ch 10
father of scientific management.
Frederick Taylor
what is the difference between frederick herzberg's motivator and hygiene factors?
Herzberg found that whereas some factors motivate workers (motivators), others cause job dissatisfaction if missing but are not motivators if present (hygiene or maintenance factors)
What is Frederick Taylor known for?
Human efficiency engineer Frederick Taylor was one of the first people to study management and has been called the father of scientific management. He conducted time-motion studies to learn the most efficient way of doing a job and then trained workers in those procedures. He published his book The Principles of Scientific Management in 1911. Henry L. Gantt and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were followers of Taylor.
What is management by objectives? (MBO)
MBO is a system of goal setting and implementation; it includes a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees.
How does open communication improve employee motivation?
helps top . managers and employees understand the objectives and work together to achieve them
Two forms of job enrichment that increase motivation
job enlargement (combines a series of tasks into . one challenging and interesting assignment) Job rotation (moving employees from one job to another)
inequity leads to
lower productivity, reduced quality, increased absenteeism, voluntary resignation
what did abraham maslow find human motivation to be based on>
based on needs
what is the basis of expectancy theory?
According to Victor Vroom's expectancy theory, employee expectations can affect an individual's motivation.
What are the hygiene (maintenance) factors?
Company policies, supervision, working conditions, interpersonal relationships, and salary.
what are the key elements of expectancy theory?
Expectancy theory centers on three questions employees often ask about performance on the job: (1) Can I accomplish the task? (2) If I do accomplish it, what's my reward? and (3) Is the reward worth the effort?
T/F a satisfied need will still serve as motivation
FALSE
What levels of need did Maslow identify?
Starting at the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy and going to the top, the levels of need are physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization. PSSESA phil save socks every singleapril j j j j
What is theory x?
Theory X assumes the average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible. Therefore, people must be forced, controlled, and threatened with punishment to accomplish organizational goals. x.x
what is theory y?
Theory Y assumes people like working and will accept responsibility for achieving goals if rewarded for doing so.
what is theory z?
William Ouchi based Theory Z on Japanese management styles and stresses long-term employment; collective decision making; individual responsibility; slow evaluation and promotion; implicit, informal control with explicit, formalized control; moderately specialized career paths; and a holistic concern for employees (including family). z z z z . z z z z all same
Can managers use Maslow's theory?
Yes, they can recognize what unmet needs a person has and design work so that it satisfies those needs.
what are some common characteristics of millennials?
adaptable, tech savvy, multitasking, efficient, tolerant, balance, FUNN and STIMULATION
How are Generation X managers likely to be different from their baby boomer predecessors?
baby boomers: long hours to build careers, expect subordinated to do likewise gen xers: balanced lifestyle, results > time worked, teamwork, feedback, less traditional, new approaches :)
what is the difference between high-context and low-context cultures?
high-context: people build personal relationships and develop group trust before focusing on tasks low-context: relationships are a waste of time!! diverts attention from the task >:(
According to equity theory, employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to other employees in similar positions. what happens when employees perceive that their rewards aren't equitable?
reduce effort or rationalize that it's not important overrewarded: increase effort to justify or just say "i'm worth it :)"
what characteristics of work affect motivation and performance
skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback
What led to the more human-based managerial styles?
the greatest impact on motivation theory was generated by the Hawthorne studies in the late 1920s and early 1930s. in these studies, elton mayo found that human factors such as feelings of involvement and participation led to greater productivity gains than did physical changes in the workplace
what are the factors called motivators?
work itself, achievement, recognition, responsibility, growth and advancement W A A R R G
who developed theory x and theory y
Douglas McGregor held that managers have one of two opposing attitudes toward employees. He called them Theory X and Theory Y.
how can managers encourage open communication?
Managers can create an organizational culture that rewards listening, train supervisors and managers to listen, use effective questioning techniques, remove barriers to open communication, avoid vague and ambiguous communication, and actively make it easier for all to communicate.
What is goal setting theory?
Setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions.