Cellular Structure

Why does the cis face of the Golgi not face the plasma membrane?

Because that face receives chemicals from the ER, which is toward the center of the cell.

Cells in your ________ contain the most mitochondria.

Biceps

________ are used to move entire cells.

Cilia and Flagella

How are cilia different from flagella?

Cilia are short and numerous but flagella are long and may be one flagellum or a few flagella.

Lydia is a field biologist working on water quality in a village of a third world country. She has been studying the water supply to see what microorganisms and potential contaminants may be present in the well water that is supplying the local village. Under a microscope Lydia is able to see a unicellular organism that seems to be moving through the water by using dozens of small projections around its membrane to propel it forward. What are these structures Lydia is seeing that help this cell move?

Cilia. Cilia are tiny hair-like structures that are used to move some cells. They are found around the entire plasma membrane and they are far more numerous than flagella

________ is a major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Cytosol

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells share what component?

DNA

________ function mainly in cellular movement.

Microfilaments

Adelle is looking at an animal cell going through cell division. On the slide she can see tiny strings coming from each side of the cell and attaching to the chromosomes in the middle of the cell during metaphase. What are these tiny strings?

Microtubules. Microtubules play an important part in cell division and without them animal cells would not be able to divide properly.

Which characteristic is unique to prokaryotic cells?

contains a nucleoid

plasma membrane

controls the passage of water, ions, oxygen, waste, and organic molecules

Mitochondria are divided into functional areas known as ________

cristae and mitochondrial matrix

Where in the cell is the endoplasmic reticulum located?

directly outside the nuclear membrane

Plasma membranes are complex structures with ________.

embedded and surface proteins

The ________ is located directly outside the nuclear membrane.

endoplasmic reticulum

The nucleus houses a ________ cell's ________.

eukaryotic; genetic material

The cytoplasm in eukaryotes includes ________.

everything between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope

Keratin is a type of ________ found in hair and nails.

intermediate filaments

The unified cell theory states that ________.

ll living things are composed of the basic unit of life (a cell) and new cells arise from other cells

The ________ is a structure unique to animal cells.

lysosome

Eukaryotic organelles can be roughly the same size as ________.

many bacterial cells. Many organelles are roughly the same size as prokaryotic cells.

Ribosomes play a key role in ________

protein synthesis

Which plasma membrane component can be either found on the surface or embedded in the plasma membrane itself?

proteins

________ are composed of protein and RNA.

ribosomes

The ________ houses a eukaryotic cell's genetic material.

nucleus

The ________ is separated from the rest of the cell by a ________ nuclear membrane.

nucleus; double layer

Lysosomes function as part of the endomembrane system involved in ________.

pathogen destruction

All cells have a plasma membrane, a(n) ________ with embedded proteins.

phospholipid bilayer

In ________ eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place in the ________.

photoautotrophic; chloroplast

The chloroplast is the site for ________.

photosynthesis in plant cells

Chloroplasts are found in ________.

plant cells and NOT animal cells

All cells have a ________, a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

plasma membrane

Material enters and leaves the nucleus using ________ in the nuclear envelope.

pores

In the context of cell biology, what do we mean by form follows function? What are at least two examples of this concept?

"Form follows function" refers to the idea that the function of a body part dictates the form of that body part. As an example, organisms like birds or fish that fly or swim quickly through the air or water have streamlined bodies that reduce drag. At the level of the cell, in tissues involved in secretory functions, such as the salivary glands, the cells have abundant Golgi.

Ancestors of the modern day eukaryotes, which we have been able to study via fossil evidence, have a list of identifying characteristics that can be found in all eukaryotes. Which of the following characteristics is NOT present in all eukaryotes and their common ancestor?

A capsule is not a common characteristic of eukaryotes and their ancestors. In fact, a capsule is not found in eukaryotes at all but in prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria.

The nucleus and nuclear membrane can best be compared to which of the following?

A city hall surrounded by a gate The nucleus holds the most important information, our genetic information, and it gives directions to the rest of the cell. The nucleus can be represented by a city hall and the nuclear envelope by a gate because the nuclear envelope is the membrane which allows for things to enter and exit the nucleus.

