Cell Final
Rank the following items from 1, the smallest, to 8, the largest. - a moderately sized organic molecule, like lactose, the sugar found in milk - a typical bacterium, such as E. coli - a single molecule of water - an average sized virus, such as influenza A - an ordinary multicellular organism, a wasp for example - a moderately sized atom, like oxygen - a common eukaryotic cell, such as a yeast - a typical protein, like human intestinal lactase
1. atom 2. H20 3. organic molecule 4. protein 5. virus 6. bacterium 7. eukaryotic cell 8. multicellular organism
At a pH of 11.0, ammonia has a H3O+ concentration that is ____________ than that of pure water. 11× lower 10,000× lower 4× higher 4× lower 10,000× higher 11× higher
10,000 lower
At a pH of 3.0, club soda has a H3O+ concentration that is ____________ than that of pure water. 10,000× higher 10,000× lower 4× higher 4× lower 3× lower 3× higher
10,000× higher
A species requires at least how many different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases? 1 3 20 64 None are required.
20
The molar composition of a the cellular DNA from a particular species is 28% C. How much of it is A? 14% 22% 25% 28% 44%
22%
A length of 90 nucleotides within a gene could conceivably code for how many amino acids? 0 9 30 45 90 270
30
How many electrons are in a double bond? 0 2 4 8
4
In what direction is DNA synthesized? left to right right to left carboxy end to amino end amino end to carboxy end 3′ to 5′ 5′ to 3′
5′ to 3′
A bacterial species has a doubling time of 20 minutes. How many cells will you have in an hour, if you started with one cell and the growth conditions are favorable? 2 3 6 8 100
8
How many electrons in a quadruple bond? 4 8 There is no such thing as a quadruple bond.
8
What is the key difference of anaerobic respiration with aerobic respiration? More ATP is generated in anaerobic respiration. ATP is made only by substrate-level phosphorylation in anaerobic respiration. O2 is reduced to H2O2 rather than H2O. Pyruvate or acetate is reduced to regenerate NAD+. A chemical substance other than O2 acts as the terminal electron acceptor.
A chemical substance other than O2 acts as the terminal electron acceptor.
What products do the light reactions provide for the Calvin cycle? ATP and NADPH CO2 and ATP CO2 and NADPH O2 and light energy light energy and ribulose
ATP and NADPH
Post-translational processing of proteins includes which of the following? acetylation glycosylation methylation phosphorylation covalent attachment of lipids All of the above
All of the above
The tendency for Na+ to move into a living cell is due to what factor? higher numbers of Na+ outside the cell, resulting in a concentration gradient the negative electrical potential (voltage difference) of a living cell relative to its exterior the drop in free energy associated with movement of Na+ into the cell All of the above
All of the above
What is the function of extracellular matrix in animals? mechanical strength structural support tissue and organ organization regulation of cell signaling filtration All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is a property of a well-designed experiment? It is replicable. It includes a control. It tests a prediction of a hypothesis. All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection? The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner. All of the above
All of the above
Compared to C3 plants, which of the following statements is accurate for C4 and CAM plants? C4 and CAM plants are less efficient at photosynthesis, using two additional ATP for every carbon atom fixed from the air. C4 and CAM plants manipulate the concentrations of CO2, either spatially or temporally, to reduce the wasteful photorespiration reaction. C4 and CAM plants have an advantage in hot environments because they are able to reduce water loss by keeping their stomata closed during the day. All of the above.
All of the above.
trace element
An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts.
Which of the following is an accurate statement? Biological membranes are semifluid, flowing in the plane of the membrane. Biological membranes are solely composed of amphipathic lipids. All biological membranes are composed of a single layer of amphipathic molecules. Biological membranes are only selective for the transport of gases.
Biological membranes are semifluid, flowing in the plane of the membrane.
Which situation is most likely an example of convergent evolution? Both swans and geese are able to swim and fly well. Both cats and dogs have excellent sense of smell. Both worms and snakes move along the ground without legs. Both oak trees and pine trees can carry out photosynthesis.
Both worms and snakes move along the ground without legs.
