ch 12

The________ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at the same time that the postsynaptic neuron fires. perforant path hypothesis law of effect all-or-none principle Hebb rule law of summation

Hebb rule

Which of the following is true of long-term depression (LTD)? LTD can be produced by high-frequency stimulation of CA1 neurons. LTD reflects a gradual strengthening of synaptic connections. LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron. LTD is associated with an increase in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neurons. LTD is not an associative phenomenon.

LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron.

Which of the following is true of learning? Learning and memory are synonymous. Memories are related to the electrical activity of the brain. Learning involves the modification of the nervous system by experiences. Experiences are stored in the brain in separate folders, like that of a file cabinet. Learning is possible in the absence of memory.

Learning involves the modification of the nervous system by experiences

Which factor below normally prevents the calcium channel of the NMDA receptor from opening in response to only glutamate? The channel is blocked by Mg2+ ions. Glutamate requires the presence of glycine in order to open the channel. The channel is blocked by sodium ions. Glutamate requires the presence of GABA in order to open the channel. Glutamate inhibits glycine activity.

The channel is blocked by Mg2+ ions.

In declarative and nondeclarative learning, ______. a.different parts of the brain are active b.random areas of the brain are active c.only one main area, notably the prefrontal cortex, is active d.similar parts of the brain are active

a.different parts of the brain are active

Anterograde amnesia is an inability to ______. a.form new memories b.remember events prior to the impairment c.remember early experiences d.remember events from the middle of life

a.form new memories

Studies that have used rats that were trained in the water memory task have identified the ______ as involved in consolidation. a.hippocampus b.cerebellum c.cingulate gyrus d.amygdala

a.hippocampus

When presynaptic neurons are active and postsynaptic neurons fire at the same time, ______. a.the synapse is strengthened b.one cancels the effects of the other c.no neurotransmitter is released d.the action potential is inhibited

a.the synapse is strengthened

What is suggested to be the purpose of LTD? a.to clear old memories b.to prevent new memories from occurring c.to transfer new memories into longer memory storage d.to keep new memories in short-term storage until no longer needed

a.to clear old memories

The amygdala contributes to learning by strengthening declarative memories about emotional events involving ______. a.good things that happen to you b.all are strengthened, provided there is an emotional component c.surprising things that happen to you d.bad things that happen to you

b.all are strengthened, provided there is an emotional component

When studying how LTP works in the hippocampus, what is the main neurotransmitter that is involved in the process? a.acetylcholine b.glutamate c.GABA d.dopamine

b.glutamate

Your grandmother unfortunately had a stroke over the weekend. You take her to the doctor, and the doctor says that despite some memory loss, her nondeclarative memory will be fine. With what form of memory will your grandmother likely NOT have any deficits? a.picture memory b.memory for facts c.memory for skills d.memory for events

b.memory for skills

If you were asked where the major brain area for working memory is located, the best answer is probably ______. a.the temporal lobe b.the prefrontal cortex c.various parts of the brain xxxxx d.the parietal lobe

b.the prefrontal cortex

How far back in a person's lifetime the retrograde extends depends on ______. a.the overall health of the individual before the brain damage occurs b.which specific structures are damaged, but not the extent of the damage c.both the extent of the damage and which specific structures are damaged d.the extent of the damage, but not which specific structures are damaged

c.both the extent of the damage and which specific structures are damaged

Consolidation of memory refers to ______. a.filtering of sensory information in order to make memories b.accessing stored memories c.formation of permanent memories d.integration of different memories into false memories

c.formation of permanent memories

Long-term potentiation involves ______. a.inhibition of a neuron b.at least one complex path of neurons c.synaptic strengthening following repeated stimulation d.increasing threshold to initiate a neural response

c.synaptic strengthening following repeated stimulation

Associative long-term potentiation reflects increased ________ produced by changes in ________. calcium entry; NMDA receptors chloride efflux; AMPA receptors calcium entry; D2 receptors. calcium efflux; D1 receptors calcium immobilization; NMDA receptors

calcium entry; NMDA receptors

Many of the genes that are more active during sleep are involved in all of the following EXCEPT ______. a.memory consolidation b.modification of synapses c.protein synthesis d.neurotransmitter production

d.neurotransmitter production

Memory for events and facts that we can think and talk about is referred to as procedural memory. motor memory. Hebbian memory. declarative memory. nondeclarative memories.

declarative memory.

Which of the following terms are synonymous? nondeclarative memory; explicit memory declarative memory; explicit memory immediate memory; long-term memory declarative memory; implicit memory Hebbian memory; consolidation

declarative memory; explicit memory

A key structural change that accompanies long-term potentiation is the decreased size of dendritic spines. projection of a spinule into the presynaptic element formation of two segments of axon formation of new synaptic contacts. loss of synaptic contacts.

formation of new synaptic contacts.

In classical conditioning, an organism learns the consequences of a specific behavior. identifies and categorizes objects. shows a species-typical behavior in response to a previously unimportant stimulus. is able to recognize objects by the sounds they make. forms an association between a response and a stimulus.

shows a species-typical behavior in response to a previously unimportant stimulus.

Based on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that immediate memories are stored within the hippocampus. the hippocampus is required for retrieval of long-term memories. long-term memories are stored within the hippocampus. the hippocampus converts immediate memories into long-term memories. damage to the hippocampus results in severe retrograde amnesia

the hippocampus converts immediate memories into long-term memories.