Cellular Respiration

NAD+ and FAD

Oxidizing agents, that go to collect electrons for redox reactions

Compared to aerobic respiration, how efficient is fermentation at making ATP?

Really efficant, because it uses less steps, aerobic makes thousands of ATP per second.

NADH and FADH2

Reducing agents, that release electrons

Glycolysis

Splitting of glycogen

Oxidizing agent

The electron receptor, (it increases the charge of whatever it gives electrons to)

Electron transport chain

The energy yielded is used to power the endergonic reaction ADP + Pi --> ATP

What is cellular respiration, and how is it related to photosynthesis?

The process by which cells break down organic molecules (food) to make ATP is called cellular respiration. The formula for cellular respiration (animals) varies inversely with the photosynthesis (plants) formula.

Reducing agent

The reactant that gives away electrons, (because it reduces the charge of whatever it gives the electrons to)

What is a redox reaction?

The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules. This released energy is ultimately used to synthesize ATP

What are two common types of fermentation? What kinds of organisms use them? What are the reactants and products for each?

Two common types are alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

If I give you a chemical reaction (cellular respiration or a simpler reaction), can you tell which reactants are being oxidized and which are being reduced? Can you tell which things are the oxidizing and reducing agents?

Whatever loses electrons cations + is oxidized, whatever gains electrons - is reduced.

In human cells, what happens to pyruvate when oxygen is present? What about when oxygen is not present?

With enough oxygen pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl-CoA. WIthout oxygen; In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol. In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate.

Reduction

a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (its charge becomes reduced, more negative)

Oxidation

a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

Mitochondria

power house of the cell

Write the reactions of Citric acid cycle

2 Acetyl CoA --->2ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 4CO2

Write the reactions of the In- between step turning pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA

2 Pyruvate + 2NAD+ ---> 2 Acetyl Co-A + 2 NADH + 2Co2

In what parts of the cell do each of the following take place: glycolysis, conversion of pyruvate to acetyl Co-A, citric acid (Kreb's) cycle, electron transport chain, formation of ATP from NADH?

-glycolysis-cytoplasm -conversion of pyruvate to acetyl Co-A- If O2is present, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion -citric acid (Kreb's) cycle-within the mitochondrial matrix -electron transport chain-The electron transport chain is in the cristae of the mitochondrion -formation of ATP from NADH-???

If you are trying to reduce your body fat percentage through daily exercise, is it better to run for 15 minutes per day for 5 days a week, or 30 minutes per day for 2 days a week?

30 minutes, because you need to burn though ATP in cells produced by glycolysis & cellular respiration, then the glycogen stored in your muscles which can be broken down into glucose to supply energy for 15-20 minutes. of activity

How many ATP molecules are formed from the breakdown of 1 glucose molecule?

32

ATP Synthase

A protein in the ETC, As the H+ ions go down their concentration gradient through the ATP synthase, ATP synthase turns and phosphorylates ADP, making ATP.

What 2 parts is Acetyl Co-A made out of?

Acetyl group and Coenzyme A

What are the differences between aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation?

Aerobic respiration breaks down organic molecules completely with the help of O2 and generates lots of energy for making ATP.Fermentation is a partial breakdown of sugars that occurs without O2 and makes only a small amount of ATP

Why can't you keep up a sprinting pace for a long time?

Because you will run out of your quick ATP source in your blood, and need to start producing ATP which will make you slow down.

Intermembrane space

Between the matrix and outer membrane of the mitochondria

Aerobic respiration

Braking down of organic molecules, fuel, with 02

Be able to write the overall chemical reaction for cellular respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

Redox reaction

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called oxidationreduction reactions

Where does the CO2 generated by respiration go after it is formed?

Citric acid.

In which part(s) of respiration is CO2 generated? What about H2O?

Co2 citric acid, H2O is a the end.

How many ATP molecules are formed from each NADH? From each FADH2?

Each NADH makes about 2.5 ATP Each FADH2 makes about 1.5 ATP, because FADH2 donates its electrons in the middle of the electron transport chain.

Is cellular respiration endergonic or exergonic?

Exergonic

If all the electrons were passed to oxygen at once, without being passed down the electron transport chain first, what would happen?

Explosion

What are the electron carrier molecules in cellular respiration?

FAD and NAD

What makes your cells stop making ATP when they have enough?

Feedback inhibition, non competitive.

Alcohol & Lactic Acid Fermentation

Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions

In fermentation, why is there another step after glycolysis if it doesn't make any extra ATP?

Fermentation regenerates the NAD+ carriers so glycolysis can continue.

Cristae

Folds of the matric within the mitochondria

What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration? How much ATP does each stage generate?

GGlycolysis-2 ATP, 2 NADH Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl Co-A-2 NADH Citric Acid Cycle-6 NADH (= 18 ATP),2 FADH2 (= 4 ATP),2 ATP Oxidative Phosphorylation-26-28 ATP

Once you use up all your blood glucose to make ATP, what does your body use to make more ATP? Once it uses all of that, what does it use next?

Gluccsoe in blood, then your startch readly avalible in your mitchondira, and then you well need to make ATP.

Where do we get the reactants used for cellular respiration? What happens to the products after respiration is finished?

Glucose - used in glycolysis. (Glycolysis means the "splitting of sugar.") Oxygen - used in the electron transport chain, where it is the final electron acceptor. products: ATP, CO2, H2O

Which stage of respiration can happen whether or not oxygen is present?

Glycolysis

Why does oxidative phosphorylation sometimes produce 32 ATPs and sometimes 34?

Glycolysis - produces 2 ATPs Krebs Cycle - produces 2 ATPs Hydrogen and Electron Transport System - 32 molecules of ATP TOTAL PRODUCTION FROM 1 MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE 2 + 2 + 32 = 36 molecules of ATP

Write the reactions for each of Glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose + 2ATP + 2 NAD+ --->2 Pyruvate+ 4 ATP+ 2NADH

Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative = things are being oxidized, Phosphorylation = Phosphate groups are being added to ADP to make ATP. (accounts for most of the ATP synthesis, powered by redox reactions of ATP). During oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport creates an H+ concentration gradient, which generates ATP

Acetyl Co-A

In the citric acid cycle

Prokaryotic cells have no mitochondria. Where in the cell do they make ATP?

In the cytoplasm.

What are precursor metabolites (definition), and why are they important ?

Intermediate molecules in catabolic and anabolic pathways that can be either oxidized to generate ATP or can be used to synthesize macromolecular subunits such as amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides.

Why is the purpose of taking glucose converting it to pyruvate?

It is one of the two main mechanisms humans and many other animals use to keep blood glucose levels from dropping too low (hypoglycemia). The other means of maintaining blood glucose levels is through the degradation of glycogen

Anaerobic respiration products?

Lactic Acid Fermentation - lactic acid, ATP Alcoholic Fermentation - ethyl alcohol, ATP, carbon dioxide

Besides glucose, what other kinds of molecules can be used to generate ATP through cellular respiration?

Lipids, monosaccharides and proteins.

Electron carrier

NADH and FADH2

Electron acceptor

O2

What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

O2

Anaerobic respiration

braking down of organic molecules, fuel, without 02

Citric Acid cycle

completes the breakdown of glucose in 8 steps.

Can you label the following things on a mitochondrion: cristae, outer membrane, matrix, intermembrane space?

cristae-folds, outer membrane-bi-lipid layer, matrix-fluid inside the inner mebrane, intermembrane space-layer around the matrix

Write the reactions of the Electrons

glucose --->NADH/ FADH --->electron transport chain --->H+ gradient force ---> ATP

Mitochondrial matrix

inside of the mitochondria