Ch. 11 Reading

Arrange the steps involved in the planning phase of a goal-setting system in a sequence starting from the first to the last step.

1. Identify individual and team needs. 2. Identify potential team and individual goals. 3. Consider possible strategies to achieve the goals.

Which of the following should be done in the meeting phase of the goal setting system outlined by Botterill?

A few days after the initial meeting, another meeting should be held for the purpose of discussing some of the athletes' goals; Coaches must give athletes time to formulate potential goals after the first of the goal setting meetings.

In the context of goal-setting atmosphere, identify the components of a leader's communication style.

A sincere orientation; Good listening skills; A positive approach

A performance orientation

An athlete defines success based on learning and self-improvement and has high perceived ability.

A success orientation

An athlete defines success on social comparison and winning and has high perceived ability.

A failure orientation

An athlete defines success on social comparison and winning but has low perceived ability.

According to Weinberg (2010), identify true statements about the aspects of goal setting strategies of athletes and coaches.

Barriers to goal setting include a perceived lack of time, stress, fatigue, social relationships, injury, and a lack of confidence; Athletes and coaches set both short- and long-term goals.

Identify the theory that focuses solely on how goal setting influences performance in athletic environments.

Burton's cognitive theory

Identify an accurate statement about the attainment of process and performance goals in the goal-setting process.

Changing athletes' perception in favor of performance and process goals is a long-term process.

What should be done at the initial meeting of a goal setting system's meeting phase?

Coaches should convey basic goal setting information to athletes.

Which of the following is critical for a goal-setting leader to create a supportive goal-setting atmosphere?

Communication style

Tyler, a wrestler, aims to lose 10 pounds before the beginning of the season. Identify a goal-achievement strategy that he should identify to attain his goal.

Cut out a meal and run an additional two miles a day

Identify an accurate statement about the relationship between goal setting and performance of athletes.

Difficult goals are more effective in enhancing performance than easy goals.

_____ is absolutely necessary if goals are to enhance performance.

Evaluative feedback

Which of the following types of goals is effective in facilitating behavior change?

Explicit goals

True or false: According to most athletes, it is easier to get "up" and motivated for daily practice than a game or match.

False

True or false: According to research studies, coaches and athletes write down their goals consistently.

False

True or false: Goals can never be used to enhance personal development.

False

Performance goals

Focus on improvements relative to one's own past performance

_____ facilitates performance.

Goal setting

_____ is one of the most used techniques in applied sport psychology.

Goal setting

According to the mechanistic theory of goal setting, identify the ways goals influence performance.

Goals help a performer mobilize effort; Goals direct a performer's attention and action to important aspects of a task.

The Ice Hockey Club of Crestwill is practicing to win the next championship title. All the players are unanimously working to earn a good name to the club and Crestwill. In this scenario, identify the goal adopted by the club.

Group's goal

Brian who is a high school volleyball coach is not happy with his team's cohesion. Identify a measure he should follow to correct it.

He should have several key players set goals of giving sincere positive feedback to teammates at least five times per practice.

When stating goals, athletes and coaches should always ask, _____?

How can we make this goal measurable and specific

Derek is the captain of a baseball team. He intends to be the person who hits the most number of home runs on his team. In this scenario, identify the group goal set by Derek.

Individual member's goals for self

Identify an accurate statement about the use of goal setting in applied sport psychology.

It has been shown to influence the performance of athletes of varied age and ability levels.

Identify a characteristic of the follow-up phase of a goal-setting system.

It involves providing feedback to athletes.

Dana is an athlete. She writes down goals to win the next U.S. marathon competition. Identify a goal that will help her focus on success.

Keep the head up while running.

High skilled athletes

Learn to compete against themselves

Less skilled athletes

Learn to judge success and failure in terms of their own performance

Identify an accurate statement about modifying unrealistic goals.

Lowering goals is more difficult than raising goals.

According to Burton et al. (1998), which of the following is true about the goal setting practices actually employed by athletes and coaches?

Most of the athletes set goals but rated them as only moderately effective.

Lucas is the coach of South Ligers, a soccer team. He is writing down goals that would instruct and motivate his players. Identify a goal that will help athletes to focus on success instead of failure.

Pass the ball carefully.

