Ch. 11 Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods
Products that can be sold as DIETARY supplements (except tobacco) Contain one or more of the following:
A vitamin A mineral An herb or other botanical An amino acid A dietary substance for use by humans to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake A concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any of the above ingredients
Dont focus on but be familiar w/ Examples of Banned Pro hormone Supplements
Androstanediol Androstanedione Bolasterone Methyltestosterone Norandrostenediol Norandrostenedione 19-nor-4-androstenediol 19-nor-5-androstenediol 1-testosterone
Efficacy of insulin use as ergogenic aid. postworkout carbohydrate ingestion supresses muscle protein breakdown via the _______ __________.
Anit-catabolic effects of insulin *Theoretically, if protein breakdown is supressed over several weeks to months, gains in lean muscle mass could be realized.
Substances that are chemically related to ______ produced in ____ ______ regulates...
B-Adrenergic Agonists (hormone) epinephrine- produced in adrenal medulla lipolysis and thermogenesis
Effective as a performance enhancing substance in exercises inducing a high level of lactic acid, such as multiple bouts of H.I lasting more that 60sec
B-Alanine
Nutritional Muscle Buffers
B-Alanine Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Citrate L Carnitine Creatine
Most effective for trained individuals participating in a high-intensity, high volume resistance program
B-hydroxyl-b-mythylbutyrate (HMB)
For trafficking illegal drugs penalty if first felony drug offense if second offense both doubled
5 years in prison $250,000 These are federal penalties, individual states have also their own penalties.
Dose that athletes administer is reported to very from how many times greater than physiological replacement doses?
5-29x
Testosterone precursors (do or do not) enhance adaptations to resistance training when consumed in dosages recommended by manufacturers.
DO NOT
key note
Despite certain media and anecdotal reports linking creatine supplementation to dehydration and cramping, there is no reason to believe that creatine enhances the risk for these side effects.
Any manufacture can introduce a new _____ to the market w/out special approval
Dietary Supplement
other steroid hormones w/ anabolic-androgenic properties produced in testes but not as much
Dihydrotestosterone androstenedione
Caffeine is considered a _____
Drug it is a stimulant
Adverse effects of pre workout energy drinks
Due to the presence of caffeine, the same potential adverse effects that exist for caffeine also exist for energy drinks.
When combined w/ caffeine, is able to improve aerobic endurance performance. not as effective in improving anaerobic exercise performance
Ephedrine
Stimulant used commonly among body builders for its thermogenic quality
Ephedrine (a B-Agonist)
Any substance, mechanical aid, or training method that improves sport performance; for the purposes of this chapter, the term refers specifically to pharmacologic aids.
Ergogenic Aid
B-Blockers may also have a _____ effect (reduce performance)
Ergolytic
Dietary Supplements
Essencial Amino Acids BCAA's Arginine B-Hydroxy-B-Methylbutyrate
Testosterone precursors result in significant increases in x
Estrogen-related compounds dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentration down-regulation in testosterone synthesis unfavorable alterations in blood lipid and coronary heart disease risk profiles of men ages 35-65
Caffeine Efficacy
Increases time to exhaustion Effects on sprint or power performance unclear If performance benefit, likely occurs in trained. greater when ingested in tablet form, compound in coffee antagonizes the action of caffeine
What has HCG been used for in women and does is work?
Injected into women seeking weight loss in conjunction w/ calorie restriction. Was not the shot that induced loss but the diet.
presentation power point summary of HMB
It is believed that HMB has both anabolic and lipolytic effects, but research is limited. Recent studies do not support HMB supplementation in resistance-trained athletes
May enhance recovery following h.i resistance ex.
