cell 220 lecture exam 2
fixator
A muscle that stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover's origin
antagonist
A muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover
hypothalamus
Behavior Endocrine Emotion Temperature control Sleep/wake cycles Hunger/thirst Autonomic control Memory Infundibulum Pituitary gland
lateral flexion
Bending of the neck or body to the right or left side
muscles acting at the elbow
Biceps brachii Origin: supraglenoid tubercle, coracoid process Insertion: radial tuberosity Brachioradialis Brachialis Triceps brachii Origin: infraglenoid tubercle, posterior shaft of the humerus Insertion: olecranon process anconeus
brainstem
Bidirectional passageway between cerebrum and spinal cord Contains many autonomic and reflex centers essential for survival Point of attachment for cranial nerves
testis
Bilateral structures located externally within the scrotum
ovary
Bilateral structures locates in pelvic cavity
convergent
Broad origin, converge towards insertion
cerebrospinal fluid
Buoyancy Protection (cushion) Environmental stability Produced in the choroid plexus Clear, colorless fluid Circulates through the ventricles and subarachnoid space surrounding the CNS
thyroid gland
Butterfly shaped Inferior to larynx Largest pure endocrine gland
Follicle stimulating hormone
Act on the gonads
Luteinizing hormone
Act on the gonads
Testosterone
Activates sperm production, stimulates development to male reproductive organs
Growth hormone
Acts on all body tissues, especially bone, muscle, and adipose connective tissue
Prolactin
Acts on mammary glands
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Acts on melanocytes in the epidermis
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Acts on the adrenal complex
Thyroid stimulation hormone
Acts on the thyroid gland
endocrine system
Acts using hormones Can affect any cell in the body (target cells have hormone receptors) Has widespread effects Has slower but longer lasting responses Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
Epinephrine
Adrenaline
contraction
An action potential arrives at neuromuscular junction ACh is released, binds to receptors, leading to an action potential in sarcolemma Action potential travels along the T-tubules Thick and thin filament interaction leads to muscle contraction Muscle shortens and produces tension
relaxation
Calcium is resorbed, beginning relaxation cycle; ATP is required Thick and thin filament interaction relaxes Muscle lengthens and relaxes
ascending spinal cord
Conduct sensory of motor information Travel through white matter of CNS Connect CNS regions to cranial nerves and spinal nerves
descending spinal cord
Conduct sensory or motor information Travel through white matter of CNS Connect CNS regions to cranial nerves and spinal nerves
skeletal muscle
Connected to the skeleton
semicircular canals
Detect rotational movements Help sense equilibrium
cochlea
Detects sound waves
depression
Downward movement
limbic system
Emotional brain Involved in emotion, memory, and motivation
Norepinephrine
Enhance fight or flight response
muscles of facial expression
Epicranius Frontalis Occipitalis Galea apaneurotica Orbicularis oculi Nasalis Levator labii superioris Levator anguli oris Zygomaticus Orbicularis oris Depressor anguli oris Depressor labii inferioris mentalis
hydrocephalus
Excessive CSF Obstruction of CSF flow Overproduction of CSF Impaired drainage of CSF
orientation
External abdominal oblique
trochlear nerve
Extrinsic eye muscle (superior oblique) CN IV
abducens nerve
Extrinsic eye muscles (lateral rectus) CN VI
oculomotor nerve
Extrinsic eye muscles (superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique), constrict pupil CN III
homunculus
Face + head have more sensory neurons, more motor control, distribution of neurons
trigeminal nerve
Face, teeth, tongue Muscles of mastication CN V
parallel
Fibers run parallel to long axis
sympathetic
Fight or flight Activated in emergency situations and when excited or stressed
anterior chamber/posterior chamber
Filled with aqueous humor
vitreous chamber
Filled with vitreous humor
cerebellum
Fine-tunes, smoothens, and coordinates muscle movement Balance/equilibrium
oligodendrocytes
Form myelin sheaths in CNS
cardiac muscle
Found in heart myocardium
smooth muscle
Found in walls of visceral organs
rods
Function in dim light, don't provide sharp vision or color vision, more numerous than cones
smooth muscle
Fusiform shape Uninucleate No striations Fatigue resistant Involuntary
shape/size
Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Gluteus minimus
basal cells
Immature cells, replaces other two cell types
myelin
Made by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS White, fatty coating around axons Nodes of Ranvier is the gap in myelin Supports, protects, and insulates axon Increases conduction speed of electrical signals in axons
muscles of mastication
Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid
estrogen
Maturation of follicles, stimulates development to female reproductive organs
polysynaptic
More complex neural pathway Includes interneurons The withdrawal reflex is an example Multiple synapses
teres major
Which of the following is not a rotator cuff muscle
neurotransmitters