Which of the following represents a nonpolar covalent bond? C-H C=O C-O N-H
C-H
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What is the molecular formula for a polymer of ten glucose monomers? C10 H20 O10 C60 H120 O60 C60 H100 O50 C60 H102 O51
C60 H102 O51
Which of the following represents a nonpolar covalent bond? C-H C=O C-O N-H
CH
Which of the following can move across a biological membrane by passive diffusion? a small protein chloride ion (Cl-) CO2 lactose (a disaccharide)
CO2
What enzyme is most directly responsible for DNA replication? helicase DNA ligase primase DNA polymerase topoisomerase
DNA polymerase
Which of the following elements is the most electronegative? H O C F Na
F
In which of the following is the iron most reduced? Fe2O3 Fe2+ Fe3+
Fe2+
Which of the following is a bacterial homolog to tubulin that is important in cytokinesis? actin CreS MreB FtsZ
FtsZ
Which of the following types of receptor is coded for by the largest family of genes in the mammalian genome? G protein-coupled receptors ligand-gated ion channels receptor tyrosine kinases intracellular receptors
G protein-coupled receptors
Where does the energy come from to promote polypeptide synthesis? ATP hydrolysis by the ribosome hydrolysis of high-energy phosphates from the tRNAs GTP hydrolysis by elongation factors the transmembrane proton gradient oxidation of NADH
GTP hydrolysis by elongation factors
What metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation of a molecule of glucose? Citric acid cycle Glycolysis Reduction of pyruvate to lactate Electron transport chain
Glycolysis
How are hydrogen bonds different from covalent bonds? Hydrogen bonds involve a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms, but covalent bonds only involve two atoms. Hydrogen bonds are strong, but covalent bonds are easily broken by thermal movement. Hydrogen bonds involve the complete transfer of electrons, but covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons. Hydrogen bonds involve the unequal sharing of electrons, but covalent bonds involve the equal sharing of electrons. Hydrogen bonds can only form between H and O.
Hydrogen bonds involve a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms, but covalent bonds only involve two atoms.
How are ionic bonds different from covalent bonds? Ionic bonds are strong, but covalent bonds are easily broken by thermal movement. Ionic bonds can only form between Na+ and Cl-. Ionic bonds involve the complete transfer of electrons, but covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons. Ionic bonds involve the unequal sharing of electrons, but covalent bonds involve the equal sharing of electrons.
Ionic bonds involve the complete transfer of electrons, but covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons.
How does the radioactive isotope 32P compare to the more common 31P? It has a higher atomic number. It contains one more proton. It contains one more neutron. It has one more electron. It has one fewer electron.
It contains one more neutron.
How does Fe3+ compare to Fe2+? It has a higher atomic number. It contains one more proton. It contains one more neutron. It has one more electron. It has one fewer electron.
It has one fewer electron.
What is not a property of a scientific theory? It should be considered knowledge. It is supported by a consilience of evidence. It explains a body of natural phenomena. It is useful for making accurate predictions. It is known fact and cannot be altered.
It is known fact and cannot be altered.
What role does water play in photosynthesis? It is split into gaseous hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). It is incorporated directly into carbohydrates as they are being synthesized. It is oxidized, providing the electrons to replace those lost in photosystem II. All of the above None of the above
It is oxidized, providing the electrons to replace those lost in photosystem II.
In the Calvin cycle, what happens to the majority of the glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate (G3P) produced by carbon fixation and reduction? It is converted into glucose. It is converted into starch. It is recycled into ribulose bisphosphate. It produces ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation.
It is recycled into ribulose bisphosphate.
Which statement is not true about water? It participates in many important chemical reactions. It is a very effective solvent for polar molecules and ions. Its solid state is less dense than its liquid state. It is typically the most abundant chemical in a living organism. It releases a large amount of heat when changing from liquid to vapor.
It releases a large amount of heat when changing from liquid to vapor.
Which of the following phases is not in the interphase? G1 G2 M S
M
which of the following is in reduced form? NAD+ NADH
NADH
Which of the following represents a polar covalent bond? C-H C-C C=C O-H
O-H
What is the terminal electron acceptor in the aerobic respiratory electron transport chain? NAD+ CO2 ATP O2 FAD
O2
Which of the following represents a polar covalent bond? C-H C-C C=C O-H
OH
Rank the following covalent bonds from most polar (1) to least polar (4). (No ties.) Group of answer choices, C-C, N-H, O-H, S-H
OH-NH-SH-CC
What is similar between C4 and CAM plants? Electron transport is not part of photosynthesis. Sugar synthesis is independent of the Calvin cycle. PEP carboxylase is used to fix carbon temporarily. Sugar is synthesized in the dark.
PEP carboxylase is used to fix carbon temporarily.
Which group of bacterial proteins are important in segregating daughter DNA before cell division? DnaA, DnaB, DnaG FtsX, FtsY, FtsZ MreA, MreB, MreC ParA, ParB, ParM
ParA, ParB, ParM
Which of the following is not one of the three domains of life used to classify all organisms on the planet? Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Protista
Protista
What does the enzyme primase synthesize? DNA primers RNA primers origins of replication Okazaki fragments
RNA primers
What is an intron? RNA that is removed during RNA processing of transcript the length of transfer RNA that binds to the codon a length of polypeptide that is clipped out posttranslationally a class of highly repetitive tandem DNA sequence DNA that is removed during DNA processing of a gene
RNA that is removed during RNA processing of transcript
How do ribose and deoxyribose differ? Deoxyribose is missing a 3′ oxygen. Deoxyribose is missing a 5′ oxygen. Deoxyribose is a hexose, and ribose is a pentose. Ribose has a 3′ hydroxyl group. Ribose has a 2′ hydroxyl group
Ribose has a 2′ hydroxyl group
In what phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle is nuclear DNA replicated? G1 G2 mitosis S
S
A culture of bacteria is infected with an artificially constructed virus, composed of the T4 phage DNA packaged inside a T2 phage protein coat. Describe the new viruses that will be produced. T2 DNA in T2 coats T2 DNA in T4 coats T4 DNA in T2 coats T4 DNA in T4 coats
T4 DNA in T4 coats
What is turnover? The constant degradation and replacement of cellular components. The time it takes for one generation to be replaced by its progeny. The biogeochemical cycling of elements, like the carbon cycle. The replacement of ancestral traits with more adaptive traits over generations.