L-Carnitine
no known adverse effects w/
L-carnitine
B-hydroxyl B methylbutyrate (HMB) is a derivative of
Leucine and its metabolite alpha-ketoisocaproic acid
_____ content in any given protein is the ____-_____ factor in terms of maximizing protein synthesis w/in the capacity of skeletal muscle
Leucine rate-limiting
Signs/Symptoms of Ergogenic Aid Abuse: Cardiovascular System
Lipid profile changes Elevated BP Decreased myocardial function
Signs/Symptoms of Ergogenic Aid Abuse: Genitourinary System
Males: Decreases sperm count decrease testicular size Females: Menstrual cycle irregularities clitoromegaly-enlargment of clitoris Deepening of voice Masculinization Males and Females: Gynecomastia-breast swelling Libido Changes-sex drive changes
Signs/Symptoms of Ergogenic Aid Abuse: Psychological
Mania Depression Aggression Hostility Mood Swings
Types of Oral Active Steroids used by athletes
Methandrostenolone- Dianabol oxandrolone- Anavar Stanozol- Winstrol Oxymetholone- Anadrol 50 Fluoxymesterone- Halotestin Methyltestosterone- Metandren Mesterolone- Proviron
The ability to regulate H+ concentration in skeletal Muscle during high-intensity exercise
Muscle Buffering capacity (MBC)
The purported ergogenic benefits commonly attributed to anabolic steroid use are increased x3 but these changes depend on the training status of the individual.
Muscle mass strength athletic performance Less seen in higher trained than in novice strength trained may increase strength gains by 2-3 fold compared to non supplementing athletes.
Most commonly used hormone
Testosterone
Hormone Ergogenic aids
Testosterone Testosterone precursors (prohormones) HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) Human Growth Hormone Insulin Erythropoitin B-Adrenic Agonists B-Blockers
Commonly used testosterone ester used in the United states in clinical setting for some rare diseases. replacement dose= administered frequency
Testosterone Enanthate injectible/intramuscular dose=75-100mg/week every one to two weeks
Injectible Steroids
Testosterone Esters- Depo-Testosterone Nandrolone esters- Deca-Durabolin Stanozolol- Winstrol Methenolone enanthate- Primobolan Depot Boldenone undecylenate- Equipoise Trenbolone acetate- Finaject
Key point
The distinction between a drug and a dietary supplement is linked to FDA approval for safety and effectiveness.
True/False Nearly all scientific investigations into this area in agreement that muscle blood flow is NOT increased in healthy individuals following arginine supplementation,
True
True/False HGH cannot be detected in a urine drug test.
True *blood test for HGH were introduced in 2004 summer olympic games in Athens.
B-Alanine does improve
aerobic threshold thus endurance activities can be performed at relatively higher intensities for longer periods of time.
L-Carnitine is synthesized from
amino acids Lycine and methionine
B-blockers can improve physiological adaptations from aerobic endurance training by causing...
an up regulation of B-receptors
May upregulate _____ receptors and increase _____ binding proteins and preserve ______ concentrations
androgen IGF IGF enhance recovery
Sodium Bicarbonate is an ______ (). meaning it counteracts or neutralizes ______ ().
antacid (alkalinizing agent) acid (Low pH) Naturally formed in body
Elevations in _____ and _______ may be a positive side effect and even _____ for ____ sports
arousal and self-esteem aggressiveness/contact sports
After drug withdrawal effects of steroids
atrophic testicles low lutenizing hormone low follicle-stimulating hormone low testosterone levels HDL significantly lowered=higher risk of atherogenesis
B-blockers (hormone) do what
block adrenergic receptor, preventing the catecholamines (nor and epi) from binding.
Serious illness associated w/ steroid use have occurred almost exclusively in which athletes
bodybuilders
Beta blockers drugs also associated w/
bronchospasm hear failure prolonged hypoglycemia bradycardia heart block intermittent claudication
B-Blockers used in medical world...
by cardiologists in treatment of wide variety of CV disease including hypertension.
