Ch. 11 Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods

Products that can be sold as DIETARY supplements (except tobacco) Contain one or more of the following:

A vitamin A mineral An herb or other botanical An amino acid A dietary substance for use by humans to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake A concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any of the above ingredients

Dont focus on but be familiar w/ Examples of Banned Pro hormone Supplements

Androstanediol Androstanedione Bolasterone Methyltestosterone Norandrostenediol Norandrostenedione 19-nor-4-androstenediol 19-nor-5-androstenediol 1-testosterone

Efficacy of insulin use as ergogenic aid. postworkout carbohydrate ingestion supresses muscle protein breakdown via the _______ __________.

Anit-catabolic effects of insulin *Theoretically, if protein breakdown is supressed over several weeks to months, gains in lean muscle mass could be realized.

Substances that are chemically related to ______ produced in ____ ______ regulates...

B-Adrenergic Agonists (hormone) epinephrine- produced in adrenal medulla lipolysis and thermogenesis

Effective as a performance enhancing substance in exercises inducing a high level of lactic acid, such as multiple bouts of H.I lasting more that 60sec

B-Alanine

Nutritional Muscle Buffers

B-Alanine Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Citrate L Carnitine Creatine

Most effective for trained individuals participating in a high-intensity, high volume resistance program

B-hydroxyl-b-mythylbutyrate (HMB)

For trafficking illegal drugs penalty if first felony drug offense if second offense both doubled

5 years in prison $250,000 These are federal penalties, individual states have also their own penalties.

Dose that athletes administer is reported to very from how many times greater than physiological replacement doses?

5-29x

Testosterone precursors (do or do not) enhance adaptations to resistance training when consumed in dosages recommended by manufacturers.

DO NOT

key note

Despite certain media and anecdotal reports linking creatine supplementation to dehydration and cramping, there is no reason to believe that creatine enhances the risk for these side effects.

Any manufacture can introduce a new _____ to the market w/out special approval

Dietary Supplement

other steroid hormones w/ anabolic-androgenic properties produced in testes but not as much

Dihydrotestosterone androstenedione

Caffeine is considered a _____

Drug it is a stimulant

Adverse effects of pre workout energy drinks

Due to the presence of caffeine, the same potential adverse effects that exist for caffeine also exist for energy drinks.

When combined w/ caffeine, is able to improve aerobic endurance performance. not as effective in improving anaerobic exercise performance

Ephedrine

Stimulant used commonly among body builders for its thermogenic quality

Ephedrine (a B-Agonist)

Any substance, mechanical aid, or training method that improves sport performance; for the purposes of this chapter, the term refers specifically to pharmacologic aids.

Ergogenic Aid

B-Blockers may also have a _____ effect (reduce performance)

Ergolytic

Dietary Supplements

Essencial Amino Acids BCAA's Arginine B-Hydroxy-B-Methylbutyrate

Testosterone precursors result in significant increases in x

Estrogen-related compounds dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentration down-regulation in testosterone synthesis unfavorable alterations in blood lipid and coronary heart disease risk profiles of men ages 35-65

Caffeine Efficacy

Increases time to exhaustion Effects on sprint or power performance unclear If performance benefit, likely occurs in trained. greater when ingested in tablet form, compound in coffee antagonizes the action of caffeine

What has HCG been used for in women and does is work?

Injected into women seeking weight loss in conjunction w/ calorie restriction. Was not the shot that induced loss but the diet.

presentation power point summary of HMB

It is believed that HMB has both anabolic and lipolytic effects, but research is limited. Recent studies do not support HMB supplementation in resistance-trained athletes

May enhance recovery following h.i resistance ex.