The constant degradation and replacement of cellular components.
Which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and respiration? Only respiration oxidizes glucose. Fermentation, but not respiration, is an example of catabolism. Substrate-level phosphorylation is unique to fermentation. Only respiration begins with glycolysis. The electron transport chain is involved only in respiration.
The electron transport chain is involved only in respiration.
If the reaction A↔B+C was at equilibrium in an organelle compartment and then the cell transports C out of the organelle, what happens? The reaction speeds up in both directions. Nothing happens; the reaction was at equilibrium. The forward reaction becomes more favorable. The reverse reaction becomes more favorable.
The forward reaction becomes more favorable.
What bonds are broken when water vaporizes? The hydrogen bonds between water molecules. The polar covalent bonds within water molecules. The nonpolar covalent bonds within water molecules. The ionic bonds between water molecules.
The hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
Which is not a property of a good or useful hypothesis? The hypothesis is firmly grounded in current theory. The hypothesis explains one or more observations. The hypothesis must be able to be proven by experiment. The hypothesis should lead to several testable predictions. The hypothesis is simple with few if any assumptions.
The hypothesis must be able to be proven by experiment.
The mitochondrial electron transport chain directly causes which of the following changes? The pH of the intermembranous space decreases. ATP synthase pump protons by active transport. The electrons gain free energy. NAD+ is oxidized.
The pH of the intermembranous space decreases.
An aquatic plant is in a salt marsh where the total concentration of solutes outside the cells of the plant is 180 mOsm/l. The total concentration of solutes in the plant cell cytosol is is 300 mOsm/l. Assuming that no solutes can cross the plasma membrane, what will happen to the cells of the plant? - The plant cells will lose water, and their plasma membranes will undergo osmotic lysis. - The plant cells will lose water, and their plasmsa membranes will pull away from their cell walls. - The plant cells will take up a lot of water, and the cells will undergo osmotic lysis. - The plant cell will take up a little water, and their plasma membranes will push against their cell walls.
The plant cell will take up a little water, and their plasma membranes will push against their cell walls.
If the reaction A↔B+C was at equilibrium in an organelle compartment and then the cell transports B into the organelle, what happens? The reaction speeds up in both directions. Nothing happens; the reaction was at equilibrium. The forward reaction becomes more favorable. The reverse reaction becomes more favorable.
The reverse reaction becomes more favorable.
What is the theory that describes how all extant life on the planet is evolved from a single early prokaryote that lived around 3.9 billion years ago? Cell Theory Theory of Relativity Evolutionary Theory Theory of Common Descent
Theory of Common Descent
The flippers of dolphins, the wings of birds, and the legs of pigs are related how? They are vestigial. They are analogous. They are homologous. They are spandrels
They are homologous.
Which of the following is true of unsaturated fats? They are more commonly found in animal tissues than in plant tissues. They have double bonds within their fatty acid hydrocarbon chains. They are found in cells more in their trans than in their cis conformations. They are generally solid at room temperature. They contain more hydrogen atoms per carbon atom than a saturated fat does.
They have double bonds within their fatty acid hydrocarbon chains.
Which of the following is untrue about enzymes? They lower the ∆G of a reaction. They are catalysts. They are proteins. They are specific for their substrates.
They lower the ∆G of a reaction.
Medical advances now allow many people who suffer from genetic diseases to survive to adulthood and have children. This refutes the Theory of Evolution. This elimates adaptive traits. This reduces the effect of natural selection. This is an example of artifical selection.
This reduces the effect of natural selection.