When combined with _____ and other herbal products, significant improvements in time to ____ reported
caffein fatigue
Effective for prolonging endurance ex. but its effects on sprint or power performance are less clear
caffeine
Ephedrine Efficacy Effective only when it is taken in combination w/
caffeine
Primary ergogenic ingredients in sports drinks
caffeine and carbs
Ingredients most common to commercially available energy drinks
caffeine, carbs, B vitamins, tyrosine, gingko biloba,
Theoretically, increasing skeletal muscle _____ levels through chronic training or ______ supplementation or both would improve _____ and most likely improve _______ performance.
carnosine beta-Alanine MBC Anaerobic *carnosine concentraitions in athletes such as sprinters/bodybuilders appear to be higher that marathoners, untrained, elderly
B-Alanine is limited by itself in ergogenic properties, however, in muscle cells it is the rate-limiting substrate for _____ synthesis
carnosine synthesis
Creatine is transported from its site of synthesis to the skeletal muscle via...
circulation
Ergogenic substances are usually banned from athletic competition when a _______ is reached that they may provide an unfair competitive edge or pose significant health risk Banishment Does not need to be based on conclusive _______, simply represents an agreement among administrators/clinicians
consensus proof
Medical administration of steroid forms most common forms in athletes
creams/gels/patches oral/injectable.
B-blockers are associated with what ergolytic effect
decreased oxygen consumption
Abuse of HGH can also lead to
diabetes in prone individuals cardiovascular dysfunction muscle, joint, and bone pain hypertension abnormal growth of organs accelerated osteoarthritis
Dosages above the 0.3g/kg have been shown to cause
diarrhea, cramping, nausea, vomiting
The FDA regulates both...
dietary supplement products and dietary ingredients FDA regulates dietary supplements under a different set of regulations than conventional foods/drugs
The claims often attributed to arginine supplementation are its ability to:
elevate nitric oxide levels increase muscle blood flow improve exercise performance
During short/H.I ex. the primary ergogenic effect attributed to caffeine supp is ...
enhance power production though to be result of ... enhanced excitation-contraction coupling affecting neuromuscular transmission mobilization of intracellular C+ from SR
Ability to stimulate muscle protein synthesis, particularly via the anabolic effects of the amino acid leucine
essential and branched chain AA's
Carnosine is found primarily in ______ and is estimated to contribute to % of skeletal muscle ______ of H+ produced during intense anaerobic exercise thus encouraging a drop in ______
fast-twitch (Type 2) fibers 40% MBC pH
Proposed beneficial mechanism of caffeine in improved endurance athletes is an increase in _ through the mobilization of ___ from adipose tissue or intramuscular fat stores
fat oxidization ffa's
Most common adverse effects with higher doses of arginine (13-30g)
gastrointestinal distress nausea abdominal cramps diarrhea
Also Caffeine ingestion is thought to enhance the kinetics of _______
glycolytic regulatory enzymes such as phosphorylase
Smaller amounts of Creatine stored in x3
hear brain testes
Supplementing with Sodium Bicarbonate has been shown to
increase blood pH
Use of L-Carnitine ad ergogenic aid
increase fat utilization sparing muscle glycogen decrease in pain/muscle damage decrease in markers of metabolic stress enhance recovery enhanced vasodilation, reduces the magnitude of exercise induced hypoxia`
Specific effects on body composition w/ B-Adrenergic Agonists
increase lean muscle mass decreases in stored fat
When HCG is injected into men....
increases testicular testosterone production levels can nearly double w/in 4 days after large intramuscular injection
The safety of HMB supp has been widely studied and to date there is a consensus that HMB presents no adverse effects
note
Sodium CITRATE can increase ____ w/out ______ that is commonly seen w/ sodium bicarbonate
pH gastric distress
The side effects that are common to injection from HCG-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin are
pain swelling tenderness around injection cite
What is luteinizing hormone: A ______ hormone that stimulates the ______ _____ in the testicles to manufacture testosterone
pituitary Leydig cells
Precursors to the synthesis of other hormones to increase body ability to produce a given specific hormone
prohormone *Although performance changes may not occur with prohormone use, athletes may be at higher risk for experiencing adverse side effects similar to those associated with anabolic steroid use.