L-Carnitine

no known adverse effects w/

L-carnitine

B-hydroxyl B methylbutyrate (HMB) is a derivative of

Leucine and its metabolite alpha-ketoisocaproic acid

_____ content in any given protein is the ____-_____ factor in terms of maximizing protein synthesis w/in the capacity of skeletal muscle

Leucine rate-limiting

Signs/Symptoms of Ergogenic Aid Abuse: Cardiovascular System

Lipid profile changes Elevated BP Decreased myocardial function

Signs/Symptoms of Ergogenic Aid Abuse: Genitourinary System

Males: Decreases sperm count decrease testicular size Females: Menstrual cycle irregularities clitoromegaly-enlargment of clitoris Deepening of voice Masculinization Males and Females: Gynecomastia-breast swelling Libido Changes-sex drive changes

Signs/Symptoms of Ergogenic Aid Abuse: Psychological

Mania Depression Aggression Hostility Mood Swings

Types of Oral Active Steroids used by athletes

Methandrostenolone- Dianabol oxandrolone- Anavar Stanozol- Winstrol Oxymetholone- Anadrol 50 Fluoxymesterone- Halotestin Methyltestosterone- Metandren Mesterolone- Proviron

The ability to regulate H+ concentration in skeletal Muscle during high-intensity exercise

Muscle Buffering capacity (MBC)

The purported ergogenic benefits commonly attributed to anabolic steroid use are increased x3 but these changes depend on the training status of the individual.

Muscle mass strength athletic performance Less seen in higher trained than in novice strength trained may increase strength gains by 2-3 fold compared to non supplementing athletes.

Most commonly used hormone

Testosterone

Hormone Ergogenic aids

Testosterone Testosterone precursors (prohormones) HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) Human Growth Hormone Insulin Erythropoitin B-Adrenic Agonists B-Blockers

Commonly used testosterone ester used in the United states in clinical setting for some rare diseases. replacement dose= administered frequency

Testosterone Enanthate injectible/intramuscular dose=75-100mg/week every one to two weeks

Injectible Steroids

Testosterone Esters- Depo-Testosterone Nandrolone esters- Deca-Durabolin Stanozolol- Winstrol Methenolone enanthate- Primobolan Depot Boldenone undecylenate- Equipoise Trenbolone acetate- Finaject

Key point

The distinction between a drug and a dietary supplement is linked to FDA approval for safety and effectiveness.

True/False Nearly all scientific investigations into this area in agreement that muscle blood flow is NOT increased in healthy individuals following arginine supplementation,

True

True/False HGH cannot be detected in a urine drug test.

True *blood test for HGH were introduced in 2004 summer olympic games in Athens.

B-Alanine does improve

aerobic threshold thus endurance activities can be performed at relatively higher intensities for longer periods of time.

L-Carnitine is synthesized from

amino acids Lycine and methionine

B-blockers can improve physiological adaptations from aerobic endurance training by causing...

an up regulation of B-receptors

May upregulate _____ receptors and increase _____ binding proteins and preserve ______ concentrations

androgen IGF IGF enhance recovery

Sodium Bicarbonate is an ______ (). meaning it counteracts or neutralizes ______ ().

antacid (alkalinizing agent) acid (Low pH) Naturally formed in body

Elevations in _____ and _______ may be a positive side effect and even _____ for ____ sports

arousal and self-esteem aggressiveness/contact sports

After drug withdrawal effects of steroids

atrophic testicles low lutenizing hormone low follicle-stimulating hormone low testosterone levels HDL significantly lowered=higher risk of atherogenesis

B-blockers (hormone) do what

block adrenergic receptor, preventing the catecholamines (nor and epi) from binding.

Serious illness associated w/ steroid use have occurred almost exclusively in which athletes

bodybuilders

Beta blockers drugs also associated w/

bronchospasm hear failure prolonged hypoglycemia bradycardia heart block intermittent claudication

B-Blockers used in medical world...

by cardiologists in treatment of wide variety of CV disease including hypertension.

