URS 1006
Urban
built-up area where buildings, roads, and essentially urban land uses predominate.
Megalopolis
population more than 25 million
Urban Renewal
Federally funded clearing and rebuilding inner city areas o Began with Housing Act of 1949 o Officially ended in 1973 o Although some funding lasted through 80's
Stuctural Adjustment Program
Loans from the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to countries that experience economic crises. o Originally intended to help the Allied nations after WWII o Now provides "loans" to any member country in financial crisis (perceived need) Conditions on the loan monies were detrimental to the economy of the area
Capital City
"head cities", the headquarters of government functions. Every country has one and a few have more than one. Capital cities are seats of political power, centers of decision making, and loci of national sovereignty. Tallahassee, D.C.
Treaty of Tordesillas
- 1494 o Line of demarcation dividing the newly discovered lands outside of Europe between Portugal and Spain West Spain East Portugal - Largely ignored by other European nations, however o Still profound impact on Latin America today!
Middle Period
- 5th-17th Century A.D. - Fall of the Roman Empire "ended" urbanization in western Europe for over 600 years.
Primate City
- At least twice as large as the second largest o Gap is often twice as large Paris, France Cairo, Egypt Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Lagos, Nigeria Amman, Jordan Baghdad, Iraq Seoul, South Korea
Law of the Indies
- Body of laws issued by the Spanish Crown for the Spanish Empire o King Ferdinand II of Aragon- Laws of Burgos Focused on the welfare of the conquered native peoples o King Philip II Regularize the establishment of presidios (military towns); missions; pueblos (civilian towns) Codified city planning
Dual City
- One part Western and one part more traditional, indigenous part o Shanghai, China o Jerusalem, Israel o Delhi, India o Tunis, Tunisia o St. Augustine, Florida?
Rank Size Rule
- Second largest city is half the size of the largest - Fourth biggest city is ¼ the size of the largest - A deviation from this ranking may mean that the urban system is unbalanced
Brundtland Commission
- Secretary General of the UN, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, asked Prime Minister of Norway Gro Harlem Brundtland to create an organization independent of the UN to focus on environmental and developmental problems and solutions
Megaevent
- Typically events holding more than 500 people - Transient, but "great" economic and cultural influence - Employ drama and spectacle to underline and promote values of local, national or international importance - Throw light on the societies, institutions and elites who are involved with them
Explain "flat" in terms of globalization
- national borders don't really matter. We live in one world. Cross border integration is close to complete.
Basic function of a city
1) market centers 2) transportation centers 3) specialized service centers. May also have one single function but functional diversity is often the case.
Informal settlement (slum, squatter settlement)
1. areas where groups of housing units have been constructed on land that the occupants have no legal claim to, or occupy illegally; 2. unplanned settlements and areas where housing is not in compliance with current planning and building regulations (unauthorized housing).
Global Population Trends
1804; 1 billion 1927; 2 billion 1960; 3 billion 1974; 4 billion 1999; 6 billion 2012; 7 billion
Sustainability
3 pillars • People: Social Sustainability • Planet: Environmental Sustainability • Profit: Economic Sustainability • Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
MDC
A country that is highly industrialized with a diverse economy and the people have a higher standard of living
Sector Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD)., theory developed by land economist Homer Hoyt in 1939, which explains that a city develops in a series of sectors rather than rings.
Process to host a megaevent
Apply-->decide on candidate cities-->IOC conducts commission report on cities-->cities present--> cities select
Impact of the rise of Middle Class
Colonialism Colonialism Increased social costs for women, poor farmers, and working class Industrialized cities GLOBALIZATION
Sprawl
Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area. Connected only by freeways -five components: Hosing subdivision, Shopping Centers, Office Parks, civic Institutions, Freeways: essential part to connect other four components.
Rise of the Middle Class
Did not want the restrictions imposed by the guilds Wanted to spread their goods to other places (new markets) Wanted goods from other places (furs, spices, gold, tea, gun powder, etc)
Conurbation
Expanded urban area that has engulfed smaller cities in the urban expansion zone, turning nearby towns into full-fledged cities, and bump into other expanding urban areas. •Randstad- Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht •Mumbai Metropolitan Area •Rawalpindi-Islamabad (Pakistan) •In US; NY Tri-state area, NY-BOS, Baltimore-DC, Dallas-Ft. Worth, Minneapolis-St.Paul
Millenium Development Goals
Extreme Poverty & Hunger Universal Primary Education Gender Equality Child Mortality Environmental Sustainability
Features of Agrarian Civilization
INCREASING COMPLEXITY! Villages began to spread when food production increased. (Used animals for meat/furuse animals for pulling, Creation of Irrigation, specializations were created because not everyone had to be a farmer anymore, this created classes) • Cultural differences/similarities; ALL had big cities which had rules, hierarchys, certain architecture, armies, writing.
Ancient Civilizations
Mesopotamia Egypt China India
Ghemawat's argument
NOT FLAT. Used data to prove Friedman wrong. Phone service; of all the calling minutes last year, 2% crossed borders. Immigration; first generation immigrants are 3% of population.
Rural
Once a large place becomes large enough to assume that it's economy doesn't revolve around agriculture, a rural place becomes an urban place.
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary zones
Primary sector is natural resource extraction. Secondary sector is manufacturing and industrial work. Tertiary is services that are provided. Quaternary is information processing.
Impacts of hyperurbanization
Slums, loss of social responsibility because of high levels of competition, hard pressed to provide all human services.