Testosterone esters circulation length Testosterone propionate= testosterone buciclate=
propionate= 1.5 days buciclate= 3 months
Arginine is required for the synthesis of x2 its metabolism results in the production of....
protein creatine nitric oxide
HMB believed to stimulate _____ _____ and decreases ______ ____ by inhibiting the _______-______ ______
protein synthesis protein breakdown ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
Blood doping increases...
red blood cell mass
Ergogenic benefit of Beta-Blockers (hormone).
reduce anxiety, tremors during performance
Effects of stimulants
reduced fatigue increased alertness increased confidence euphoria
Beta Blockers can impair the cardiovascular response to exercise by
reducing max HR oxygen consumption and 10km race time performance increased RPE
Generally, DIETARY supplements are highly....
refined products that would not be confused w/ food. no + nutritional value.....hence, not NUTRITIONAL supplement.
If a product is not classified as a drug or advertised as having therapeutic value, FDA regulations concerning its sale are _____ ________
relatively relaxed
once creatine concentrations in skeletal muscle reach ____-_____ mmol/kg dry weight, additional supplementation appears to be unable to further increase muscle creatine concentrations
150-160
Dose of B-alanine and its adverse affects
2.4-6.4g/day spread over in smaller amounts symptoms of paresthesia. tingling, prickling, numbness of skin.
Creatine supplementation Increases the creatine content of muscles by approximately ___%, but there is a ____ _____
20% saturation limit
Typical creatine supplementation regime Loading dose/length Maintenance dose:
20-25g daily or 0.3g/kg for 5 days 2g/day once creatine supplementation is stopped, muscle creatine levels will return to baseline levels in approximately four weeks
Anabolic steroids are a class ____ substance: punishable w/ a max penalty of .... if first offense
3 1 year in prison 1,000$ fine
Caffein does for ergogenic benefit
3-9 mg/kg consumed ~60min before or during prolonged >9 no more benefits
Signs/Symptoms of Ergogenic Aid Abuse: Hepatic System
Increased risk of liver tumors and liver damage
Lethal dose of Caffeine excess of
5g= 42 cups/120mg caff/cup or 25 200mg tab
___% are associated w/ x2
60% increase in irritability and aggressiveness
Study- 4 weeks supplementing w/ Beta-Alanine resulted in mean increase of % in skeletal muscle of beta-alanine, thus rate limited _____
64% carnosine
% of Creatine is stored in body: free form % phosphorylated form %
98% in body 40% free form 60% phosphorylated
Products that can be sold as dietary supplements
A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet Must be intended for ingestion Cannot be advertised for use as a conventional food or as the sole item within a meal or diet
Importance of Creatine to exercise The ability to rapidly rephosphorylate ____ is dependent on the enzyme ____ _____ and the availability of _____ _____ within the muscle.
ADP creatine kinase creatine phosphate
Signs/Symptoms of Ergogenic Aid Abuse: Dermatological
Acne Male Pattern Baldness
Excess HGH after puberty causes __________ (a disfiguring disease characterized by a widening of the bones, arthritis, organ enlargement, and metabolic abnormalities).
Acromegaly
Testosterone and other male sex hormones are also produced, in smaller amounts, where.
Adrenal glands-men and women ovaries-women
Creatine
Adverse effects Controlled studies have been unable to document any significant side effects from creatine supplementation. Concerns include gastrointestinal disturbances and strain on the kidneys.
Psychological effects Anabolic steroid use is associated with changes in x3
Aggression arousal irritability
Citrus Aurantium has been shown to stimulate peripheral ______ resulting in ________ and elevation in BP when in combo w/ other herbal products.