Which of the following is not a structure a neuron directly synapses with in the body
temperature
Which of the following is not detected by mechanoreceptors
contains interneurons
Which of the following is not true about monosynaptic reflexes
Initiates water retention in kidney during dehydration
Which of the following is the function of antidiuretic hormone
schwann cells
Myelinate PNS axons
Malleus, incus, stapes
Name the middle ear structures laterally to medially
Deep fascia, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
Name the muscle wrappings superficial to deep
nerve plexus
Networks of interweaving spinal nerves
projection fibers
Project up or down spinal cord
satellite cells
Protect and regulate nutrients for neuron cell bodies in ganglia
muscles acting at the hip
Pectineus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Iliopsoas Psoas major Iliacus Rectus femoris Gluteus maximus Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Biceps femoris
muscles acting at the shoulder
Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Teres major Latissimus dorsi deltoid
agonist
Principal muscle involved
ceruminous glands
Produce cerumen Earwax impedes microorganism growth
alzheimer's disease
Progressive degenerative disease of the brain Symptoms: memory loss, depression, disorientation Associated with abnormal protein aggregates: Intracellular tau tangles Extracellular amyloid plaques
body region
Rectus femoris
parasympathetic
Rest and digest Conserves energy and replenishes energy stores
neural tunic
Retina Photoreceptors Nerves and light
reposition
Returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger
lateral rotation
Rotation of the limb so that the anterior surface moves away from the midline
rotation
Rotation of the neck or body One bone rotates in relation to another bone
fibrous tunic
Sclera Cornea Protection
glucagon
Secreted by alpha cells Glycogen breakdown in the liver Increases blood glucose levels
insulin
Secreted by beta cells Signals body cells to take up and use glucose for energy Decreases blood glucose levels
pennate
Short fibers are obliquely attached to tendon
synapse
Sites at which neurons communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands
myoblast, large, multiple
Skeletal muscle forms through the fusion of ______ creating ______ cylindrical shaped cells with ________ nuclei
aldosterone
Sodium and water retention in kidney
touch
Special senses consist of all of the following except
cervical plexus
Spinal nerves C1-C4 Innervates the anterior neck and parts of the head and shoulder The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm C345
brachial plexus
Spinal nerves C5-T1 Innervates the pectoral girdle and upper arm
lumbar plexus
Spinal nerves L1-L4 Innervates the anterior and medial thigh
sacral plexus
Spinal nerves L4-S4 Innervates all of the lower limb except the anterior/medial thigh
attachments
Sternocleidomastoid
accessory nerve
Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius CN XI
thymopoietin/thymosins
Stimulate growth and maturation of T-lymphocytes
progesterone
Stimulates growth of uterine lining
action
Supinator Pronator teres Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Targets kidney Increase in sodium and water loss
renin
Targets liver Stimulates formation of angiotensin
facial nerve
Taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue) Muscles of facial expression, secretion of saliva and tears CN VII
glossopharyngeal nerve
Taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue) Swallowing and secretion of saliva CN IX
general senses
Temperature Pain Touch Stretch Pressure
rotator cuff muscles
Teres MINOR Infraspinatus Supraspinatus subscapularis
rectus femoris
The _____ is the antagonist for the biceps femoris
middle ear
The auditory tube connects the air-filled middle ear to the nasopharynx Usually closed, opens to equilibrate pressure in middle ear
commissural fibers
The corpus callosum is associated with which of the following
monosynaptic
The simplest of all reflexes The stretch reflex is an example One synapse Patellar or knee-jerk reflex
increases
The sympathetic nervous system does what to heart rate
inversion
The turning of the foot to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline
ependymal cells
These type of glial cells produce cerebral spinal fluid
opposition
Thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger
hypoglossal nerve
Tongue muscles CN XII
number of heads
Triceps brachii 3 heads Biceps brachii 2 heads Biceps femoris 2 heads
frontal lobe
Trouble making decisions and verbally communicating with peers, what part of the brain is damaged
false
True or false: CSF is located in the subdural space
true
True or false: Schwann cells are found in the PNS
true
True or false: a function of muscle is storage and movement of materials
true
True or false: aldosterone helps retain sodium and water in the kidneys
false
True or false: both schwann cells and oligodendrocytes myelinate one axon at a time
true
True or false: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone have opposing functions
true
True or false: gyri and sulci increases the surface area of the cortex
true
True or false: rods are more numerous than cones
false