Which of the following are prokaryotes? a. archaean methanogenic organisms b. gut bacteria c. an ameoba living in a pond d. single-celled yeast a and b only a, b, and c All of the above
a and b only
What is bacterial conjugation? a cell's taking up environmental DNA a dysfunctional viral particle's carrying cellular DNA a cell's injecting DNA after capturing another cell with a pilus the fusion of two cells' genomes after endosymbiosis
a cell's injecting DNA after capturing another cell with a pilus
What is bacterial transformation? a cell's taking up environmental DNA a dysfunctional viral particle's carrying cellular DNA a cell's injecting DNA after capturing another cell with a pilus the fusion of two cells' genomes after endosymbiosis
a cell's taking up environmental DNA
Which of the following is a structural genomic sequence? a gene for an rRNA a gene for an enzyme x a centromere a regulatory element sensitive to steroids
a centromere
What is hydrolysis? a chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons a chemical reaction in which a molecule loses electrons a chemical reaction in which water is split to form H2 and O2 a chemical reaction in which a larger molecule is split by water a chemical reaction in which a molecule is synthesized while forming a water
a chemical reaction in which a larger molecule is split by water
All the organisms living in the drain trap under a sink are classified how? an ecosystem a population a community a taxon
a community
What is a biofilm? a dense community of microorganisms, usually bacteria a lipid bilayer containing integral proteins a secreted layer of protective mucous a movie depicting a biographical story line
a dense community of microorganisms, usually bacteria
What is bacterial transduction? a cell's taking up environmental DNA a dysfunctional viral particle's carrying cellular DNA a cell's injecting DNA after capturing another cell with a pilus the fusion of two cells' genomes after endosymbiosis
a dysfunctional viral particle's carrying cellular DNA
What is a noncoding gene? There is no such thing; all genes code for something. a mutated non-functional gene a gene for a functional RNA product a regulatory or structural sequence of DNA that is not transcribed
a gene for a functional RNA product
Which of the following is a noncoding gene? a gene for an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase a gene for a set of tRNAs a gene for RNA polymerase a gene for an mRNA
a gene for a set of tRNAs
Which of the following is a coding gene? a gene for a regulatory microRNA a gene for a set of tRNAs a gene for an rRNA a gene for an enzyme All of the above
a gene for an enzyme
After observing certain dessert plants in their native habitat, a researcher proposes that they drop their leaves to conserve water during dry seasons. What is this proposal? an experiment a hypothesis an observation a theory
a hypothesis
What is entropy? the energy available to do work the total energy of a system a measure of the average kinetic energy of a group of atoms and molecules a measure of randomness in a system
a measure of randomness in a system
What is an empirical result? a prediction from a theory a prediction from a hypothesis a measurement or observation a conclusion of inductive reasoning a conclusion of deductive reasoning
a measurement or observation
The basic structure of a nucleotide consists of which of the following chemical components? mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA an α carbon, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a side chain amino acids phosphorus and sulfur a pentose, a nucleobase, and one or more phosphates
a pentose, a nucleobase, and one or more phosphates
A researcher is studying a group of frogs, Phyllomedusea vaillanti, in an isolated tributary of the Amazon River. What is being studied? a population a species a community an ecosystem
a population
Which of the following is a mutation? an error during transcription producing a faulty RNA transcript x a rearrangement of DNA between two chromosomes an error during translation producing a shortened polypeptide x catastrophic DNA damage that kills the cell All of the above x
a rearrangement of DNA between two chromosomes
Which of the following intercellular signals can have a intracellular receptor? a peptide growth factor a steroid hormone a protein hormone a secreted nucleotide any of the above
a steroid hormone
In a eukaryotic cell, which of the following occur in the cytosol? a. glycolysis b. pyruvate oxidation c. citric acid cycle d. electron transport chain e. both a and b f. a,b,c g. all of the above
a. glycolysis
DNA is which of the following at physiological pH? neutral and uncharged acidic and negatively charged acidic and positively charged basic and negatively charged basic and positively charged
acidic and negatively charged
Microfilaments are composed of what protein? actin lamin filamentin tubulin
actin
In biology, the term evolution applies to which of the following? adaptive responses of individuals to environmental stimuli developmental changes in an individual from one life phase to the next adaptive changes in behaviors of families adaptive changes in populations over many, many generations
adaptive changes in populations over many, many generations
What is reduction? breakdown of organic molecules to obtain energy lowering the energy state of an atom or molecule removing one or more hydrogens adding one or more electrons adding an oxygen or flourine
adding one or more electrons
At what point is a eukaryotic cell committed to dividing? after completing cytokinesis in M after passing the G2 checkpoint after passing restriction in G1 after completing anaphase in M
after passing restriction in G1
Which of the following are polypeptide secondary structures? alpha helices stem-loops pseudoknots the mature three-dimensional folding of the poplypeptide
alpha helices
Phosphate ionic bonds w amino carboxyl carbonyl methyl hydroxyl
amino
What is a radical? an atom or molecule with one or more extra electrons an atom or molecule with an unpaired electron an atom with an unstable nucleus a molecule that lowers the pH of a solution
an atom or molecule with an unpaired electron