Alpha-1 receptors vasoconstriction
The synthetic (man-made) derivatives of the male sex hormone, testosterone
Anabolic Steroids *Elevations in testosterone concentrations stimulate protein synthesis, resulting in improvements in muscle size, body mass, and strength
Testosterone is the primary ______ hormone that interacts w/ _____ _____ _____
Androgen skeletal muscle tissue
where is Human Growth hormone secreted from
Anterior pituitary
Caffeine Adverse effects
Anxiety Gastrointestinal disturbances Restlessness Insomnia Tremors Heart arrhythmias Increased risk for heat illness Addiction
A CONDITIONALLY essential amino acid that has a crucial role in nutrition and metabolism
Arginine
not effective for inducing nitric oxide or muscle blood flow in healthy individuals. also, does not appear to have any effect on improving endurance performance in healthy populations
Arginine
x3 Precursors to the synthesis of creatine
Arginine glycine methionine
Citrus Aurantium is often used as
Asian herbal medicine to treat digestive problems
B-Adrenergic Agonists were first developed for treatment of ...
Asthma
Endogenous testosterone production is suppressed ......... If HCG is used by athletes, it is likely used by those who are ________ a cycle of ________ and are looking to _______ their own endogenous testosterone production.
At the end of a steroid cycle finishing anabolic steroids activate
x2 forms of blood transfusion blood doping
Autologous-one's own blood homologous-another w/ same blood type
Caffein is a ______ stimulant. its effects are similar though weaker than those of ________
CNS amphetamines
Those w/ risk factors for x2 may benefit from increased nitric oxide production resulting from oral arginine supplementation.
CV disease Diabetes
Stimulants
Caffeine Pre-workout energy drinks Ephedrine Citrus Aurantium
hormones Often used to enhance weight loss and provide greater arousal for performance The have an effect on x2
Catecholamines such as adrenaline (or epinephrine) Metabolic and Nervous system
Stimulant _____: from a fruit ""
Citrus Aurantium "bitter orange"
When combined w/ caffeine and other herbal products, improvements in exercise time to fatigue have been reported
Citrus aurantium
Effective for increasing max strength, power, lean body mass in both trained and untrained
Creatine
note
Creatine supplementation has been shown to increase maximal strength, power, and lean body mass in both trained and untrained populations. Additionally, creatine supplementation is safe and relatively inexpensive.
Most users use the drugs for several weeks or months and alternate these cycles with periods of discontinued use. This is called
Cyclic pattern
True/False Citrus Aurantium is used freely and safely
False Banned on NCAA list of performance-enhancing drugs
Excessive secretion of growth hormone during childhood can lead to
Gigantism-abnormally tall
Signs/Symptoms of Ergogenic Aid Abuse: Endocrine System
Gynecomastia Decreased Sperm Count Testicular atrophy Impotence and transient infertility
During High -intensity training a significant accumulation of _____ is coupled w/ a reduction in _____ w/in skeletal muscle and has been shown to adversely affect performance.
H+ pH
Hormone obtained from the placenta of pregnant women. closely related in structure and function to ______ hormone.
HCG- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Luteinizing Hormone
Injections of EPO are associated with ELEVATIONS in x2
Hematocrit and hemoglobin the enhanced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood makes EPO and effective ergogenic aid for aerobic endurance athletes.
*Common brands names of HGH used in U.S
Humatrope Nutropin Norditropin Genotropin Serostim Saizen protropin
Adverse effects when injected w/ Insulin
Immediate death com possible development of insulin-dependant diabetes in previously healthy athlete
Health risks w/ erythropoietin use
Increase in RBC number increases blood viscosity (thickening) thus... increased risk of blood clotting elevation in systolic BP, stroke and cerebral/pulmonary embolism Dehydration during aerobic events
Clinicians use HGH for ...
