Ch 1 Classification of Motor Skills

What is the order in which Actions, Movements, and Neuromotor processes are prioritized in motor control & learning?

1. Action 2. Movement 3. Neuromotor processes

Three(3) of the One-Dimension Classification Systems distinguish skills on the basis of ______?

1. size of the primary musculature required; GROSS or FINE 2. the specificity of where movements of the skill begin; CONTINUOUS or DISCRETE 3. the stability of the environment; OPEN or CLOSED

In Gentile's Taxonomy; Action Required involves

Body Movement Object Manipulation

What are/is the purpose of Skills and Actions

Cause a change in person's environment or person's relationship to the environment Contain a specific problem for person to solve Problem may be solve by multiple/different movements

Taxonomy

Classification of skills according to relationships among components and characteristics

How would you classify a Golf swing?

Closed stationary

Picking up a cup, shooting a free throw in basketball are considered to be OPEN or CLOSED Motor Skills? Why?

Closed motor skills; supporting surface or objects and/or person is stationary

Three criteria of a Skill

Consistency Range of conditions Efficiency

Steering a car, walking, swimming are examples of DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS motor skills?

Continuous

Slipping a light switch, hitting a piano key, pressing the clutch pedal in a car are examples of DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS motor skills?

Discrete

Characteristics of Skills and Actions are

Goal to achieve Performed voluntarily Requires movement of joints and body segments Need to be learned/relearned

Walking, hopping, jumping are all examples of FINE or GROSS motor skills?

Gross motor skills

In the Environmental Context, variations in the regulatory conditions from one trial to the next

Intertrial variability

In the Environmental Context, features of environment that have no or an indirect effect on movement

Non-regulatory conditions

Driving a car, Walking on a crowded sidewalk, Catching a thrown ball are all considered to be OPEN or CLOSED Motor Skills? Why?

Open motor skills; supporting surface, objects and/or other people are in MOTION.

Why is it important to classify motor skills?

Provides basis for identifying similarities/differences among skills Helps identify demands different skills place on performer/learner Provides basis for developing principles related to performing and learning motor skills

______ is often used as an indicator of quality of performance or competency

Skill

Differentiating terms related to the term motor skills:

Skills Actions Movements Neuromotor processes

the stability of the environmental context, what are the 3 specific features of the physical location / setting in which a skill is performed

Supporting surface Objects Other people

serial motor skill

The combination of several discrete skills performed in a sequence

Motor skills

activities or tasks that require VOLUNTARY control over movements of the Joints and body segments to achieve a goal

Continuous motor skill

arbitrary beginning and end points; usually involve repetitive movements

How would you classify a Free Throw?

closed stationary regulatory no inter-trial variability

Gentile's Two-Dimensional Taxonomy

considers two general characteristics of all skills;(1) environmental context in which a person performs the skill, (2) the function of the action that characterizes the skill.

Swimming laps is an example of what type of motor skill?

continuous

Throwing a baseball is an example of what type of motor skill?

discrete

Signing a check, buttoning your shirt, typing a word on a keyboard are examples of FINE or GROSS motor skills?

fine motor skills

Surfing in wavy waters would classify in the taxonomy as? a) stationary env, body transport b) stationary env, body stability c) in-motion env, body transport d) in motion env, body stationary

in motion environment body stationary

Two-Dimensional Systems

place skills into categories based on TWO common characteristics

One-Dimension Classification Systems

place skills into categories based on one common characteristics

In the Environmental Context, features of environment* to which movements must conform. Regulate spatial and temporal aspects of the movement are _________

regulatory conditions

Typing on a keyboard is an example of what type of motor skill classification

serial

Playing a song on a piano, typing a sentence on a keyboard, shifting gears in a standard-shift car are examples of

serial motor skills

Which of the following is a regulatory condition? a) color of a ball b) number of spectators in the stands c) size of ball d) Height of building next to sidewalk

size of the ball

Discrete motor skill

specified beginning and end points, usually require a simple movement; clearly defined movement beginning and end points usually involving a simple movement

WHich of the following skills is classified as Discrete? riding a bike swimming steering a car striking a typewriter key

striking a typewriter key

Which of the following is an example of a Closed Serial Motor Skill? - wrestling take-down - jump shot - triple jump - volleyball serve

triple jump

An example of an OPEN motor skill is? a) walking through a crowded mall b) bowling c) riding stationary bike d) ice skating alone

walking through a crowded mall

What are the three characteristics that researchers assume influence us on how we perform a motor skill?

· the person · Performance environment · The skill

In Gentile's Taxonomy; The Environmental Context involves

• Regulatory vs. Non-regulatory conditions •Inter-trial variability

Neuromotor processes

• mechanisms within the central and peripheral nervous system and muscular system that underlie control of movements and actions

Gentile's Taxonomy of TASKS, what are the Function of the action?

•Body stability - maintaining base of support in one position •Body transport - changing the location of the base of support •Manipulation - maintaining/changing position of movable objects

(Neuromotor processes) Relationship between neuromotor processes and movements

•Communication between CNS, PNS and muscular system •Many-to-one: Ex. Muscle fibers •One-to-many: Ex. Pectoralis major

The classification system involving stability of the environmental context when it is a CLOSED Motor Skill involves

•Consistency •Refinement

Motor Control involves

•How the neuromuscular system functions to enable coordinated movement - While learning a new skill - While performing a well-learned skill

Motor Development involves

•Motor behavior from infancy to old age Issues related to motor learning or motor control Greater emphasis on growth and maturation

The classification system involving stability of the environmental context when it is a OPEN Motor Skill involves

•Selecting appropriate response •Adaptation

Movements

•Specific patterns of motion among joints and body segments

Skills

•Tasks or activities that have specific goals to achieve (action goals) •Require voluntary control over movements of the joints and body segments

Motor Learning involves

•The acquisition of motor skills •The performance enhancement of learned or highly experienced motor skills •The re-acquisition of skills following injury, disease, and the like

Closed motor skill

•involve a stationary supporting surface, object, and/or other people; performer determines when to begin the action

Open motor skill

•involve supporting surface, object, and/or other people in motion; environmental features determine when to begin the action

Actions

•often used synonymously with the term "motor skills"

In One-dimensional; Two categories of Size of Primary Musculature Required Fine and Gross Motor Skill. What makes up a Fine motor skill and an example

•require control of primarily small muscles to achieve the goal of the skill •Precision

In One-dimensional; Two categories of Size of Primary Musculature Required Fine and Gross Motor Skill. What makes up a Gross motor skill?

•require the use of large musculature to achieve the goal of the skill •Multi-limb relationship