cancer

normal chance of ovarian cancer

1.5%

normal chance of breast cancer

12.5%

BRCA gene chance of ovarian cancer

15-40%

BRCA gene chance of breast cancer

60%

the Abcde of cancer

Asymmetry

the aBcde of cancer

Border - is it irregular?

the abCde of cancer

Color - is it uneven?

the abcDe of cancer

Diameter - is it larger than a pencil eraser?

the abcdE of cancer

Evolving - is it changing?

HER2 negative

HER2 receptors surround cell, can also use hormone therapy

metastasis

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

stage 0

abnormal cells are present but havent spread, carcinoma in situ

tumor suppressor gene

accepts growth proteins which allow for normal cell growth

when proto-oncogenes are copied multiple times it results in

an excess of growth stimulation protein

when the proto-oncogene moves on the DNA chain it results in

an excess of growth stimulation protein because the hormone is under new control

genetic tests may reveal...

an increased risk of cancer

resveratrol

antioxidant in red wine, anticancer

we can screen for these 7 common cancers..

breast, testicular, cervix, skin, oral, prostate and colorectal

stage IV

cancer is metastatic

stages I, II, III

cancer is present, the larger the number the larger the tumor and spread

some molecules that help starve cancer

catechin, polyphenol, resveratrol, genistein, lycopen, sulforaphane, omega 3 fatty acids

HeLa cells

cervical cancer cells from Henrietta Lacks

benign tumors have...

clear boundries between tissue and tumor

BRCA mutations dramatically increase the lifetime risk of...

developing breast and ovarian cancer

cancer death rates are going

down

foods that starve cancer...

fruit, veggies, tea, chocolate

cancer cells are...

genetically tested

cancer ignores tissue structure and...

grows on top of a sheet of cells

process of tumor growth: part two

growth of a benign tumor

process of tumor growth: part three

growth of a malignant tumor

distant cancer

has spread to distant parts of the body

preventative lifestyle

healthy weight, regular exercise, high fiber & low fat diet

types of breast cancer

hormone receptor positive, HER2 negative, triple negative

oncogenes result in

hyperactive growth stimulating proteins

process of tumor growth: part one

increased cell division

BMI over 30 leads to an

increased risk of cancer

malignant tumors...

invade other tissues

example of TNM stave IV

large tumor, spread to nodes, metastasis to other organs

epigenetics do...

matter

tnM staging

metastasis - what distant sites are affected

angiogenesis is required for...

microscopic tumors to grow larger

what causes cancer?

mutations in genes that inhibit or stimulate cell division

triple negative

no hormone receptors, can NOT use hormone therapy

inhibitive cell division signal system is faulty

no signal or a mutation

localized cancer

no spread, limited to where it started

tNm staging

nodes - which are being affected

faulty stimulative cell division signal system results in

none or excessive cell division

carcinoma in situ

not cancer but could be

once a proto-oncogene is mutated it is a

oncogene

knowing the type of cancer leads to...

personalized treatment

12 common cancers

prostate, breast, lung, colon & rectal, melanoma, bladder, non-hodgkins lymphoma, kidney, thyroid, leukemia, endometrial, pancreatic

examples of common carcinogens

radiation, tobacco smoke, diet, pollution, viruses, alcohol, x-rays, Hep B

how can cancer be prevented?

screening - mammograms, MRI's, vaccines - HPV, lifestyle, food

example of TNM stage I

small tumor, no nodes, no metastasis

regional cancer

spread to nearby lymph nodes, organs, tissues

stages of cancer

stage 0-IV

Proto-oncogenes

stimulate normal cell growth and division

Carcinogen

substance that causes cancer

benign tumors remain at...

the original site

when a tumor suppressor gene accepts a mutated protein...

there is uncontrolled cell growth

stimulative cell division signal system is faulty

there's either no signal or a mutation

malignant tumors migrate...

to other tissues

hormone receptor positive

tumor has hormone receptors, can use hormone therapy

Tnm staging

tumor size and shape

TNM staging of cancer means

tumor, nodes, metastasis

unknown cancer

unable to determine stage

faulty inhibitive cell division signal system results in

uncontrolled cell division

is cancer on the rise?

yes