CH 11-Reform and Conflict
Compared to the Pennsylvania model of prisoner rehabilitation, Sing Sing prison in New York
Allowed prisoners to work communally.
How did advocates of the Benevolent Empire attempt to perfect society?
By personal contact, testimony, and exhortation.
How were children of the wealthy usually educated prior to the Civil War?
By private tutors
In July, 1848, women's rights advocates voted on and passed a __________ advocating specific social and legal changes for women.
Declaration of Sentiments
___ became the primary symbol of urban middle-class respectability in the 1830s
Domestic womanhood.
The Liberty Party
Fielded its first candidate in 1840.
How did Charles G. Finney's teachings differ from traditional Calvinist beliefs?
Finney believed humans could accept or reject Divine grace.
After the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, most Latter-Day Saints
Followed Brigham Young to Utah
The Liberty Party was replaced by the ___ in 1848.
Free Soil Party.
In the new culture of self-improvement that characterized the 1830s, what did reformers believe was the key to individual success?
Hard work, industriousness, and frugality.
Minister Charles Grandison Finney was controversial for all of the following reasons except: The correct answer was:
He emphasized the Presbyterian belief in original sin.
The robust economy of the United States drew increasing numbers of immigrants from Europe in the 1820s through the 1840s. The largest group by far came from:
Ireland
What was not true about the Benevolent Empire
Its loose network of charities and organizations did not express itself in religious terms.
The Missouri Compromise was a devastating defeat for
James Monroe
The seasoned Quaker abolitionist __________ and the much younger Elizabeth Cady Stanton were two of the five women who arranged the convention on women's rights that produced the Declaration of Sentiments in 1848
Lucretia Mott.
In a series of six sermons preached in 1825, __________ changed the debate over alcohol: he did not call for absolute abstinence from hard liquor (as had Quakers and Methodists), and he inveighed on his followers to form voluntary associations to drive the demon rum from American society
Lyman Beecher.
In his 1841 essay "Self-Reliance," __________ supported the power of the independent mind not only to understand the material environment but to achieve a spiritual wholeness with the world; he tried to distinguish true independence of mind from slavish rushing after preferment and celebrity.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
George Rapp's community of Harmony was taken over by:
Robert Owen for a socialist experiment
The first temperance society was formed in 1808 in The correct answer was:
Saratoga, New York.
The first temperance society was formed in 1808 in __________; by 1834 there were at least 5,000 state and local temperance societies
Saratoga, New York.
Reformers refocused their attention in the 1830s on what social needs?
Self-control and external restraint
The __________ saw the birth of an organized women's rights movement
Seneca Falls Convention
In July 1848, abolitionist women spearheaded a drive for an organized women's rights movement, holding a convention in
Seneca Falls, New York..
The American Bible Society is an example of a network of charities and associations called?
The Benevolent Empire.
Labor organizer Seth Luther characterized society as a struggle between
The producers and the rich.
For what purpose did the Rev. Ezra Stiles Ely establish the Society for Supporting the Gospel?
To work with indigents in urban shelters.
The Female Moral Reform Society
Tried to reclaim women from prostitution
The Female Moral Reform Society.
Tried to reclaim women from prostitution.
Advanced education at the college level in the antebellum period:
Was available only for males.
How did most eastern middle-class Americans regard the western migration of many Americans?
With alarm, fearing the departure of ambitious citizens.
How did the New Middle Class regard gender assignments in society?
Women were gentler and therefore best suited to remain at home.
The list of resolutions passed by the July 1848 convention on women's rights included all of the following except
a demand for the right to vote.
In the first years of the republic, Americans tended to think of crime as a problem of __________, not __________; fair laws would nurture good republican character, and good republican citizens would respect laws they had a hand in passing
bad laws; flawed individual character.
In her 1837 Essay on Slavery and Abolition, Catharine Beecher accused female abolitionists of The correct answer was:
being motivated by unwomanly ambition.
A series of sermons by the Reverend Lyman Beecher in 1825:
changed the debate on temperance from a health issue to a spiritual issue.
The new urban middle class of the 1830s tended to receive their income in the form of __________, rather than __________
fees and salaries; wages.
The French observer Alexis de Tocqueville observed that Americans
loved to organize
The paid workers of the 1830s urban middle class were employed in jobs that required __________ labor, rather than __________ labor
mental; physical.
Most internal migrants:
moved only short distances
In the late 1830s, educational reformer Horace Mann reassured middle-class parents that relying on an extrafamilial institution such as the common school was both right and natural; he also argued that
only the lack of education barred the poor from prosperity.
The new style of incarceration, where inmates were expected to be reformed, were called
penitentiaries.
From the 1820s on, the solution to the increasing crime rate that enjoyed the greatest popularity was the establishment of state prison systems. These systems operated by variants on a single principle: the first step toward the rehabilitation of prisoners was to
prevent inmates from influencing one another.
The formation of the Working Men's Party implied that workers remained optimistic that reforms could occur but also that workers
remained skeptical that the existing political parties would be responsive to their concerns.
In the 1830s, American reformers began to refocus their efforts away from broad programs of social perfection to endeavors that centered on __________ and external restraint
self-control.
The results of wage dependency and the subdivision of labor that marked urban life in the 1830s included:
stratification of neighborhoods by class.
The new urban middle class described the industrial economy as a test of personal character: success demonstrated __________ and __________
superior individual industriousness; self-discipline.
In the late 1840s, labor movements began to focus their efforts on legislative reform; the __________ reemerged as a central point of labor organizing
ten-hour workday.
George Rapp, who also thought the Second Coming of Christ was imminent, believed
that members should amass material wealth to place at Christ's disposal.
yman Beecher, pastor of the prestigious Hanover Street Presbyterian Church in Boston, predicted that
the final battle of the Christ and the Antichrist would take place in the American West.
The American Anti-Slavery Society increased membership because
they traveled across the northern states speaking out about abolishing slavery.
n the late 1830s, women could raise money, lobby, and speak in the effort to bring about social reform, but they could not perform the new essential act of reform, __________
voting
Abolition leaders believed that outspoken, assertive __________ were an embarrassment to the movement
women
In the antebellum era, the young women who had worked and marched at Lowell began to describe themselves as ________ and in that identity edged closer to claiming an independent status as citizens The correct answer was:
"daughters of freemen".
The myth of the self-made American highlighted the importance of childrearing and instructed women on the development of proper mental and moral habits in the young, but it also emphasized female self-reliance, as in Catharine Sedgwick's 1827 novel __________.
A New-England Tale