Ch 11
Formaldehyde
Formalin is an aqueous solution of ____ gas that is used as a potent chemical fixative and microbicide
Sepsis
Growth of microorganisms in the blood and other tissues
4 general cellular targets of antimicrobial agents
Nucleic acid synthesis Protein function The cell wall The cell membrane
Proteins
Nucleic acids are involved in the process of translation to synthesize ___, chains of DNA encoded amino acids
Triclosan
One of the most widely used phenolics used today is ____
Aldehydes
Organic substances that contain a -CHO functional group on a terminal carbon
Irradiation
The bombarding of a substance by waves or particles for diagnosis, therapy, disinfection, or sterilization
Membrane
The cell ___ is responsible for preventing the loss of imp molecules and stopping the entry of damaging substances
Desiccation
The dehydration of microorganisms in order to inhibit or preserve them
Denaturation
The disruption of proteins from their native state
Decontamination
The general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage
Disinfection
The goal of regular pasteurization methods is the ___ of the liquid
Pasteurization
The heat treatment of perishable liquids to destroy heat sensitize vegetative cells and prevent infection and spoilage
Thermal death point
The lowest temp req to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 min
Slow the activity of microbes
The main effect of cold treatment is to
Degermation
The physical removal of surface oils, debris, And soil from skin to reduce the microbial load
Tyndallization
The process by which materials are subjected to intermittent sterilization
Thermal death time
The shortest length of time req to kill all test microbes at a specified temp
Lipids, proteins
The two types of macromolecules that make up the majority of the cell membrane in organisms
Disinfection
The use of a physical process or a chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores Normally only used on inanimate objects
Pyrimidines
Thymine,uracil, and cytosine are called _____, which are a type of nitrogenous base found in either DNA or RNA
Air, solid surfaces
UV Radiation is effective at disinfecting which types of materials?
Grays
Unit radiation is measured in
Inability to penetrate materials
What is the main limitation of UV radiation
Bacterial endospores
What microbial agent is the most resistant to physical and chemical control methods?
Ribosome
Which cellular structure is involved in translation?
Endospores Thermophilic microbes
Which of the following are not usu destroyed or inactivated w regular pasteurization methods?
Cathode rays,gamma rays,X rays
Which of the following are types of ionizing radiation?
Silver, mercury
Which of the following heavy metals are still used in germicidal medicine?
Ultraviolet
Which of the following is a type of non ionizing radiation?
Inability to produce
Which of the following is the practical def of microbial death
Endospores, viruses
Which of the following microbial forms are relatively resistant to hear?
Cathode Gamma
____&____ X rays are types of ionizing radiation
Antiseptics
_____ are applied directly to the skin to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens
Ethylene
_____ oxide is valuable for sterilization of heat sensitive objects such as plastics, surgical and diagnostic appliances, and spices, but other related gases are available that are less toxic
Ultraviolet
_____ radiation is a type of nonionizing radiation and is used to disinfect air and the surfaces of solid objects
Microbiological death
the permanent loss of reproductive capability even under optimum growth conditions
Non ionizing
what type of radiation causes pyrimidine dimers?
Boiling water, pasteurization, nonpressurized steam, steam under pressure
4 ways that moist heat is employed to control microbes
Incineration
A dry heat method that is commonly used in student laboratories to sterilize inoculating loops and wires
Halogens
A group of nonmetallic elements with antimicrobial applications, including Bromine, Iodine, Chlorine, and Florine
Non ionizing
A method of microbial control that causes the formation of and normal bonds within the DNA of microbes, increasing the rate of mutation
Sterilization
A process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms including viruses
Tinctures
Antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures as the solvent are called _____
Aqueous
Antimicrobial solutions with water as the solvent are called ____ solutions
Chemical
Antiseptics are ____ agents applied to the skin to inhibit vegetative bacterial cells
Asepsis
Any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and thus prevent infection
Antisepsis
Application of chemical agents to exposed body surfaced and surgical incisions to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens
Iodophors
Are complexes of iodine and alcohol
Endospores Prions Virus
Are relatively resistant to heat
Kill
Bactericides ____ bacteria
Disinfection, sanitization
Boiling water can bc effective means of ___ in the clinic and home
Ionizing radiation
Consists of short wave electromagnetic rays (such as X rays) that cause ejection of electrons from target molecules and the creation of ions
Radiation
Electromagnetic waves or rays, such as those of light given off from an energy source
Disinfection
Examples of _____ include immersing thermometers in an iodine solution bw uses