What is an isotope? an atom with a single negative charge an atom with a specific number of neutrons in its nucleus any atom or molecule with a formal charge any molecule that spawns free radicals
an atom with a specific number of neutrons in its nucleus
What is the valence shell? an atom's innermost shell of electrons the electron shell of a noble gas a shell containing shared electrons between two atoms an atom's outermost shell of electrons
an atom's outermost shell of electrons
A researcher is studying a canyon and the interactions of seasonal flooding with the soil fungi. What is being studied? a biome a habitat a community an ecosystem
an ecosystem
What is a trace element? an element required by a cell in small amounts an element used to trace metabolic pathways an element present in small quantities on Earth an element that enhances health but is not required for life
an element required by a cell in small amounts
What is an autotroph? an organism that makes its own energy an organism that fixes carbon an organism that is attracted to members of its own species an organism that dictates its own growth and reproduction an organism that depends upon sources of organic carbon an organism that harnesses solar energy an organism that uses chemical sources of energy
an organism that fixes carbon
What is a chemotroph? an organism that makes its own energy an organism that fixes carbon an organism that is attracted to chemical signals an organism that grows when exposed to chemical signals an organism that depends upon sources of organic carbon an organism that harnesses solar energy an organism that uses chemical sources of energy
an organism that uses chemical sources of energy
When are sister chromatids separated from one another to form daughter chromosomes? S phase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase karyokinesis cytokinesis
anaphase
when are sister chromatids separated from one another to form daughter chromosomes? S phase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase karyokinesis cytokinesis
anaphase
At what phase are diploid chromosomal sets reduced to haploid sets? anaphase of mitosis anaphase I of meiosis anaphase II of meiosis fusion of two gametic nuclei
anaphase I of meiosis
For a cell in which the diploid chromosome content is four (2N = 4), what phase is diagrammed below? anaphase I of meiosis prophase II of meiosis anaphase II of meiosis anaphase of mitosis telophase of mitosis
anaphase II of meiosis
What is the best definition of an ion? an atom with a single negative charge an atom with a specific number of neutrons in its nucleus any atom or molecule with a formal charge any molecule that spawns free radicals
any atom or molecule with a formal charge
Which of the following is a possible terminal electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration? iron III (Fe3+) sulfate, (SO4)2- nitrate, (NO3)- any of the above
any of the above
What kind of protein is a histone at physiological pH? neutral and uncharged acidic and negatively charged acidic and positively charged basic and negatively charged basic and positively charged
basic and positively charged
An allosteric activator does which of the following? binds the active site of an enzyme, displacing the substrate binds the active site of an enzyme, recruiting the substrate binds an enzyme away from the active site, inducing a conformation with lower affinity for substrate binds an enzyme away from the active site, inducing a conformation with higher affinity for substrate
binds an enzyme away from the active site, inducing a conformation with higher affinity for substrate
An allosteric inhibitor does which of the following? binds the active site of an enzyme, displacing the substrate binds the active site of an enzyme, recruiting the substrate binds an enzyme away from the active site, inducing a conformation with lower affinity for substrate binds an enzyme away from the active site, inducing a conformation with higher affinity for substrate
binds an enzyme away from the active site, inducing a conformation with lower affinity for substrate
A competitive inhibitor does which of the following? binds the active site of an enzyme, displacing the substrate binds the active site of an enzyme, recruiting the substrate binds an enzyme away from the active site, inducing a conformation with higher affinity for substrate binds an enzyme away from the active site, inducing a conformation with lower affinity for substrate
binds the active site of an enzyme, displacing the substrate
What elements are most prevalent in living systems? calcium, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen carbon, helium, oxygen, and nitrogen carbon, hydrogen, sodium, and oxygen
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
amino hydrogen bond w amino carboxyl carbonyl methyl hydroxyl
carbonyl
amino ionic w amino carboxyl carbonyl methyl hydroxyl
carboxyl
What is the smallest structure that can be consider to be living? organism individual cell DNA
cell
What cellular structures become the poles of the spindle apparatus? centromeres centrosomes kinetochores telomeres microtubules
centrosomes
What is signal transduction? carrying a chemical signal from the cell of origin to a receptive cell transport of a signaling molecule into the cell interior regulation of the expression of genes coding for intercellular signaling proteins changing the chemical nature of a signal as it enters and travels through a cell
changing the chemical nature of a signal as it enters and travels through a cell
Fungal cell walls are predominantly made of what material? cellulose chitin peptidoglycan protein pseudomurein
chitin
Which metabolic pathway releases the bulk of a cell's catabolic CO2? glycolysis pyruvate oxidation citric acid cycle electron transport chain
citric acid cycle
What protein holds the two DNA clones together as a single chromosome after replication? cohesin condensin histone kinesin
cohesin
Surface tension depends upon what property of a liquid? adhesion heat of vaporization cohesion heat of fusion specific heat
cohesion
What protein is in the extracellular matrix of animal tissue that provides strength and resistance to tensile forces? elastin cellulose collagen laminin