True or false: rods operate best in bright light and provide high acuity color vision
true
True or false: semitendinosus helps flex the knee
false
True or false: the anterior pituitary is also known as the neurohypophysis
true
True or false: the deltoid is the only example of multipennate arrangement of fascicles
true
True or false: the somatic nervous system involved voluntary skeletal muscle movement
true
True or false: tropic hormones are hormones that affect the release of other hormones
eversion
Turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline
elevation
Upward movement
oxytocin
Uterine contractions and milk ejection
vestibule
Utricle and saccule Detects linear acceleration and head position Helps sense equilibrium
muscles acting at the knee
Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Semitendinosis Semimembranosus Biceps femoris
vagus nerve
Visceral sensation (thoracic and abdominal cavities) Swallowing, control of respiratory system, heart and digestive system CN X
corpus callosum
Which structure is not apart of the diencephalon
cervical nerves
Which structure is not included in the central nervous system
pronation
When the palm of the hand faces backward
ganglia
Where are cell bodies and dendrites housed in the peripheral nervous system
unipennate
Which type of fascicle arrangement have tendon fibers attached at a pennation angle
adrenal medulla
Which gland produces a hormone that enhances sympathetic response
renin
Which hormone stimulates the formation of angiotensin that leads to the production of aldosterone
It has faster effects than the nervous system
Which is not true about the endocrine system
iliacus
Which muscle acting at the hip is a flexor
vastus medialis
Which muscle acting on the knee helps with extension
origin
Which muscle attachment structure is less movable
cardiac
Which muscle cell is auto-rhythmic
latissimus dorsi
Which muscle helps to adduct and extend the shoulder
orbicularis oris
Which muscle would be the main muscle to form the kissy facial expression
Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Ependymal cells
Which nerve cells are not excitable
Preganglionic neuron
Which neuron is myelinated
foliate papillae
Which type of taste bud is only present during infancy
fungiform
anterior 2/3 tongue, few taste buds
filiform
anterior 2/3 tongue, no taste buds
temporal lobe
auditory and olfactory experience
multipolar
most CNS neurons, motor neurons, most common, MULTIPLE ATTACHMENTS
heart
produces atrial natriuretic peptide
kidney
produces renin
motor neurons
send information away from the CNS
sensory neurons
send information to the CNS
parietal lobe
sensory interpretation of textures and shapes, understanding speech
unipolar
sensory neurons, ONE
sensation
sensory receptors detect stimuli, afferent information sent to CNS
optic nerve
sight CN II
bipolar
special senses, TWO
insula
taste
origin
the less movable attachment site
insertion
the more movable attachment site
occipital lobe
vision
special senses
vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance/equilibrium
somatic nervous system
voluntary, innervates skeletal muscle
white matter
contains neuron axons and myelin sheaths neurons
gray matter
contains neuron cell bodies and dendrites Cortex and nuclei
neuronal networks
work to process sensory information and perform motor responses
perineurium
wraps axon fascicles
epimysium
wraps entire muscles
epineurium
wraps entire nerves
perimysium
wraps fascicles
endoneurium
wraps individual axons
endomysium
wraps muscle fibers
deep fascia
wraps muscle groups
frontal lobe
decision making, personality, verbal communication, voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles
photoreceptors
detect light and color
muscle spindles
detect muscle stretch
Proprioceptors
detect stretch
thermoreceptors
detect temperature
golgi tendon organs
detect tendon stretch
nociceptors
detect tissue damage
mechanoreceptors
detect touch, pressure, and vibration
response
efferent information leaves the CNS, effectors (muscles or glands) respond
properties of muscular tissue
electrical excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity
neurons
excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses
Apaneuroses
flat tendons are called
otitis media
infection of the middle ear
visceral senses
information from internal organs and blood vessels (heart and lungs)
somatic senses
information from skin, joints, and skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system
involuntary, innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands
skeletal muscle
large cylindrical shape Multinucleate Formed from the fusion of myoblasts Striated Voluntary vascular
foliate
lateral tongue, taste buds during infancy
commissural fibers
1 hemisphere to another
association fibers
1 part of a hemisphere to another part of a hemisphere
aponeurosis
A flat tendon
dermatomes
A specific segment of skin supplied by a single pair of cranial nerves
hormones
Are carried throughout the body by the bloodstream Initiate specific actions in target cells (cells that have receptors for the hormone)
synergist
Assists the prime mover
autonomic nervous system
Chain of two motor neurons to target Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons Innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