Increase stature in short children w/ growth hormone deficiency alter body comp in adults
Because of its possible effect on body comp, B-Adrenergic Agonists are sometimes referred to as _______. one of the more popular B-drug used by athletes ______
Partitioning Agents clenbuterol- widely used bronchodilator *athletes us to increase lean muscle tissue and reduce subq fat.
effective for increasing resistance training volume performance and endurance performance. but not ergogenic in their ability to improve anaerobic ex.
Pre-workout energy drinks
Signs/Symptoms of Ergogenic Aid Abuse: Musculoskeletal System
Premature epiphyseal plate closure increased risk of tendon tears intramuscular abscess
Body mass changes w/ Creatine
Prolonged creatine supplementation has been generally associated with increases in body weight, especially increases in fat-free mass. thought to increase intracellular osmotic gradient, filling cell
Growth hormone is a _______ molecule. It must be _____ in order to avoid complete metabolism and to maintain its effectiveness. _____ does not result in any benefit.
Protein Injected Oral
Often athletes administer the drugs in a ___________(_________) pattern in which dosages are steadily increased over several weeks. Toward the end of the cycle, the athlete "________" to reduce the likelihood of negative side effects.
Pyramid (step-up) "step-down"
B-blockers most commonly used by what type of athletes.
Shooters, bowlers, etc.
Has been shown to improve H.I ex. performance and training, but is associated w/ unpleasant gI discomfort
Sodium Bicarbinate
The scientific data are not conclusive in relation to it's ergogenic potential during short duration, high inten. ex.
Sodium Citrate
Don't completely focus on, just be familiar with. National Collegiate Athletic Association Banned Drug Classes. specific lists under categories on page 228 or ch 11
Stimulants Anabolic Agents Alcohol and Beta-Blockers (Banned for rifle only) Diuretics and other masking agents street drugs peptide hormones and analogues anti-estrogens beta-2 Agonists
Physiological functions of Growth Hormone
Stimulates bone/muscle growth (It's anabolic function) Helps maintain blood glucose levels Stimulates the release of fatty acids from fat cells
B-Alanine ingestion is capable of improving performance in exercise resulting in an extreme intramuscular _______ environment
acidotic- multiple bouts of H.I lasting longer than 60sec, also single bouts undertaken when fatigue is already present. H.I exercise performed w/ lower level of acidosis are unlikely to benefit from B-Alanine supplementation
HMB is most effective when an ______ ______ _____ is provided. for untrained does not likely require ____-______ for trained a ____-____ ____-_____ resistance training program is likely needed in order for benefits to be realized w/ HMB supplementation.
adequate training stimulus high-volume high-volume high-intensity
One of the few ergogenic aids that may be used comparable to ...
aerobic and anaerobic athletes
Ephedrine improves...
aerobic endurance performance
Supplementing w/ Sodium Bicarbonate causes a difference in pH between the ___ and ____ of muscle cells causes an accelerated movement of _____ out of ______ muscles helping to regulate intramuscular pH
insid/outside H+ contracting *Supp w/ S.B has been shown to improve MBC thus high intensity exercise performance
Many of the actions of HGH are mediated through ________ (another _______ hormone) which is produced and secreted from the ________ in response to growth hormone ________.
insulin-like Growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (peptide hormone) liver stimulation
Secretion of testosterone occurs primarily in what part of the testes
interstitial Leydig cells
Of the essential amino acids it is the BCAA's that increase muscle protein synthesis. x3
isoleucine leucine valine
Why is insulin considered an anabolic hormone its role
it increases protein synthesis facilitates the uptake of glucose and amino acids into the cells.