As part of Claire's biology course she is taking a lab portion of the class. Today Calire is looking under the microscope at a slide of a Eukaryotic Cell. Which of the following would Claire NOT see?

A mass of unbound DNA floating in the center of the cell. This is called a Nucleoid Region which is only found in a Prokaryotic Cell.

What evidence is there that mitochondria were incorporated into the ancestral eukaryotic cell before chloroplasts?

All eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, but not all eukaryotic cells have chloroplasts.

All of the following are found in animal cells except the ________.

Central Vacuole

Plant cells use their ________ to regulate water concentration.

Central Vacuole

The ________ is the site for photosynthesis in plant cells.

Chloroplast

Plant cells contain a specialized organelle which allows them to harness light energy and turn it into chemical energy for the cell. This organelle also helps differentiate plant cells from animal cells. Which organelle is being described?

Chloroplast. Chloroplasts help carry out photosynthesis where light energy is turned into chemical energy for the cell. Plants are the only cells which contain chloroplasts

________ have at least one nucleus.

Eukaryotes

What are the characteristics of eukaryotes that distinguish them from prokaryotes?

Eukaryotes have at least one nucleus.

Describe the hypothesized steps in the origin of eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells arose through endosymbiotic events that gave rise to the energy-producing organelles within the eukaryotic cells such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. The nuclear genome of eukaryotes is related most closely to the Archaea, so it may have been an early archaean that engulfed a bacterial cell that evolved into a mitochondrion. Mitochondria appear to have originated from an alpha-proteobacterium, whereas chloroplasts originated as a cyanobacterium. There is also evidence of secondary endosymbiotic events. Other cell components may also have resulted from endosymbiotic events.

The membranes of vesicles ________.

Fuse with other membranes

The ________ distributes proteins and lipids made within cells from the receiving face to the releasing face.

Golgi apparatus

How does a typical prokaryotic cell compare in size to a eukaryotic cell?

It is smaller in size by a factor of 100

Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs inside of the cell which have several functions. Which of the following is NOT a function of vesicles?

Manufacturing of proteins While vesicles may transport proteins to another part of the cell or to the plasma membrane for excretion, they do not manufacture them. That is a job of the ribosomes.

Rob runs cross country for his high school. Rob is able to run long distances with the help of the muscle cells in his body. Which organelle in his muscle cells is responsible for helping him finish his long runs?

Mitochondria. The mitochondria in his muscle cells provide energy in the form of ATP which allows him to run long distances. When his muscle cells begin to receive less and less oxygen as his run continues the mitochondria begin to partake in anaerobic respiration and produce a reduced amount of ATP along with lactic acid. The mitochondria is known to be the powerhouse of the cell for this exact reason.

This oval shaped organelle is responsible for making ATP to power cellular reactions.

Mitochondrion

Which cells would contain the most mitochondria?

Muscles

Cersei is a field scientist who is collecting pond samples and analyzing any living organisms that may be present in the pond water. She has identified bacteria cells, protists, amoebas, and fungi present in the pond sample. All of the following components would be present in every cell EXCEPT for which one?

Nuclei. All Cells contain DNA but not a Nucleus. Prokaryotic Cells have a Nucleoid Region instead.

Which of the following is not a uniform feature of cellular life?

Nucleus. Only eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

________ are predominantly responsible for breaking down fatty acids and amino acids.

Peroxisomes

________ are small organelles responsible for detoxifying many poisons that enter the body.

Peroxisomes

Dominic is a doctor who works in the ER. A patient has just been admitted with possible alcohol poisoning. Which organelle within the cells of his liver are actively working to try and rid his body of this poison?

Peroxisomes. These organelles are able to break down fatty acids, amino acids, and toxic substances. For this reason we have a high amount of peroxisomes in our liver cells.

What structures does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not have? What structures does an animal cell have that a plant cell does not have?

Plant cells have plasmodesmata, a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and plastids. Animal cells have lysosomes and centrosomes.

What part do all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have?