gustatory cells
Chemoreceptors Respond to five basic tastes (salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami) Replaced every 7-10 days
elevation and depression
Chewing food would cause _____ and ___ movement of the mandible
vascular tunic
Choroid Ciliary body Suspensory ligaments Iris Blood supply
microglial cells
Clean up debris and fight infection
circular
Concentric rings
optic disc
Contains no rods or cones, axons exit eye, blind spot
fovea centralis
Contains only cones, maximum visual acuity
astrocytes
Control ionic environment Food, remove waste Induce formation of the blood-brain barrier
special senses
Gustation Olfaction Vision Equilibrium audition
vestibulocochlear nerve
Hearing, balance CN VIII
Cortisol
Helps body deal with stressful situations
supinaton
Holding a bowl of soup Rotation of the radius returns the bones to their parallel position
tropic hormones
Hormones that affect the release of other hormones
lumbar plexus
If you had a laceration to your anterior medial thigh, what nerve plexus could be affected
parathyroid hormone
Increases blood concentration of Ca2+ Increases osteoclast activity and decreases osteoblast activity
thyroid gland
Increases metabolic rate
antidiuretic hormone
Initiates water retention in kidney during dehydration Increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction
enteric nervous system
Large network of neurons in the wall of the digestive tract Functions to automatically control digestive system functions Can be influenced by the ANS, but can also operate independently of the brain and spinal cord
thalamus
Lies on either side of the third ventricle Relay station for sensory and motor information entering the cerebrum
dorsiflexion
Lifting the front of the foot, so that the top of the foot moves towards the anterior leg
plantar flexion
Lifting the heel of the foot from the ground or pointing the toes downward
ependymal cells
Line brain internal cavities (ventricles)
thymus
Located in lower neck and mediastinum Yellows and atrophies after puberty
pancreas
Located in posterior wall of abdominal cavity Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
calcitonin
Lowers level of blood Ca2+ Decreases osteoclast activity and increases osteoblast activity
dual innervation
Most organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The two divisions often oppose each other
functions of skeletal muscle
Movement Maintenance of posture Temperature regulation Storage and movement of materials Support abdominal organs Joint stabilization
circumduction
Movement of a body region in a circular manner One end is stationary while the other describes a circle
medial rotation
Movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body
false
Multipolar neurons are most PNS neurons
endoneurium
What is the name of the connective tissue that wraps around a single axon
olfactory nerve
Olfactory bulb, termination of olfactory nerve Smell CN I
parathyroid gland
On posterior surface of the thyroid gland
somatic nervous system
One motor neuron to target Innervates skeletal muscle
cones
Operate best in bright light, provide high acuity color vision
pineal gland
Part of the epithalamus Produces melatonin Helps regulate circadian rhythm
multiple sclerosis
Patches of myelin in brain and spinal cord destroyed Autoimmune disease Symptoms: blindness, weakness, numbness
Posterior 1/3 of tongue
The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates
renin
The kidney produces which hormone
multipolar
The majority of motor neurons are classified as
Effectors, autonomic
The motor system transmits information from the CNS to the ____, which are classified as somatic and ______
Detects sound waves
What does a cochlear implant do
myelin
What increases the conduction speed of electrical signals in axons
autorhythmic
What is a special characteristic that only cardiac muscle has
flexibility
What is not a property of muscle tissue
ATP
What is required for muscle relaxation
m-line
What is the anchor for myosin
Flexion of hip Dorsiflexion of foot Flexion of knee
What is the first body movements are involved when playing hacky sack
thyroid
What is the largest purely endocrine gland
sarcomere
What is the smallest muscle unit
Y shaped fibers
What is unique about cardiac muscle
middle ear to nasopharynx
What two structures foes the auditory tube connect
protraction
When something is moved anteriorly like mandible
retraction
When something is moved posteriorly and medially
temperature regulation
Which of the following is not a function of CSF
immunity
Which of the following is not a function of skeletal muscle
lipid hormone
Which of the following is not a hormone type
triceps brachii
Which of the following would be considered an antagonist to the biceps brachii
filiform
Which papillae has no taste buds present
parietal
Which part of your cerebrum is associated with understanding speech
cones
Which photoreceptor operate best in bright lights
cardiac muscle
Y shaped or branched fibers Uninucleate or binucleate Intercalated discs Striated Auto-rhythmic Involuntary
circumvallate
back of tongue, largest, many taste buds
CNS
brain and spinal cord
PNS
nerves and ganglia
glial cells
non-excitable cells that support and protect the neurons