Outcome goals

Represent standards of performance that focus on the results of a contest between opponents or teams

Grace is an athletic runner who got injured during a season. What should she do to get back on track?

She should set specific goals for the number of times per week she would practice imagery.

Julie is an athletic runner who needs to have a running speed of eight kilometers per hour to compete in the finals. She plans to improve her running time over two kilometers by six seconds per week. Identify the type of goal she has set for herself.

Short-term goal

Process goals

Specify the procedures in which the athlete will engage during performance

Which of the following makes the goal setting process much more efficient and realistic to implement?

Spending time on goal setting in preseason planning and organization

Identify the requirements of setting group goals.

Team confidence should be fostered in group goals; Team goal progress should be assessed; Clear sequences of short- and long-term goals should be specified.

Identify the individuals who can be paramount in an athlete's life.

Teammates; Coach; Family members

The follow-up phase of a goal-setting system deals with _____.

evaluation of goals

Sports psychologists and coaches should act as _____ of goal-setting discussions.

facilitators

A more effective approach while setting goals for teams, as well as, athletes is to prioritize goals and _____.

focus on accomplishing the most important ones

Inexperienced goal setters often set goals that are too _____.

general

A(n) ____ is an objective or aim of action to attain a specific standard of proficiency on a task within a specified time limit.

goal

Sport psychologist Steve Danish and his colleagues have used ____ ____ as a cornerstone of programs designed to enhance life skills, particularly in at-risk populations.

goal setting

According to Locke and associates, factors such as importance, self-efficacy, feedback, and task complexity mediate the _____ relationship.

goal setting-performance

A baseball player aims to run a 6.5 sixty before the end of the season. This is an example of _____.

goals

According to the cognitive theory, athletes' _____ are linked to their levels of anxiety, motivation, and confidence.

goals

The planning phase of the goal-setting system proposed by Botterill deals with _____.

identifying needs

It has been reported that athletes who use _____ have the best performance.

multiple goal setting strategies

Unlike short-range goals, long-range goals focus on _____.

outcome

Dana is a freestyle swimmer and her current lap timing is 1:68.14. She strives to finish 200 m freestyle under 1:50 min in order to win the title of the next game. In this case, Dana is focusing on _____ goals.

performance

In the goal-setting process, coaches must emphasize the attainment of process and _____ goals.

performance

When implementing a goal-setting program, people frequently make the mistake of setting only goals that relate to competition. This implies that _____.

practice goals should not be forgotten

In the context of goal evaluation, athletes must receive feedback about how _____ is related to both short-and long-range goals.

present performance

Hardy, Jones, and Gould extended the outcome-performance goal distinction to include ____ goals

process

Kevin is a tennis player. He realizes that his backhand strokes are less powerful than his forehand strokes. He strives to improve his backhand strokes and win in the next tennis game. In this scenario, Kevin is focusing on _____ goals.

process

What types of goals should be set to enhance confidence of failure-oriented individuals?

process goals; performance goals

It is useful for athletes to _____ as soon as the goals are identified.

record their goals in written form

Target dates help motivate athletes by _____.

reminding them of the urgency of accomplishing their objectives

A natural mistake that occurs when one first implements a goal-setting system is _____.

setting too many goals too soon

According to Burton and his colleagues, goal setting should moderately increase performance for the _____ athlete.

success-oriented

Not only should goals describe the behavior of focus in specific measurable terms, but they should also identify _____ for goal accomplishment.

target dates

According to Locke and his associates (1981), there is a direct relationship between goal difficulty and _____.

task performance

A goal-setting program will not succeed unless _____.

those individuals who are paramount in an athlete's life support it

In order to convince less-committed athletes to begin setting goals, coaches should expose all the athletes to goal setting, and then _____.

work with those who show interest

Identify an accurate statement about the relationship between goal difficulty and task performance.

Unrealistic goals lead to failure and frustration among athletes.

What should a coach think about when planning a goal setting program?

The time available to commit to goal setting; The busiest time of his or her team's season

Identify an advantage of setting outcome goals.

They facilitate short-term motivation.

True or false: It is of the utmost importance that in the athletic environment goals be expressed in terms of specific measurable behaviors.

True

According to Widmeyer and Ducharme, _____ should have input into the team goal setting process.

all team members

According to a study of goal setting, coaches must continually emphasize the _____.

appropriateness of lowering goals when necessary