When combined with _____ and other herbal products, significant improvements in time to ____ reported

caffein fatigue

Effective for prolonging endurance ex. but its effects on sprint or power performance are less clear

caffeine

Ephedrine Efficacy Effective only when it is taken in combination w/

caffeine

Primary ergogenic ingredients in sports drinks

caffeine and carbs

Ingredients most common to commercially available energy drinks

caffeine, carbs, B vitamins, tyrosine, gingko biloba,

Theoretically, increasing skeletal muscle _____ levels through chronic training or ______ supplementation or both would improve _____ and most likely improve _______ performance.

carnosine beta-Alanine MBC Anaerobic *carnosine concentraitions in athletes such as sprinters/bodybuilders appear to be higher that marathoners, untrained, elderly

B-Alanine is limited by itself in ergogenic properties, however, in muscle cells it is the rate-limiting substrate for _____ synthesis

carnosine synthesis

Creatine is transported from its site of synthesis to the skeletal muscle via...

circulation

Ergogenic substances are usually banned from athletic competition when a _______ is reached that they may provide an unfair competitive edge or pose significant health risk Banishment Does not need to be based on conclusive _______, simply represents an agreement among administrators/clinicians

consensus proof

Medical administration of steroid forms most common forms in athletes

creams/gels/patches oral/injectable.

B-blockers are associated with what ergolytic effect

decreased oxygen consumption

Abuse of HGH can also lead to

diabetes in prone individuals cardiovascular dysfunction muscle, joint, and bone pain hypertension abnormal growth of organs accelerated osteoarthritis

Dosages above the 0.3g/kg have been shown to cause

diarrhea, cramping, nausea, vomiting

The FDA regulates both...

dietary supplement products and dietary ingredients FDA regulates dietary supplements under a different set of regulations than conventional foods/drugs

The claims often attributed to arginine supplementation are its ability to:

elevate nitric oxide levels increase muscle blood flow improve exercise performance

During short/H.I ex. the primary ergogenic effect attributed to caffeine supp is ...

enhance power production though to be result of ... enhanced excitation-contraction coupling affecting neuromuscular transmission mobilization of intracellular C+ from SR

Ability to stimulate muscle protein synthesis, particularly via the anabolic effects of the amino acid leucine

essential and branched chain AA's

Carnosine is found primarily in ______ and is estimated to contribute to % of skeletal muscle ______ of H+ produced during intense anaerobic exercise thus encouraging a drop in ______

fast-twitch (Type 2) fibers 40% MBC pH

Proposed beneficial mechanism of caffeine in improved endurance athletes is an increase in _ through the mobilization of ___ from adipose tissue or intramuscular fat stores

fat oxidization ffa's

Most common adverse effects with higher doses of arginine (13-30g)

gastrointestinal distress nausea abdominal cramps diarrhea

Also Caffeine ingestion is thought to enhance the kinetics of _______

glycolytic regulatory enzymes such as phosphorylase

Smaller amounts of Creatine stored in x3

hear brain testes

Supplementing with Sodium Bicarbonate has been shown to

increase blood pH

Use of L-Carnitine ad ergogenic aid

increase fat utilization sparing muscle glycogen decrease in pain/muscle damage decrease in markers of metabolic stress enhance recovery enhanced vasodilation, reduces the magnitude of exercise induced hypoxia`

Specific effects on body composition w/ B-Adrenergic Agonists

increase lean muscle mass decreases in stored fat

When HCG is injected into men....

increases testicular testosterone production levels can nearly double w/in 4 days after large intramuscular injection

The safety of HMB supp has been widely studied and to date there is a consensus that HMB presents no adverse effects

note

Sodium CITRATE can increase ____ w/out ______ that is commonly seen w/ sodium bicarbonate

pH gastric distress

The side effects that are common to injection from HCG-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin are

pain swelling tenderness around injection cite

What is luteinizing hormone: A ______ hormone that stimulates the ______ _____ in the testicles to manufacture testosterone

pituitary Leydig cells

Precursors to the synthesis of other hormones to increase body ability to produce a given specific hormone

prohormone *Although performance changes may not occur with prohormone use, athletes may be at higher risk for experiencing adverse side effects similar to those associated with anabolic steroid use.