collagen
What do cyclin-dependent kinases do, exactly? colvalently transfer phosphates from ATP to other proteins directly upregulate expression of genes important in cell division directly inhibit expression of genes that prevent DNA replication activate regulators of cell cycling by hydrolysis
colvalently transfer phosphates from ATP to other proteins
In animals, three-dimensional tissues typically containing large proportions of extracellular matrix, like tendon and bone, are collective classified how? connective tissue epithelial tissue germ tissue muscle tissue neural tissue
connective tissue
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, biologists developed several dyes and stains to improve what characteristic of microscopy? resolution contrast magnification power
contrast
Which of the following is not typically listed as a property of life? response to environmental stimuli genetic evolution growth and development creation of energy maintain homeostasis
creation of energy
Is this an example of inductive or deductive reasoning? "Penguins use their wings to swim underwater. Auks use their wings to swim underwater. Therefore, all birds can use their wings to swim underwater." induction deduction
deduction
Is this an example of inductive or deductive reasoning?"All birds have wings. The ostrich is a bird. Therefore the ostrich has wings." induction deduction
deduction
Is this an example of inductive or deductive reasoning?"All birds lay eggs. Bats give birth to live young. Therefore, bats are not birds." induction deduction
deduction
What is alternation of generations? all male generations alternate with all female generations sexually reproducing life stages alternate with asexual life stages diploid multicellular life stages alternate with haploid multicellular life stages unicellular generations alternate with multicellular generations
diploid multicellular life stages alternate with haploid multicellular life stages
Laboratory automation, advances in computer science, and storage capacity of data bases have jointly contributed the most to which of the following endeavors? human evolution discovery science hypothesis testing food production
discovery science
What is the term for conducting an experiment without generating a hypothesis first? the scientific method bioinformatics discovery science hypthesis testing
discovery science
What type of microscope provides the highest resolving power? electron microscope interference light microscope stereo light microscope fluorescent light microscope
electron microscope
What is the term for the tendency of an atom to attract electrons? hydrophilicity electropositivity electronegativity valence
electronegativity
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics? the definition of temperature the theory of absolute zero entropy does not decrease the conservation of energy
entropy does not decrease
How are the lipid tails attached to most bacterial phospholipids? ester linkage ether linkage glycosidic linkage peptide linkage
ester linkage
How are the lipid tails attached to most archaeal phospholipids? ester linkage ether linkage glycosidic linkage peptide linkage
ether linkage
During RNA processing, what often get spliced together? enhancers exons introns polyA tails
exons
What is the term for an organism that can live and grow in the presence of O2 but can switch to fermentation when O2 availability is low or absent? facultative anaerobe obligate anaerobe obligate aerobe
facultative anaerobe
C4 and CAM plants do not use the enzyme rubisco. True False
false
Only eukaryotic mRNA is processed post-transcriptionally. True False
false
What comprises the hydrophobic portion of a bacterial phospholipid? choline phosphate glycerol fatty acid isoprenoid sterol
fatty acid
How many carbons are in one molecule of ribulose bisphosphate? three four five six
five
What is the term for an electron in an orbital being excited by a photon of one wavelength and then emitting a photon of a longer wavelength? absorption fluorescence luminescence photocatalysis photoionization resonant energy transfer vibrational relaxation
fluorescence
What thermodynamic property determines the direction of a process, such as a chemical reaction or information flow? heat free energy entropy x enthalpy temperature
free energy
Two adjacent animal cells can share carbohydrates, ATP, and other energy storage molecules via what cell-to-cell junction? tight junctions gap junctions middle lamella desmosomes plasmodesmata
gap junctions
Which of the following is a polysaccharide commonly used for energy storage in animal cells?
glycogen
For each of the polymers below, identify as specifically as possible the type of linkage holding its monomers together. polysaccharide, polypeptide, nucleic acid hydrogen bonds peptide linkage covalent bonds ester linkage phosphodiester linkage glycosidic linkage van der Waals interactions ether linkage
glycosidic linkage, peptide linkage, phosphodiester linkage
What color of light is least effective in driving photosynthesis? blue green yellow red violet
green
What enzyme separates the two parental strands of DNA for replication? gyrase helicase primase topoisomerase
helicase
What behavior do viruses and cellular life share? metabolism and energy transfer ribosomal synthesis of polypeptides heredity and evolution plasma membranes and homeostasis All of the above None of the above
heredity and evolution
A yeast cell maintains a cytosolic pH within a narrow range around 7.1. This is an example of what phenomenon? adaptation homeostasis metabolism self-assembly
homeostasis
What bond type holds one strand of DNA to its complementary strand? hydrogen bonds hydrophobic exclusion ionic bonds phosphodiester linkages van der Waal's interactions
hydrogen bonds
Where does the energy come from to promote RNA synthesis? ATP hydrolysis by transcription factors hydrolysis of pyrophosphates from the RNA precursors the transmembrane proton gradient oxidation of NADH
hydrolysis of pyrophosphates from the RNA precursors
carbonyl hydrogen bond w amino carboxyl carbonyl methyl hydroxyl
hydroxyl
