Cardiovascular Exam

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

Basophil

Which fetal circulatory structure shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?

Ductus arteriosus

What part of the cardiac conduction system is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava?

SA node

Just prior to atrial contraction,

all four chambers are at rest and AV valves are open.

An individual's hematocrit would vary with

altitude. age. sex.

Norepinephrine is considered a positive chronotropic agent because it causes

an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells.

The great cardiac vein runs alongside the

anterior interventricular artery.

Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B

b,c,f

Valves in veins

cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure

decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space.

In young children, hemopoiesis occurs in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in

flat bones of the axial skeleton.

As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries

gets smaller

Cardiac output equals the

heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.

The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes

lack a nucleus and organelles.

T-lymphocytes are a category of

lymphocytes.

Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to

reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid.

Vascular spasms last

several minutes when tissue damage is extensive.

The artery that arises from the descending aorta and is immediately inferior to the celiac trunk is the _____ artery.

superior mesenteric

The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells.

tunica media

In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the

tunica media.

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers

vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate.

Angiotensin II causes

vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst.

The temperature of blood is about _________ than measured body temperature.

1° C higher

The globulins make up about ________ percent of all plasma proteins.

37

Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood.

5 liters

What would you expect a cardiologist to recommend if there was substantial occlusion to a patient's left coronary artery but not the right coronary artery?

Because this is an important artery, and alternate vascular paths are inadequate, the cardiologist would treat the condition.

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing stroke volume?

Chronotropic agents

Which layer is made of dense irregular connective tissue?

Fibrous pericardium

What causes closure of the foramen ovale at birth?

Higher pressure in the left atrium, which causes interatrial septum flaps to close

Which of the following supplies blood to the abdominal wall?

Lumbar arteries

Sympathetic innervation of the heart arises from the ________ segments of the spinal cord.

T1-T5

The tetralogy of Fallot is

a developmental disorder that is a cardiac septal defect.

Which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body? a: There is a unidirectional blood flow. b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood .c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood. d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart. e: Veins carry blood toward the heart.

a, d, e

Which describes the endocardium? a: Has single layer of epithelium b: Has layer of areolar connective tissue c: Epithelial cells are squamous d: Epithelial cells are cuboidal e: Has layer of adipose connective tissue f: Has patches of myocardium

a,b,c

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .

basic, proteins

The artery that will eventually subdivide to form the posterior cerebral arteries is the _____ artery.

basilar

If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would

be higher than normal

Once an SA nodal cell reaches threshold, the depolarization phase occurs during which

calcium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels.

During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to

collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor.

The formation of a web-like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the ________ pathway.

common

At the AV node of the conduction system, the action potential is

delayed due to the cells being small and having few gap junctions.

The pulmonary trunk carries

deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs.

Fibrinolysis involves ________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein _______.

destruction, plasmin

Peripheral resistance is

directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius.

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the

erythrocytes

The vessels that supply the lower limbs are the

external iliac arteries.

Most of the calcium that triggers contraction of cardiac muscle comes

from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cell.

Systolic blood pressure is recorded

in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction.

Pulmonary arteries are wider than systemic arteries. Therefore, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is

low and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange.

Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would have

low viscosity and therefore have low resistance.

The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the

myocardium.

The umbilical cord contains _____ umbilical vein(s) and _____ umbilical artery(ies).

one; two

The heart valves

permit the passage of blood in one direction.

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?

protection

The right border of the heart is supplied by the

right marginal artery.

The metabolic pathways of cardiac muscle make it

somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it relies so exclusively on aerobic metabolism.

The function of the coronary sinus is to

take blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium.

Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)?

the intrinsic pathway

To prevent excessive blood loss following tissue damage, local chemicals such as

thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction.

Blood is correctly classified as a(n)

tissue