Testosterone esters circulation length Testosterone propionate= testosterone buciclate=

propionate= 1.5 days buciclate= 3 months

Arginine is required for the synthesis of x2 its metabolism results in the production of....

protein creatine nitric oxide

HMB believed to stimulate _____ _____ and decreases ______ ____ by inhibiting the _______-______ ______

protein synthesis protein breakdown ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

Blood doping increases...

red blood cell mass

Ergogenic benefit of Beta-Blockers (hormone).

reduce anxiety, tremors during performance

Effects of stimulants

reduced fatigue increased alertness increased confidence euphoria

Beta Blockers can impair the cardiovascular response to exercise by

reducing max HR oxygen consumption and 10km race time performance increased RPE

Generally, DIETARY supplements are highly....

refined products that would not be confused w/ food. no + nutritional value.....hence, not NUTRITIONAL supplement.

If a product is not classified as a drug or advertised as having therapeutic value, FDA regulations concerning its sale are _____ ________

relatively relaxed

once creatine concentrations in skeletal muscle reach ____-_____ mmol/kg dry weight, additional supplementation appears to be unable to further increase muscle creatine concentrations

150-160

Dose of B-alanine and its adverse affects

2.4-6.4g/day spread over in smaller amounts symptoms of paresthesia. tingling, prickling, numbness of skin.

Creatine supplementation Increases the creatine content of muscles by approximately ___%, but there is a ____ _____

20% saturation limit

Typical creatine supplementation regime Loading dose/length Maintenance dose:

20-25g daily or 0.3g/kg for 5 days 2g/day once creatine supplementation is stopped, muscle creatine levels will return to baseline levels in approximately four weeks

Anabolic steroids are a class ____ substance: punishable w/ a max penalty of .... if first offense

3 1 year in prison 1,000$ fine

Caffein does for ergogenic benefit

3-9 mg/kg consumed ~60min before or during prolonged >9 no more benefits

Signs/Symptoms of Ergogenic Aid Abuse: Hepatic System

Increased risk of liver tumors and liver damage

Lethal dose of Caffeine excess of

5g= 42 cups/120mg caff/cup or 25 200mg tab

___% are associated w/ x2

60% increase in irritability and aggressiveness

Study- 4 weeks supplementing w/ Beta-Alanine resulted in mean increase of % in skeletal muscle of beta-alanine, thus rate limited _____

64% carnosine

% of Creatine is stored in body: free form % phosphorylated form %

98% in body 40% free form 60% phosphorylated

Products that can be sold as dietary supplements

A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet Must be intended for ingestion Cannot be advertised for use as a conventional food or as the sole item within a meal or diet

Importance of Creatine to exercise The ability to rapidly rephosphorylate ____ is dependent on the enzyme ____ _____ and the availability of _____ _____ within the muscle.

ADP creatine kinase creatine phosphate

Signs/Symptoms of Ergogenic Aid Abuse: Dermatological

Acne Male Pattern Baldness

Excess HGH after puberty causes __________ (a disfiguring disease characterized by a widening of the bones, arthritis, organ enlargement, and metabolic abnormalities).

Acromegaly

Testosterone and other male sex hormones are also produced, in smaller amounts, where.

Adrenal glands-men and women ovaries-women

Creatine

Adverse effects Controlled studies have been unable to document any significant side effects from creatine supplementation. Concerns include gastrointestinal disturbances and strain on the kidneys.

Psychological effects Anabolic steroid use is associated with changes in x3

Aggression arousal irritability

Citrus Aurantium has been shown to stimulate peripheral ______ resulting in ________ and elevation in BP when in combo w/ other herbal products.