Is this an example of inductive or deductive reasoning? "Cormorants use their feet to swim underwater. Loons use their feet to swim underwater. Therefore, all birds can use their feet to swim underwater." induction deduction
induction
Is this an example of inductive or deductive reasoning? "Eagles use their wings to fly. Sparrows use their wings to fly. Therefore, all birds can use their wings to fly." induction deduction
induction
A protein covalently bound to a lipid anchor, holding it in a membrane, is described how? glycoprotein integral membrane protein peripheral membrane protein proteoglycan
integral membrane protein
An amphipathic protein with domains on both sides of a membrane is described how? glycoprotein integral membrane protein peripheral membrane protein proteoglycan
integral membrane protein
Which of the following bonds or attractive forces relies directly on electrostatic interactions? hydrophobic effect single bonds double bonds ionic bonds
ionic bonds
What comprises the hydrophobic portion of an archaeal phospholipid? choline phosphate glycerol fatty acid x isoprenoid sterol
isoprenoid
What is the resolving power or resolution of a microscope? its maximum magnification its ability to focus on an object its ability to produce high contrast images its ability to discern between two adjacent structures
its ability to discern between two adjacent structures
Thermal energy is which of the following types? kinetic energy potential energy
kinetic energy
Which of the following types of signal receptors can lead to the fastest cellular responses? G protein-coupled receptors ligand-gated ion channels receptor tyrosine kinases intracellular receptors
ligand-gated ion channels
Water loss from vasculature in large plants is prevented by what structure? middle lamella lignin-rich secondary cell walls tight junctions plasmodesmata
lignin-rich secondary cell walls
Enzymes do which of the following? capture chemical energy determine the direction of a chemical reaction lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction lower the change in free energy for a chemical reaction contribute energy to drive a chemical reaction
lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction
What is the name for the latent period during which bacteriophage are passed down vertically from parent to daughter cells? lytic cycle lysistrata lysogeny lymphangioma
lysogeny
Autophagy is the regulated destruction of a eukaryotic cell's components, ranging from plasma membrane proteins to mitochondria. What organelle is more directly responsible for autophagy? endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosome nucleus
lysosome
The plasma membrane fulfills all of the following roles for the cell with which exception? selective uptake of nutrients and ions compartmentalization of metabolic activities signaling between cells maintenance of cell shape cellular adhesion to other cells and solid substrates
maintenance of cell shape
In plants, undifferentiated tissue capable of growth and repair is classified how? dermal tissue ground tissue meristem vascular tissue
meristem
For each polymer below, identify the monomers it generally comprises. polysaccharide polypeptide nucleic acid
monosaccharide amino acid nucleotide
Which of the following phenomena is responsible for all new genes and all new alleles? genetic drift gene flow horizontal gene exchange mutation natural selection
mutation
Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover? natural selection mutation sexual selection genetic drift
natural selection
For each monomer listed below, find the best term for its polymer. nucleotide monosaccharide amino acid
nucleic acid polysaccharide polypeptide
What is the term for an organism that cannot tolerate the presence of O2? facultative anaerobe obligate anaerobe obligate aerobe
obligate anaerobe
What is a well controlled experiment? one that proceeds slowly for thorough data collection one that tests experimental and control groups in parallel one that has been repeated multiple times one that holds all variables and factors constant
one that tests experimental and control groups in parallel
What features of a biological membrane are major contributors to its selective permeability? a. phospholipid bilayer b. transport proteins c. glycolipids d. peripheral membrane proteins e. all of the above f. only a and b
only a and b
If a solution surrounding a cell is hypertonic relative to the cell interior, how will water move? osmotically into the cell osmotically out of the cell in and out at equal rates Water cannot cross the plasma membrane.
osmotically out of the cell
Which of these molecules is a potent Cdk inhibitor? condensin cyclin p21 Rb
p21
Bacterial cell walls are predominantly made of what material? cellulose chitin peptidoglycan protein pseudomurein
peptidoglycan
A protein noncovalently bound to some membrane component is described how? glycoprotein integral membrane protein peripheral membrane protein proteoglycan
peripheral membrane protein
acidic to basic of hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosph
phosph, carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino
What bond type holds one nucleotide to the next along a strand of DNA? hydrogen bonds hydrophobic exclusion ionic bonds phosphodiester linkages van der Waal's interactions
phosphodiester linkages
What is the term for excitation of an electron in an orbital by a photon to such a high level that the electron is lost? absorption fluorescence luminescence photocatalysis photoionization resonant energy transfer vibrational relaxation
photoionization
Two adjacent plant cells can share carbohydrates, ATP, and other energy storage molecules via what cell-to-cell junction? gap junctions tight junctions middle lamella plasmodesmata desmosomes
plasmodesmata
What functionality prevents the frequency of base pair mismatches from being much higher during replication? slow helicase velocity epigenetic editing of DNA polymerase proofreading high fidelity primase
polymerase proofreading
Chemical energy is which of the following types? kinetic energy potential energy
potential energy
What level of structure in proteins and nucleic acids is least affected by disruption of hydrogen bonds? primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure
primary
What is the name of the DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds at the beginning of transcription? initiator operator origin promoter
promoter
At what phase do homologous chromosomes find one another? S phase prophase of mitosis prophase I of meiosis prophase II of meiosis
prophase I of meiosis
All of the following replicate using the same mechanism, termed binary fission, with what exception? archaea bacteria mitochondria protista
protista
The composition of an atomic nucleus includes what? DNA and protein DNA and RNA DNA, RNA, and protein protons and neutrons electrons and neutrons protons and electrons
protons and neutrons
Archaeal cell walls are predominantly made of what material? cellulose chitin peptidoglycan protein pseudomurein
pseudomurein
What is the oxidizing agent in the following chemical reaction? pyruvate + NADH + H+ → lactate + NAD+ pyruvate NADH H+ lactate NAD+
pyruvate
Peptide growth factors act through which of the following types of signal receptors? G protein-coupled receptors ligand-gated ion channels receptor tyrosine kinases intracellular receptors
receptor tyrosine kinases
When oxygen availability decreases in skeletal muscle during strenuous exercise, what is the advantage of converting pyruvate to lactate? allowing oxidation phosphorylation to continue ATP production regenerating NAD+ from NADH regenerating NADH from NAD+ regenerating ADP from ATP
regenerating NAD+ from NADH
Which of the following best exemplifies the unity shared among all living organisms? their emergent proprty of being alive descent with modification ribosomes analogous structures cellular responses to light
ribosomes
How is the bacterial genome typically stored? single linear single-stranded DNA molecule single linear double-stranded DNA molecule single circular single-stranded DNA molecule single circular double-stranded DNA molecule multiple linear single-stranded DNA molecules multiple linear double-stranded DNA molecules
single circular double-stranded DNA molecule
Which of the following cannot move across a biological membrane by simple diffusion? O2 ethanol (C2H5OH) estrogen ( a steroid hormone) sodium ion (Na+)
sodium ion (Na+)
Which of the following is a polysaccharide commonly used for energy storage in plant cells?
starch
Which of the following are RNA secondary structures? alpha helices beta pleated sheets stem-loops the mature three-dimensional folding of the RNA strand
stem-loops
During glycolysis, how is ATP produced? oxidative phosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation redox reactions chemiosmosis ATP is not produced; there is a net loss of ATP in glycolysis.
substrate-level phosphorylation
How is bacterial DNA compacted in the nucleoid? supercoiled by topoisomerases con-twisted by helicases wrapped around histones cross-linked by condensins
supercoiled by topoisomerases
What is the name for the sequence found at the end of a linear eukaryotic chromosome? centromere kinetochore origin telomere
telomere
What is a zygote? a haploid cell, such as a spermatozoon, produced for sexual reproduction a transposon found in plants a class of mobile DNA element that makes stable plasmids the cell resulting from fusion of two haploid cells a precursor germ cell competent for meiosis a cell carrying a latent virus
the cell resulting from fusion of two haploid cells
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics? the definition of temperature the theory of absolute zero entropy does not decrease the conservation of energy
the conservation of energy
What is the 0th Law of Thermodynamics? the definition of temperature the theory of absolute zero entropy does not decrease the conservation of energy
the definition of temperature
What is the Third Law of Thermodynamics? the definition of temperature the theory of absolute zero entropy does not decrease the conservation of energy
the theory of absolute zero
What is the immediate source of energy driving ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation? oxidation of glucose or other organic molecules flow of electrons down the electron transport chain absorbed light the transmembrane pH gradient
the transmembrane pH gradient
Which of the following is an example of horizontal gene transfer? the transmission of an eye color gene from mother to son the transmission of cystic fibrosis mutations from both parents to their daughter the transmission of a gene for virulence from a pathogenic bacterium to a bacterium of another species that was once safe but can now also cause disease the transmission of a gene for antibiotic resistance from a parent bacterium to both of its daughter cells all of the above
the transmission of a gene for virulence from a pathogenic bacterium to a bacterium of another species that was once safe but can now also cause disease
NaCl in H2O
they separate
matching transcription, replication, translation DNA polymerase, ribosomes, RNA polymerase
transcription- RNA polymerase replication- DNA polymerase translation- ribosomes
How many carbons are introduced to the citric acid cycle by an acetyl-CoA? one two three four six
two
What attractive forces are holding the hydrocarbon molecules to one another in pitch (such as asphalt or tar)? ionic bonds van der Waals interactions covelent bonds hydrogen bonds hydrophobic exclusion
van der Waals interactions
What is the term when energy from an electron in an orbital is transferred to kinetic energy of the atom or molecule? absorption fluorescence luminescence photocatalysis photoionization resonant energy transfer vibrational relaxation
vibrational relaxation
What molecule is split at the beginning of the light reactions? carbon dioxide (CO2) glucose (C6H12O6) diatomic oxygen (O2) water (H2O)
water (H2O)
When is a cell diploid? after it has completed S phase when its chromosomes come in homologous pairs after it has formed spores after it has formed gametes
when its chromosomes come in homologous pairs
In eukaryotic chromatin, what is the first level of DNA compaction for storage in the nucleus? supercoiled by topoisomerases con-twisted by helicases wrapped around histones cross-linked by condensins
wrapped around histones