Primary risk associated w/ taking erythropoietin
its lack of predictability compared to RBC transfusion
note: The Dietary supp product must also be intended for ingestion and cannot be advertised for use as a conventional food or as the sole item within a meal or diet.
just a note
Erythropoietin (EPO)(hormone) is produced in the _______ and stimulates the production of new _______. It is a _______ hormone.
kidneys RBC protein
Erythropoietin, secreted by the ______ is used to stimulate______ for enhancement of _______
kidneys RBC production Aerobic endurance
Aerobic threshold is measured by
lactate and ventilatory threshold
HGH Efficacy Little research has been done with athletes. Research with healthy elderly persons, as well as children and adults with growth hormone deficiencies, shows improvements in x2
lean body tissue decrease body fat
What is the key BCAA for stimulating muscle protein synthesis It directly activates the _________ ________ in skeletal muscle, which is a key pathway in skeletal muscle protein synthesis.
leucine Akt/mTOR pathway
Ephedra , also called ____, is a plant that contains ephedrine
ma huang
B-Alanine does not seem to improve
max strength aerobic power
The activity of HCG in men is due to its ability to ....
mimic luteinizing hormone
Due to HMB role mentioned above it may be effective supplementation for
minimizing losses of lean muscle mass in situations that promote a catabolic state. effective for those beginning a new training program
Sodium Citrate use in exercise
more research needed athletes should test before use in competition. 0.4-0.6g/kg could lead to GI distress
Subset of bodybuilders w/ altered self-image who believe they look small/weak even when large/muscular. This is termed...
muscle dysmorphia "reverse anorexia nervosa"
Increases in ____ _____ ____ with steroid use are likely responsible for increases in lean body mass. Changes occur in both
muscle protein synthesis recreationally trained and competitive athletes.
Adverse effects Many adverse effects, including... ______by most sport governing bodies, including the International Olympic Committee
nausea, vomiting, psychiatric symptoms, anxiety, mood changes, autonomic hyperactivity, palpitations even DEATH\ BANNED
Creatine is a ________ ______ _____ that is synthesized naturally in body by the ______ and helps supply energy to all cells of the body can also be synthesized in smaller amounts in x2
nitrogenous organic compound liver kidneys/pancreas
The buffer B-Alanine is a ________
nonessential amino acid
essential Amino Acids
not produced in body Isoleucine I Leucine love Lysine lucy Valine very Methionine much Phenylalanine please tryptophan try threonine threading
Pre workout energy drinks Effective for increasing...
resistance training volume performance Other types of anaerobic exercise (including Wingate tests and speed/agility performance) not as responsive to energy drink consumption
Many of the side effects linked to abuse of steroids are _____ upon ______.
reversible/cessation *Side effects differ between anabolic steroid use under medical supervision and consuming many drugs at high doses.
Efficacy: enhancing mainly Timing of ingestion
short bouts of H.I ex. lasting 60 seconds to 6 minutes 0.3g/kg 60-90 min before
Athletes typically use anabolic steroids in a "______" regimen, in which they administer several different drugs simultaneously.
stacking *The potency of one anabolic agent may be enhanced when it is consumed simultaneously with another anabolic agent.
Companies can make claims about effects on body's ____ and ______ as long as the manufacturer can show that the statements are ______ and not ________.
structure/function truthful/misleading much less stringent than drugs
FDA's definition of a drug
substances that change the body's structure or function. includes substances that stimulate hormone secretion. if administered differently from the way in which foods would be consumed.
Citrus aurantium thought to ...
suppress appetite increase metabolic rate and lypolysis
L-carnitine responsible for
the transport of fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria to be oxidized for energy
Study: Women taking prohormone ergogenic aid had how much of an increase in testosterone levels
threefold
Some adverse effects of B-Adrenergic Agonists such as CLENBUTEROL
transient tachycardia hyperthermia tremors dizziness palpitations insomnia
Athletes may benefit from steroid use even if they stop taking drugs long enough before competition to obtain a negative drug test thus....
unannounced year-round drug testing of some elite athletes is important for the prevention of unfair drug use
Arginine leading to higher levels of nitric oxide which effects _______. making it important during exercising conditions.
vasodilation *Little scientific evidence supporting benefit for athletes or physically active individuals