Ch 1 Classification of Motor Skills
What is the order in which Actions, Movements, and Neuromotor processes are prioritized in motor control & learning?
1. Action 2. Movement 3. Neuromotor processes
Three(3) of the One-Dimension Classification Systems distinguish skills on the basis of ______?
1. size of the primary musculature required; GROSS or FINE 2. the specificity of where movements of the skill begin; CONTINUOUS or DISCRETE 3. the stability of the environment; OPEN or CLOSED
In Gentile's Taxonomy; Action Required involves
Body Movement Object Manipulation
What are/is the purpose of Skills and Actions
Cause a change in person's environment or person's relationship to the environment Contain a specific problem for person to solve Problem may be solve by multiple/different movements
Taxonomy
Classification of skills according to relationships among components and characteristics
How would you classify a Golf swing?
Closed stationary
Picking up a cup, shooting a free throw in basketball are considered to be OPEN or CLOSED Motor Skills? Why?
Closed motor skills; supporting surface or objects and/or person is stationary
Three criteria of a Skill
Consistency Range of conditions Efficiency
Steering a car, walking, swimming are examples of DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS motor skills?
Continuous
Slipping a light switch, hitting a piano key, pressing the clutch pedal in a car are examples of DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS motor skills?
Discrete
Characteristics of Skills and Actions are
Goal to achieve Performed voluntarily Requires movement of joints and body segments Need to be learned/relearned
Walking, hopping, jumping are all examples of FINE or GROSS motor skills?
Gross motor skills
In the Environmental Context, variations in the regulatory conditions from one trial to the next
Intertrial variability
In the Environmental Context, features of environment that have no or an indirect effect on movement
Non-regulatory conditions
Driving a car, Walking on a crowded sidewalk, Catching a thrown ball are all considered to be OPEN or CLOSED Motor Skills? Why?
Open motor skills; supporting surface, objects and/or other people are in MOTION.
Why is it important to classify motor skills?
Provides basis for identifying similarities/differences among skills Helps identify demands different skills place on performer/learner Provides basis for developing principles related to performing and learning motor skills
______ is often used as an indicator of quality of performance or competency
Skill
Differentiating terms related to the term motor skills:
Skills Actions Movements Neuromotor processes
the stability of the environmental context, what are the 3 specific features of the physical location / setting in which a skill is performed
Supporting surface Objects Other people
serial motor skill
The combination of several discrete skills performed in a sequence
Motor skills
activities or tasks that require VOLUNTARY control over movements of the Joints and body segments to achieve a goal
Continuous motor skill
arbitrary beginning and end points; usually involve repetitive movements
How would you classify a Free Throw?
closed stationary regulatory no inter-trial variability
Gentile's Two-Dimensional Taxonomy
considers two general characteristics of all skills;(1) environmental context in which a person performs the skill, (2) the function of the action that characterizes the skill.
Swimming laps is an example of what type of motor skill?
continuous
Throwing a baseball is an example of what type of motor skill?
discrete
Signing a check, buttoning your shirt, typing a word on a keyboard are examples of FINE or GROSS motor skills?
fine motor skills
Surfing in wavy waters would classify in the taxonomy as? a) stationary env, body transport b) stationary env, body stability c) in-motion env, body transport d) in motion env, body stationary
in motion environment body stationary
Two-Dimensional Systems
place skills into categories based on TWO common characteristics
One-Dimension Classification Systems
place skills into categories based on one common characteristics
In the Environmental Context, features of environment* to which movements must conform. Regulate spatial and temporal aspects of the movement are _________
regulatory conditions
Typing on a keyboard is an example of what type of motor skill classification
serial
Playing a song on a piano, typing a sentence on a keyboard, shifting gears in a standard-shift car are examples of
serial motor skills
Which of the following is a regulatory condition? a) color of a ball b) number of spectators in the stands c) size of ball d) Height of building next to sidewalk
size of the ball
Discrete motor skill
specified beginning and end points, usually require a simple movement; clearly defined movement beginning and end points usually involving a simple movement
WHich of the following skills is classified as Discrete? riding a bike swimming steering a car striking a typewriter key
striking a typewriter key
Which of the following is an example of a Closed Serial Motor Skill? - wrestling take-down - jump shot - triple jump - volleyball serve
triple jump
An example of an OPEN motor skill is? a) walking through a crowded mall b) bowling c) riding stationary bike d) ice skating alone
walking through a crowded mall
What are the three characteristics that researchers assume influence us on how we perform a motor skill?
· the person · Performance environment · The skill
In Gentile's Taxonomy; The Environmental Context involves
• Regulatory vs. Non-regulatory conditions •Inter-trial variability
Neuromotor processes
• mechanisms within the central and peripheral nervous system and muscular system that underlie control of movements and actions
Gentile's Taxonomy of TASKS, what are the Function of the action?
•Body stability - maintaining base of support in one position •Body transport - changing the location of the base of support •Manipulation - maintaining/changing position of movable objects
(Neuromotor processes) Relationship between neuromotor processes and movements
•Communication between CNS, PNS and muscular system •Many-to-one: Ex. Muscle fibers •One-to-many: Ex. Pectoralis major
The classification system involving stability of the environmental context when it is a CLOSED Motor Skill involves
•Consistency •Refinement
Motor Control involves
•How the neuromuscular system functions to enable coordinated movement - While learning a new skill - While performing a well-learned skill
Motor Development involves
•Motor behavior from infancy to old age Issues related to motor learning or motor control Greater emphasis on growth and maturation
The classification system involving stability of the environmental context when it is a OPEN Motor Skill involves
•Selecting appropriate response •Adaptation
Movements
•Specific patterns of motion among joints and body segments
Skills
•Tasks or activities that have specific goals to achieve (action goals) •Require voluntary control over movements of the joints and body segments
Motor Learning involves
•The acquisition of motor skills •The performance enhancement of learned or highly experienced motor skills •The re-acquisition of skills following injury, disease, and the like
Closed motor skill
•involve a stationary supporting surface, object, and/or other people; performer determines when to begin the action
Open motor skill
•involve supporting surface, object, and/or other people in motion; environmental features determine when to begin the action
Actions
•often used synonymously with the term "motor skills"
In One-dimensional; Two categories of Size of Primary Musculature Required Fine and Gross Motor Skill. What makes up a Fine motor skill and an example
•require control of primarily small muscles to achieve the goal of the skill •Precision
In One-dimensional; Two categories of Size of Primary Musculature Required Fine and Gross Motor Skill. What makes up a Gross motor skill?
•require the use of large musculature to achieve the goal of the skill •Multi-limb relationship