Plasma Membrane

Prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a ____ membrane and have DNA, cytoplasm, and ____ like eukaryotic cells. They also have ______ walls and may have a cell _____. Prokaryotes have a large chromosome that is not surrounded by a _____ membrane. Prokaryotes may have _____ for motility, ______ for conjugation, and ______ for adhesion to surfaces.

Plasma, Ribosomes, Cell, Capsule, Single, Nuclear, Flagella, Pili, Fimbriae

This cellular structure plays a key role in protein synthesis.

Ribosome

are found in practically every cell, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

Ribosomes

Within the human body certain cells within different tissues may have an abundance of one particular organelle due to the function of that cell. If there is a cell in the body which needs to produce lots of protein then what organelle might it have an abundance of ____?

Ribosomes. Ribosomes are the organelles which are responsible for protein synthesis. They take instructions from the nucleus and use them to manufacture proteins for the cell. If a cell is found in a place that requires the production of more proteins then it will often possess an abundance of ribosomes.

As part of a school project Sasha has been assigned the task to make an edible model of a eukaryotic cell. She has chosen to make a circular jello mold with various fruits inside arranged to represent the different parts of a cell. The jello that surrounds all of the different pieces of fruit most accurately represents which part of a cell?

The Cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that is found all throughout the cell and surrounds all of the internal organelles in a eukaryotic cell. The cytoplasm is best represented by the jello in this cell model because it will be what surrounds and suspends all of the other cell parts represented by pieces of fruit. Cytosol is the solution that gives cytoplasm its jelly-like consistency.

There are several theories about the evolution of eukaryotic life and how we came to see the eukaryotic cells of today. One of these theories is the endosymbiotic theory which states that ________.

The endosymbiotic theory states that eukaryotes may be the product of one cell engulfing another.

All cells contain a plasma membrane and it is an invaluable and important part of the cell. Which of the following statements about the plasma membrane is NOT true?

The plasma membrane is made up of a single layer of phospholipids which has proteins and cholesterol throughout. Explanation: The plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer which means that it contains TWO layers of phospholipids.

Vivica is looking through a light microscope in her biology class and is asked to identify the cell on the slide as either a plant or animal cell. Which of the following organelles present would help her identify the cell?

The presence of a Centrosome. Animal Cells have Centrosomes, Plant cells don't.

The endomembrane system of the cell has several complex components which work together to accomplish a task. Which of the following statements about the endomembrane system is FALSE?

The rough ER sends "packages" of proteins to the smooth ER to then be transferred to the cell membrane after further modification. The rough ER does not send packages to the smooth ER but instead to the golgi apparatus which is another part of the endomembrane system.

Which of the following is true about microtubules?

They are most active, and visible, during cell division.

________ are membrane-bound sacs with a variety of functions in cells

Vesicles.

Cytosol is a major component of the cytoplasm in ________.

both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Which type of cells contain DNA?

both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Which type of cells have ribosomes and cell membranes?

both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Peroxisomes are predominantly responsible for ________.

breaking down fatty acids and amino acids

Robert Hooke coined the term ________.

cell

Microfilaments function mainly in ________.

cellular movement

The ________ is an low energy way for a plant cell to expand.

central vacuole

The ________ is a structure unique to animal cells that functions in cell division.

centrosome

Material enters and leaves the nucleus using pores in the ________.

nuclear envelope

Cytoplasm has a ________ consistency in most cell types.

semi-solid

The ________ plays a major role in the synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Many bacterial cells are roughly the same size as ________.

some eukaryotic organelles

Eukaryotic cells use vesicles to ________.

store and transport cellular substances

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum plays a major role in the ________.

synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids

Overall cell size is restricted by the need to ________.

transport materials inside the cell. Cell size is restricted by surface to volume ratios.

Microscopes facilitated the development of the ________ theory, which states ________.

unified cell; all living things are composed of the basic unit of life (a cell) and new cells arise from other cells

The centrosome is a structure ________ that functions in cell division.

unique to animal cells

Sexual reproduction is ________.

unique to eukaryotes. The process of sexual reproduction, which leads to genetic recombination, is unique to eukaryotic lineages, though not all eukaryotes reproduce this way.