Ch. 11-12 Review

Nathan Bedford Forrest

(1821-1877) A famed and gifted Confederate cavalry commander who founded the Ku Klux Klan in Pulaski, Tennessee. Forrest tried to disband the KKK when he saw the violent path that it was taking.

Anwar al Awlaki

(1971-2011) An American-born Muslim cleric who worked to build U.S.-Muslim relations after 9/11. He became increasingly militant and called for attacks on America. He was arrested in Yemen in 2006 and released in 2007. In 2009, he swore allegiance to AQAP.

Islamic Courts Union

(ICU) A confederation of tribes and clans seeking to end violence and bring Islamic law to Somalia. It is opposed by several neighboring countries and internal warlords. Some people feel that it is a jihadist organization, but others see it as a grouping of clans with several different interpretations of Islamic law.

Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman

(b. 1938) A Sunni Islamic scholar linked to the Egyptian Islamic Group. He came to the United States in 1990, even though his name was on a State Department watch list. He was arrested and convicted of conspiracy after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. He is currently serving a life sentence in the American federal prison system.

Sayyid Imam al Sharif

(b. 1951) Also known as Dr. Fadl, one of Egypt's leading militants in the 1970s. While jailed, he embraced Islam and renounced the violence of al Qaeda style militancy. He is viewed as a traitor by violent jihadists. He has provided much of the information we know about religious militancy, and he continues to publish works denouncing it. Still maintaining anti-Western and antigovernment views, he sees jihad as a necessary part of Islam. Al Qaeda's version, he claims, violates the morality of Islamic law.

Mullah Omar

(b. 1959) The leader of the Taliban. After the collapse of the Taliban government in 2001, Omar went into hiding.

USS Cole

A U.S. Navy destroyer attacked by two suicide bombers in the port of Aden, Yemen, on October 12, 2000. Seventeen American sailors were killed in the attack.

1993 World Trade Center Bombing

A carbomb attack by a cell led by Ramzi Youseff. The cell had links to the Egyptian Islamic Group.

Sovereign Citizens

A citizen who believes that the original citizens of the United States were free from all governmental control. Sovereign citizens think that they were duped by the government in "schemes" like Social Security, driver's licenses, and car registrations. That is, once people participate in those conspiracies, they lose their natural freedom and become citizens of the United States. Sovereign citizens believe that they can renounce those regulations and free themselves from American law. This should be noted: Though they free themselves from taxes and fees, they rarely reject government benefits.

Far Enemy

A jihadist term referring to non Islamic powers or countries outside the realm of Islam.

Ayman al Zawahiri

He was born into a prominent Egyptian family in 1951. An intelligent, high achieving student, he fell under the influence of violent religious philosophy in high school after being exposed to militant interpretations of Islam. He is the current leader of al-Qaeda and a current or former member and senior official of Islamist organizations which have orchestrated and carried out attacks in North America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.

Combined Joint Task Force

Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) An American led counterterrorist unit combining military, intelligence, and law enforcement assets of several nations in the Horn.

Red Mosque

Lal masjid, located in Islamabad, with a madrassa and a school for women. It taught militant theology. The government ordered the mosque closed in 2007. This resulted in a shootout and a standoff. Government forces stormed the mosque in July 2007, killing more than 100 students. One of the leaders, Abdul Rashid Ghazi, was killed. His brother Maulana Abdul Aziz, the mosque's other leader, was captured while trying to escape in women's clothing.

9/11 Commission

The bipartisan National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, created after September 11, 2001, to investigate the attacks.

Taliban

The Islamicist group that governed Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001.

Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI)

The Pakistani domestic and foreign intelligence service, created by the British in 1948. Supporters claim that it centralizes Pakistan's intelligence. Critics maintain that it operates like an independent state and supports terrorist groups.

Mogadishu

The capital of Somalia. U.S. troops moved into Mogadishu during Operation Restore Hope from December 9, 1992, until May 4, 1993, when the United Nations took over operations. American forces were involved in a major battle in October 1993 involving a downed U.S. army helicopter.

Ruby Ridge

The location of a 1992 standoff between survivalists and U.S. federal law enforcement officers in Idaho during which a U.S. marshal and survivalist Randy Weaver's wife and son were killed.

Whiskey Rebellion

The uprising that took place in 1791 when a group of Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay a federal tax on corn used to make alcohol. The rebellion ended when President George Washington sent troops to stop the rebellion.

AQAP

al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.

al Qaeda

is a militant Sunni Islamist multi-national organization founded in 1988 by Osama bin Laden and several other Arab volunteers who fought against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s.