Alpha-1 receptors vasoconstriction

The synthetic (man-made) derivatives of the male sex hormone, testosterone

Anabolic Steroids *Elevations in testosterone concentrations stimulate protein synthesis, resulting in improvements in muscle size, body mass, and strength

Testosterone is the primary ______ hormone that interacts w/ _____ _____ _____

Androgen skeletal muscle tissue

where is Human Growth hormone secreted from

Anterior pituitary

Caffeine Adverse effects

Anxiety Gastrointestinal disturbances Restlessness Insomnia Tremors Heart arrhythmias Increased risk for heat illness Addiction

A CONDITIONALLY essential amino acid that has a crucial role in nutrition and metabolism

Arginine

not effective for inducing nitric oxide or muscle blood flow in healthy individuals. also, does not appear to have any effect on improving endurance performance in healthy populations

Arginine

x3 Precursors to the synthesis of creatine

Arginine glycine methionine

Citrus Aurantium is often used as

Asian herbal medicine to treat digestive problems

B-Adrenergic Agonists were first developed for treatment of ...

Asthma

Endogenous testosterone production is suppressed ......... If HCG is used by athletes, it is likely used by those who are ________ a cycle of ________ and are looking to _______ their own endogenous testosterone production.

At the end of a steroid cycle finishing anabolic steroids activate

x2 forms of blood transfusion blood doping

Autologous-one's own blood homologous-another w/ same blood type

Caffein is a ______ stimulant. its effects are similar though weaker than those of ________

CNS amphetamines

Those w/ risk factors for x2 may benefit from increased nitric oxide production resulting from oral arginine supplementation.

CV disease Diabetes

Stimulants

Caffeine Pre-workout energy drinks Ephedrine Citrus Aurantium

hormones Often used to enhance weight loss and provide greater arousal for performance The have an effect on x2

Catecholamines such as adrenaline (or epinephrine) Metabolic and Nervous system

Stimulant _____: from a fruit ""

Citrus Aurantium "bitter orange"

When combined w/ caffeine and other herbal products, improvements in exercise time to fatigue have been reported

Citrus aurantium

Effective for increasing max strength, power, lean body mass in both trained and untrained

Creatine

note

Creatine supplementation has been shown to increase maximal strength, power, and lean body mass in both trained and untrained populations. Additionally, creatine supplementation is safe and relatively inexpensive.

Most users use the drugs for several weeks or months and alternate these cycles with periods of discontinued use. This is called

Cyclic pattern

True/False Citrus Aurantium is used freely and safely

False Banned on NCAA list of performance-enhancing drugs

Excessive secretion of growth hormone during childhood can lead to

Gigantism-abnormally tall

Signs/Symptoms of Ergogenic Aid Abuse: Endocrine System

Gynecomastia Decreased Sperm Count Testicular atrophy Impotence and transient infertility

During High -intensity training a significant accumulation of _____ is coupled w/ a reduction in _____ w/in skeletal muscle and has been shown to adversely affect performance.

H+ pH

Hormone obtained from the placenta of pregnant women. closely related in structure and function to ______ hormone.

HCG- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Luteinizing Hormone

Injections of EPO are associated with ELEVATIONS in x2

Hematocrit and hemoglobin the enhanced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood makes EPO and effective ergogenic aid for aerobic endurance athletes.

*Common brands names of HGH used in U.S

Humatrope Nutropin Norditropin Genotropin Serostim Saizen protropin

Adverse effects when injected w/ Insulin

Immediate death com possible development of insulin-dependant diabetes in previously healthy athlete

Health risks w/ erythropoietin use

Increase in RBC number increases blood viscosity (thickening) thus... increased risk of blood clotting elevation in systolic BP, stroke and cerebral/pulmonary embolism Dehydration during aerobic events

Clinicians use HGH for ...

Increase stature in short children w/ growth hormone deficiency alter body comp in adults

Because of its possible effect on body comp, B-Adrenergic Agonists are sometimes referred to as _______. one of the more popular B-drug used by athletes ______

Partitioning Agents clenbuterol- widely used bronchodilator *athletes us to increase lean muscle tissue and reduce subq fat.

effective for increasing resistance training volume performance and endurance performance. but not ergogenic in their ability to improve anaerobic ex.

Pre-workout energy drinks

Signs/Symptoms of Ergogenic Aid Abuse: Musculoskeletal System

Premature epiphyseal plate closure increased risk of tendon tears intramuscular abscess

Body mass changes w/ Creatine

Prolonged creatine supplementation has been generally associated with increases in body weight, especially increases in fat-free mass. thought to increase intracellular osmotic gradient, filling cell

Growth hormone is a _______ molecule. It must be _____ in order to avoid complete metabolism and to maintain its effectiveness. _____ does not result in any benefit.

Protein Injected Oral

Often athletes administer the drugs in a ___________(_________) pattern in which dosages are steadily increased over several weeks. Toward the end of the cycle, the athlete "________" to reduce the likelihood of negative side effects.

Pyramid (step-up) "step-down"

B-blockers most commonly used by what type of athletes.

Shooters, bowlers, etc.

Has been shown to improve H.I ex. performance and training, but is associated w/ unpleasant gI discomfort

Sodium Bicarbinate

The scientific data are not conclusive in relation to it's ergogenic potential during short duration, high inten. ex.

Sodium Citrate

Don't completely focus on, just be familiar with. National Collegiate Athletic Association Banned Drug Classes. specific lists under categories on page 228 or ch 11

Stimulants Anabolic Agents Alcohol and Beta-Blockers (Banned for rifle only) Diuretics and other masking agents street drugs peptide hormones and analogues anti-estrogens beta-2 Agonists

Physiological functions of Growth Hormone

Stimulates bone/muscle growth (It's anabolic function) Helps maintain blood glucose levels Stimulates the release of fatty acids from fat cells

B-Alanine ingestion is capable of improving performance in exercise resulting in an extreme intramuscular _______ environment

acidotic- multiple bouts of H.I lasting longer than 60sec, also single bouts undertaken when fatigue is already present. H.I exercise performed w/ lower level of acidosis are unlikely to benefit from B-Alanine supplementation

HMB is most effective when an ______ ______ _____ is provided. for untrained does not likely require ____-______ for trained a ____-____ ____-_____ resistance training program is likely needed in order for benefits to be realized w/ HMB supplementation.

adequate training stimulus high-volume high-volume high-intensity

One of the few ergogenic aids that may be used comparable to ...

aerobic and anaerobic athletes

Ephedrine improves...

aerobic endurance performance

Supplementing w/ Sodium Bicarbonate causes a difference in pH between the ___ and ____ of muscle cells causes an accelerated movement of _____ out of ______ muscles helping to regulate intramuscular pH

insid/outside H+ contracting *Supp w/ S.B has been shown to improve MBC thus high intensity exercise performance

Many of the actions of HGH are mediated through ________ (another _______ hormone) which is produced and secreted from the ________ in response to growth hormone ________.

insulin-like Growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (peptide hormone) liver stimulation

Secretion of testosterone occurs primarily in what part of the testes

interstitial Leydig cells

Of the essential amino acids it is the BCAA's that increase muscle protein synthesis. x3

isoleucine leucine valine

Why is insulin considered an anabolic hormone its role

it increases protein synthesis facilitates the uptake of glucose and amino acids into the cells.

