CD1 - Ch 12: Intellectual Development from One to Three

List at least four toys that are appropriate and fun for toddlers between the ages of one and two.

Household items such as metal pans, pull toys, floating bath toys, toys that make music, and sorting toys.

Describe the four methods of learning used by young children.

Incidental: unplanned learning. Trial-and-error: child tries several solutions before finding one that works. Imitation: child watches and copies others. Directed: results from being taught.

Summarize how heredity and the environment shape intelligence.

Intelligence capacity is inherited. Stimulation of the environment and encouragement of caregivers help children realize their potential.

Imitation

Learning by watching and copying others.

Trial-and error learning

Learning that takes place when a child tries several solutions to find one that works.

Reading readiness

Learning the skills necessary including letter recognition and the understanding that letters of the alphabet combine to form words on a page.

Summarize how to evaluate toys for young children.

Points to consider: Is it safe, well-made, durable, colorful, and easy to care for? Will it encourage children to use their imagination? Will it be easy for the child to handle and be enjoyable?

Identify two kinds of speech difficulties that might indicate that speech therapy is needed.

Problems with articulation and stuttering.

Articulation

Refers to the ability to use clear, distinct speech.

Identify four parts of language that children have an inborn ability to decipher.

Sounds, words, sentences, and grammar.

Intelligence

The ability to interpret and understand everyday situations and to use prior experiences when faced with new situations or problems.

Math readiness

The level of knowledge of basic concepts, such as number recognition, needed for learning math.

Creativity

The mental ability that involves using the imagination to produce original ideas.

Neuroscience

The modern study of the brain.

Identify why curiosity is important.

This helps brain development and learning. It causes children to wonder why and how, and to try new things.

Incidental Learning

This is unplanned learning.

Stuttering

This is when a person speaks with sporadic repetition or prolonged sounds.

Directed learning

This type of learning occurs in school or other places that offer formal instruction, as well as at home.

Explain why it is vital that young children have a stimulating learning environment.

A stimulating learning environment increases the child's intellectual ability by helping the brain grow in complexity and increase neural connections between different parts of the brain. It also forms positive attitudes about learning that last a lifetime.

List the areas of intellectual activity.

Attention, memory, perception, reasoning, imagination, creativity, and curiosity.

Describe how trial-and-error learning supports Piaget's description of the sensorimotor period.

Children learn through their own actions in this period. This type of learning is when a child tries different actions to discover what happens or what will give the desired result.

Describe one of the principles for guiding a child's learning and give an example of a caregiver putting it into practice.

Give only as much help as the child needs. If a child can put on his own shoes, but does not know left from right, mark one of them. If the child is left-handed, mark the left shoe. Then say,"Which hand do you hold your spoon in?"

Intellectual Developmental Milestones for One-Year-Old

1. Begins to put two words together. 2. Names common objects and people. 3. Understands "no," but ignores it. 4. Finds hidden objects

Additional ways to promote Guided Learning

1. Demonstrate how to solve problems. 2 Keep explanations simple and on the child's level. 3. Allow children to explore and discover. 4. Help children understand the world and how it works.

Ways to promote Guided Learning:

1. Give your time and attention. 2. Allow time for thinking. 3. Give only as much help as the child needs. 4. Encourage children to draw their own conclusions.

Intellectual Developmental Milestones for Three-Year-Old

1. Uses longer sentences. 2. Knows about 900 words. 3. Follows two-part directions. 4. Sorts by color and shape.

Intellectual Developmental Milestones for Two-Year-Old

1. Uses two- to three-word sentences. 2. Knows about 500 words. 3. Follows simple directions. 4. Identifies colors.