CH 1

Which of the following shows a pair of related terms?

Behaviorism and learning

Sensory input -> participant processing information -> report press button etc.

Cognitive psychology

The hallmarks of psychology as a science are

Careful experimentation and the application of critical thinking.

Psychology is best defined as the study of

The mind and behavior

The discipline of psychology can most accurately be defined as the study of

The mind and behavior

Which of the following is a myth of psychology?

Heritable traits, such as IQ, cannot be altered by experience

Which pair of scientists most closely shared views of behavior?

Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike

A ____ is most likely to study the brain activities that underline human behavior.

Neuroscientist

Behaviorism examines ____, whereas cognitive psychology examines ___

External behavior; internal mental processes

What is a mainstream psychologist most likely to think about Sigmund Freud?

Freudian theory is untestable and not grounded in science

An overwhelming amount of scientific evidence indicates that

People are born with specific sexual orientations

A classmate tells you that she has over 700 Facebook friends. As a proponent of social brain hypothesis, you will most likely

Be skeptical of her ability to interact meaningful with so many people

A researcher presents his participant with a series of flashing lights varying intervals. After each presentation of a light, he asks the participant to fully describe her internal experiences, a method known as

Introspection

According to the social brain hypothesis, each of us can deal effectively with social interactions with roughly 150 people. This implies that

We are capable of maintaining social networks of up to 150 people throughout our lives

A Darwinist is likely to believe that all human behavior has its roots in animal behavior

___ is often credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory, thus establishing psychology as an experimental science

A proponent of functionalism would most likely be found in a

Classroom, working to improve teaching methods

What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?

"Focus only on observable behavior"

Your uncle tells you about an interesting magazine article explaining that humans use only 10 percent of their brains. As a student of psychology, your response should be:

"Well, research actually shows that almost all of the brain is continually active."

Gestalt psychologists such as Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Kohler

Argue that the overall experience of human perception is greater than the sum of its parts.

The year 1979 might be thought of as the beginning of psychology as a science because that is the year

Wilhelm Wundt developer and opened the first psychology laboratory

___ was an early proponent of functionalism

William James

Which of the following perspectives argues that human behavior develops in certain ways because it serves a useful purpose?

Functionalism

A quarter in your hand casts a different image on your retina that a quarter taped to the wall across the room, yet you know that the quarters have exactly the same dimensions. This phenomenon would be best explained by a

Gestalt psychologist

When the U.S. Supreme Court was deliberating on whether to require schools to integrate black children and white children, their decision to strike down laws permitting segregated schools was greatly influenced by the "doll test" conducted by

Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark

The study of the nervous system is called

Neuroscience

The social brain hypothesis states that

People can keep tabs on only about 150 different personal relationships

The study of how physical events, such as lights and sounds, affect our senses is called

Psychophysics

The idea that children are born with no knowledge or "content" whatsoever and are "filled" by life experiences is called

Tabula rasa

One of the most pervasive psychological myths is that

Humans use only 10% of their brains

Which statement reflects a reasonable attitude for a good student of psychology to have toward any claim about human behavior?

Skepticism is advisable until an idea is proven right.

The followers of __ argue that there is a close relationship between animal behavior and human behavior

Charles Darwin

How is natural selection related to psychology?

Humans behave as they do in part because that behavior promotes survival

Plato's allegory of the cave indicates that

Truths about reality are not always obvious

Which of the following statements is the best interpretation of the ideas of rene descartes?

The only true knowledge comes from within

A ___ would be most likely to argue that a 13-year-old boy took up smoking because his father, older brothers, and friends were smokers

Behaviorist

In the late 1800s, a student of Edward Titchener would likely have been trained to

Carefully examine his own internal experiences.

John Lockes idea of tabula rasa

Contradicted Descartes's statement: "I think, therefore I am."

For a behaviorist, the goal of psychology is to

Determine how various experiences result in different behaviors

Parents who agree with John Locke's notion of tabula rasa would most likely

Expose their children to a rich variety of sensory experiences

Cognitive Psychology

Focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information

With its focus on the adaptive functions provided by various mental processes, evolution psychology is most like which of the following early psychological schools of thought

Functionalism

According to Rene Descartes, the very fact that he is thinking proves that

He exists

Research participants is early psychology studies might have been given a stimulus such as a ticking metronome and would reflect on the experience, reporting what the stimulus made them think and feel. These individuals would have been using process called

Introspection

___ is taught at Wellesley college for more than 30 years and was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association

Mary Whiton Calkins

In Plato's cave allegory, a prisoner was temporary unchained and allowed to see the fire at the mouth of the cave. When he returned to the chains, the other prisoners

Refused to believe him

An empiricist believes that the only source of knowledge about the external world is

Sensory experience

Which of the following approaches to psychology did Edward Titchener advocate in the late 1800s?

Structuralism

Patient has difficulty understanding what is said to him, and likewise has difficulty making himself understood. It is likely that he is experiencing a problem in his ___ lobe.

Temporal

Plato's cave analogy illustrates that

We cannot necessarily rely on our senses to lean the truth