Primary risk associated w/ taking erythropoietin

its lack of predictability compared to RBC transfusion

note: The Dietary supp product must also be intended for ingestion and cannot be advertised for use as a conventional food or as the sole item within a meal or diet.

just a note

Erythropoietin (EPO)(hormone) is produced in the _______ and stimulates the production of new _______. It is a _______ hormone.

kidneys RBC protein

Erythropoietin, secreted by the ______ is used to stimulate______ for enhancement of _______

kidneys RBC production Aerobic endurance

Aerobic threshold is measured by

lactate and ventilatory threshold

HGH Efficacy Little research has been done with athletes. Research with healthy elderly persons, as well as children and adults with growth hormone deficiencies, shows improvements in x2

lean body tissue decrease body fat

What is the key BCAA for stimulating muscle protein synthesis It directly activates the _________ ________ in skeletal muscle, which is a key pathway in skeletal muscle protein synthesis.

leucine Akt/mTOR pathway

Ephedra , also called ____, is a plant that contains ephedrine

ma huang

B-Alanine does not seem to improve

max strength aerobic power

The activity of HCG in men is due to its ability to ....

mimic luteinizing hormone

Due to HMB role mentioned above it may be effective supplementation for

minimizing losses of lean muscle mass in situations that promote a catabolic state. effective for those beginning a new training program

Sodium Citrate use in exercise

more research needed athletes should test before use in competition. 0.4-0.6g/kg could lead to GI distress

Subset of bodybuilders w/ altered self-image who believe they look small/weak even when large/muscular. This is termed...

muscle dysmorphia "reverse anorexia nervosa"

Increases in ____ _____ ____ with steroid use are likely responsible for increases in lean body mass. Changes occur in both

muscle protein synthesis recreationally trained and competitive athletes.

Adverse effects Many adverse effects, including... ______by most sport governing bodies, including the International Olympic Committee

nausea, vomiting, psychiatric symptoms, anxiety, mood changes, autonomic hyperactivity, palpitations even DEATH\ BANNED

Creatine is a ________ ______ _____ that is synthesized naturally in body by the ______ and helps supply energy to all cells of the body can also be synthesized in smaller amounts in x2

nitrogenous organic compound liver kidneys/pancreas

The buffer B-Alanine is a ________

nonessential amino acid

essential Amino Acids

not produced in body Isoleucine I Leucine love Lysine lucy Valine very Methionine much Phenylalanine please tryptophan try threonine threading

Pre workout energy drinks Effective for increasing...

resistance training volume performance Other types of anaerobic exercise (including Wingate tests and speed/agility performance) not as responsive to energy drink consumption

Many of the side effects linked to abuse of steroids are _____ upon ______.

reversible/cessation *Side effects differ between anabolic steroid use under medical supervision and consuming many drugs at high doses.

Efficacy: enhancing mainly Timing of ingestion

short bouts of H.I ex. lasting 60 seconds to 6 minutes 0.3g/kg 60-90 min before

Athletes typically use anabolic steroids in a "______" regimen, in which they administer several different drugs simultaneously.

stacking *The potency of one anabolic agent may be enhanced when it is consumed simultaneously with another anabolic agent.

Companies can make claims about effects on body's ____ and ______ as long as the manufacturer can show that the statements are ______ and not ________.

structure/function truthful/misleading much less stringent than drugs

FDA's definition of a drug

substances that change the body's structure or function. includes substances that stimulate hormone secretion. if administered differently from the way in which foods would be consumed.

Citrus aurantium thought to ...

suppress appetite increase metabolic rate and lypolysis

L-carnitine responsible for

the transport of fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria to be oxidized for energy

Study: Women taking prohormone ergogenic aid had how much of an increase in testosterone levels

threefold

Some adverse effects of B-Adrenergic Agonists such as CLENBUTEROL

transient tachycardia hyperthermia tremors dizziness palpitations insomnia

Athletes may benefit from steroid use even if they stop taking drugs long enough before competition to obtain a negative drug test thus....

unannounced year-round drug testing of some elite athletes is important for the prevention of unfair drug use

Arginine leading to higher levels of nitric oxide which effects _______. making it important during exercising conditions.

vasodilation *Little scientific evidence supporting benefit for athletes or physically active individuals