNM stave IV
large tumor, spread to nodes, metastasis to other organs
epigenetics do...
matter
tnM staging
metastasis - what distant sites are affected
angiogenesis is required for...
microscopic tumors to grow larger
what causes cancer?
mutations in genes that inhibit or stimulate cell division
triple negative
no hormone receptors, can NOT use hormone therapy
inhibitive cell division signal system is faulty
no signal or a mutation
localized cancer
no spread, limited to where it started
tNm staging
nodes - which are being affected
faulty stimulative cell division signal system results in
none or excessive cell division
carcinoma in situ
not cancer but could be
once a proto-oncogene is mutated it is a
oncogene
knowing the type of cancer leads to...
personalized treatment
12 common cancers
prostate, breast, lung, colon & rectal, melanoma, bladder, non-hodgkins lymphoma, kidney, thyroid, leukemia, endometrial, pancreatic
examples of common carcinogens
radiation, tobacco smoke, diet, pollution, viruses, alcohol, x-rays, Hep B
how can cancer be prevented?
screening - mammograms, MRI's, vaccines - HPV, lifestyle, food
example of TNM stage I
small tumor, no nodes, no metastasis
regional cancer
spread to nearby lymph nodes, organs, tissues
stages of cancer
stage 0-IV
Proto-oncogenes
stimulate normal cell growth and division
Carcinogen
substance that causes cancer
benign tumors remain at...
the original site
when a tumor suppressor gene accepts a mutated protein...
there is uncontrolled cell growth
stimulative cell division signal system is faulty
there's either no signal or a mutation
malignant tumors migrate...
to other tissues
hormone receptor positive
tumor has hormone receptors, can use hormone therapy
Tnm staging
tumor size and shape
TNM staging of cancer means
tumor, nodes, metastasis
unknown cancer
unable to determine stage
faulty inhibitive cell division signal system results in
uncontrolled cell division
is cancer on the rise?
yes