Colonialism
The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
Colonial Cities (two types)
Type 1-European city created virtually from scratch on a site where no other significant urban place existed o In-migration of local peoples drawn to economic opportunity created by colonial rule Mumbai (Bombay) Hong Kong Type 2-European city grafted onto an existing indigenous urban place o Swallow up or overwhelm in size and importance the original indigenous center Shanghai Delhi Tunis
Suburbanization
US and Canada national corporations merged or expanded into large multinational corporations and achieved dominance in the N American market. The US emerged as the world's richest economy. Widespread automobile ownership and suburbanization. The US became more suburban and urban. Municipalities tried to reverse suburbanization with urban renewal.
Friedman's argument
You went global through your country in early 1800's; spanish exploring new worlds, etc. Next era; companies globalizing into new countries. Next era; built around individuals. Empowers and enjoins individuals to globalize themselves.
Postindustrial city
a city in which an economic transition has occurred from a manufacturing based economy to a service based economy., A city in which the service sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector., Post-industrial cities are also characterized by large areas of office blocks and buildings for local government administration
New Town
a phenomenon of the 20th Century, and refers to a comprehensively planned urban community built from scratch with the intent of becoming as self-contained as possible by encouraging the development of an economic base and a full range of urban services and facilities.
City
a political designation referring to a large, densely-populated place that is legally incorporated as a municipality.
Green City
are those that are on the way to environmental sustainability; no city is yet a green city, but thousands of cities around the world are trying to lessen their environmental impacts. (Portland, Oregon)
Basic/non-basic economic activities
basic: necessary for urban growth, manufacturing, trade etc. non-basic-grocery stores, restaurants etc.
Industrial City
city that grew during the Industrial Revolution, main function was to make and distribute manufactured products., Elements of the factories, railroads, slums., (diagram in nb) - elites put factories in the center of cities and no longer want to near factories, they leave the center and move to the suburbs. new immigrants moving to the center of the cities
Megacity
colloquial term to designate the very largest urban places, usually conceptualized as an urban core and its peripheral expansion zone. A city of more than 10 million inhabitants may be a megacity.
World City
command and control centers of the world economy •Global cities-New York, London, Tokyo •2nd tier world cities- Paris, Frankfurt, Los Angeles, Chicago, Hong Kong, & Singapore
Edge City
consist of predominantly large square-footage office space located beyong the central city. - More than 5 mil square feet of office space, enough to house up to 50,000 office workers - More than 600,000 square feet of retail space, the size of a medium shopping center. - More jobs than bedrooms - Nothing like a city before 1960 - Residential areas scarce
LDC
developing countries with a low level of industrialization, a very high fertility rate, a very high infant mortality rate, and a very low per capita income (relative to highly developed countries).
3 Waves of Globalization
early 1800's; spanish exploring new worlds, etc. Next era; companies globalizing into new countries. Next era; built around individuals. Empowers and enjoins individuals to globalize themselves.
Hyperurbanization
economic development cant keep up with population growth
Impact of the Middle Ages on Urbanization
fall of roman empire
Westernization
how do you raise the standard of living without completely abandoning traditional cultures? Some argue modernization and westernization are incompatible while others claim modernization automatically entails change and change is likely to take the form of westernization.
Grid System
imposes a rectangular street grid on urban space, dates from antiquity. Some of the earliest of cities were built using grids. The grid provides a simple, rational format allocating land by setting streets at right angles to each other. Negatives; a lack of sensitivity to the physical environment, the imposition of the grid regardless of topography, a focus on straight lines and underlying sense of the ability to control urban space.
Industrial Revolution
it was capitalism that ushered in the industrial revolution and led to the emergence of the industrial city. Urbanization did not occur until after the industrial revolution.
Multiple Nuclei Zone Model
model created by CD Harris and EL Ullman in , which explains that a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve. Basically growing from more than one nuclei as focal points.
Concentric Zone Model
model created by EW Burgess in 1923, which explains that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings, like the growth rings on a tree.(further out you go, the less urban it gets.)
Inverse Concentric Zone Modeal
predicts neighborhoods close to the city center are most likely to be higher income neighborhoods.
Sunbelt City
region that stretches from fl to ca and has seen the most dramatic growth in the past 30 years. Cities in S, W and pacific nw that hace seen increased economic growth, population and symbolic importance in the urban hierarchy.
Agrarian Civilization
societies that began with simple farming and became more complex as food production increased
Underemployment
take jobs that are nor commensurate with your skills
Mercantilism
the use of the power of the state to help the nation develop its economic potential and population
Break of Bulk Point
transportation center where bulk goods come from one type of transportation and changes to another.
Preindustrial City
until 1840, small, walking city, located near water, cottage industry manufacturing services, mixed land use, no segregation., characterized by a relatively closed class system and limited mobility. Factors that restrict urbanization= - reliance on animal power -lack of surplus of food -difficulty transporting and storing food -hardships in migration to the city
Globalization
• Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international tradeand investment and aided by information technology.
Walled Cities
• Great Wall of China • Hadrian's Wall • Keep the vandals out - Most urban residents spent their lives within the walls of their cities.
Urbanization
• not urban until it's workforce is divorced from it's soil. Once a large place becomes large enough to assume that it's economy doesn't revolve around agriculture, a rural place becomes an urban place.
Impacts of Sustainability
• the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs
Early Forms of Globalization (trade routes)
•Roman Empire (Roman Trading) -Western Europe -Mediterranean Sea -China through Persia to Europe -Silk -Exotic spices
