Case studies - globalisation

Censorship - CHINA

- Chinese rulers intolerant of criticism from their own citizens in 1988, Chinese students against communism were killed by Chinese army however, all information unclear due to strict censorship on press and internet - Google withdrew their services there in 2010 due to strict instruction regarding the incident in Tiananmen Square

Global culture - RIO 2016 PARALYMPICS

1983-1992 named 'Decade of Disabled Persons' global media has helped change and influence attitudes and turn the Paralympic Games into one of the world's biggest sporting events

Outsourcing of services - INDIA

- by 2040, India expected to be second largest economy - TNC call centres located in India as many citizens are fluent - high broadband capacity in Bangalore - investment there in 1980s made Bangalore a technology hub + workers earn middle class wages profitable for businesses - Infosys had $9bn revenue in 2015 - highly repetitive work income inequality work at night due to time zones

Land locked - SAHEL

- development challenges due to arid conditions, desertification and lack of accessibility - cost to provide infrastructure rises due to environmental conditions - subsistence farmers depend on flow of food aid from charities as can't afford it themselves, some grow cash crops for TNCs - global brands don't want to set up there as not a viable market so leaves them switched off from consumer networks - some of least developed countries there so poor capacity to create connections

Elite migration - RUSSIAN OLIGARCHS

- most expensive house in Kensington owned by Russian oligarch

Censorship - NORTH KOREA

- no global social media sites - no access to internet

Low wage international migration - INDIAN WORKERS MOVING TO UAE

- over 2 million Indian migrants live in UAE - making up 30% of total population - estimated $15bn returns to India annually in remittances - most work in transport, communication and manufacturing industries - around 1/5 are professionals working in service industries

Global shift in manufacturing - CHINA

- reputation of 'workshop of the world' in 1990s with Shenzhen offering foreign investors masses of low cost labour despite dangerous working conditions - conditions improved between 2000 and 2010 and disposable income of urban citizens tripled - wages increased between 30% and 65% due to Honda and Carlsberg protests - outsourcing reduced extreme poverty from 60% in 1990 to 16% in 2005 - many undesirable 'sweatshops' relocated to Bangladesh

Migration controls - UK

- since 2010, migrants are checked that they possess useful skills and resources for the UK - in 2010, the gov't pledged they would cut net migration by 100,000 people per year - gov't has no control over EU migrants wanting to work in the UK - refugees allowed to remain in UK under human rights law

Transport development - EASY JET

- started as small ventures within UK in 1995 and now flies to 300 places within EU - company expanded after flights to Barcelona in 1996 - 1995 - 30,000 passengers and 2014 - 65 million passengers - over 1.3 million bookings made per month = £10 million revenue per day = SHRINKING WORLD

Changing diets - ASIA

- traditional Asian diets low in meat and high in vegetables however, China's annual meat consumption increased from 5 to 50kg per capita during the 1990s - by 2015, China became leading market for processed food - increases methane emissions due to increased livestock farming - crops imported from across world to feed chinas farm animals - growing demand due to increasing middle class due to outsourcing --> reduction in poverty

Loss of culture - Papua New Guinea

- tribe members wearing t shirts rather than traditional dress - Amazonians moving from rainforests to urban areas - don't value ecosystem as much as they used to - more interested in income, education and health improvements

Disadvantages of outsourcing - NATURAL DISASTERS

2011 Japanese tsunami shows how natural disasters can disrupt global supply chains

Resource nationalism - FIRST NATIONS IN CANADA

Canada is known to 6 crops of indigenous people known as the First Nations These people had much of their land taken away during the colonial rule in the 18th and 19th century - this land never returned however, First Nations demanded compensation payments Resources were exploited and gov't supported TNCs against indigenous landholders These communities protested over the land, causing 6/23 projects to collapse e.g. fracking, oil sand and shale mining Some First Nations oppose oil companies as don't want Canada to become 'switched on' due to associated negative impacts in Dene In Dene, since 1920, 200mil barrels of oil extracted --> death of trout and oil-polluted lakes, alcohol and drugs bought by oil workers

Switched off - NORTH KOREA

Citizens don't have access to internet or social media, there are no undersea data cables - divided from South Korea in 1948 - South Korea home to brands like Samsung - brands not allowed to start up in North Korea unless from there - shows how political decisions influence connectivity - radio and TV are pre-tuned to government stations that pump out steady flow of propaganda

Trade bloc - EU

Eu evolved from simple trade bloc to now a multi-governmental organisation with its own currency. Common Agricultural Policy = farmer subsidies Free movement Own currency = businesses within don't exchange currency so maximise profit Makes one large integrated market so more trade = less cost fluctuation, greater security snd more business opportunity

Extremism - EUROPE

In some EU states, nationalist parties e.g. France's Front National command support. These nationalist parties often oppose immigration and reject multiculturalism, embracing fascism. Racially-aggravated assaults do still occur e.g. Stephen Lawrence in Eltham in 1993 and recent 2015 tensions in France where staff of Charlie Hebdo magazine were killed due to the mocking of Islamic faith

Economic liberalisation - INDONESIA

Indonesian president turned against communism and opened Indonesia's markets to FDI. American + European TNCs met with him and decided to make attractive legal and economic framework for foreign investors. Indonesia then became popular offshoring location for TNCs like Gap and Levis. World Bank lent money for this growth.

Sustainable living - UK GOVERNMENT ACTIONS

Local authorities run own recycling schemes under Local Agenda 21 In 2011, Welsh Assembly banned shops from giving away free plastic bags - 5p charge Consumers re-use plastic bags England introduced same policy in 2015

Special economic zone - CHINA'S 1978 OPEN DOOR POLICY

Moved away from centrally-planned economy Encouraged trade by reducing tariffs --> exports rose 19% per year Encouraged growth of private businesses 14 coastal cities became 'open areas' for FDI Joined WTO Impacts: - economy 9 times larger now since 1978 - after joining WTO, trade increased from $266bn to $900bn - 300 million people left rural areas - by 2015, many workers earning $40 per day

Social and environmental challenges of megacities - MUMBAI

Social: - 60% of population live in poverty in slums - billionaires from TNCs contribute to drastic increase in house prices - explosive population growth Environmental: - high amount of air and water pollution

Social and environmental challenges of megacities - KARACHI

Social: - UN estimates half of Karachi's population live in slums Environmental: - industrial waste is dumped in dry river beds within the city

Disadvantages of outsourcing - RANA PLAZA

in 2013, rana plaza incident killed 1100 people due to poor working conditions

Localism and transition towns - TODMORDEN

town in South Pennines transition town - much of the food is grown locally 'Incredible Edible Todmorden' --> campaign which received national lottery funding and aims to encourage consumers and growers to work together for good of planet IET has created 40 public fruit and veg gardens