Ch 12 - Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

THE FAMILY • At adolescence, sibling interactions often become less intense in both positive and negative feelings • Siblings who established a positive bond in early childhood continue to display greater affection and caring • Culture influences the quality of adolescent sibling ties, as seen in the Hispanic cultural ideal of ________, which fosters harmonious sibling relationships

familiasism

• Characteristics of adolescent friendships that contribute to many aspects of psychological health and competence into early adulthood: • High in ____ • High in _________ sharing • Supportive • not characterized by relational aggression or attraction to antisocial behavior • Close friendships: 1. provide opportunities to explore the _____ and develop a deep understanding of _______ 2. provide a foundation for future ________ relationships 3. help young people deal with the ________ of adolescence 4. can improve attitudes toward and involvement in ________

trust intimate self, another intimate stresses school

MORAL DEVELOPMENT • Kohlberg's well-known "_____ dilemma" pits the value of obeying the law (not stealing) against the value of human life (saving a dying person) • Kohlberg organized moral development into three levels, each with two stages • He believed that moral understanding is promoted by (1) actively grappling with moral _________ and noticing _____________s in one's current reasoning. (2) gains in __________ taking

Heinz issues, weaknesses perspective

• Foreclosed = adolescents who assume that ______ _____ is always attainable • ______-______ = those who doubt that they will ever feel certain about anything are more often • state of _________ or identity __________ = those who appreciate that they can use rational criteria to choose among alternatives • Identity development is enhanced when families serve as a "_____ _____" from which adolescents can confidently move out into the wider world

absolute truth identity-diffused moratorium, achievement secure base

• Identity ________ and __________ are psychologically healthy routes to a mature self-definition: • young people use an active, **__________-________ cognitive style to make personal decisions and solve problems • Foreclosed individuals display a __________*, _________* cognitive style: • internalizing the values and beliefs of parents and others without deliberate evaluation and resisting information that threatens their position • Long-term diffused individuals typically use a *______-_______ cognitive style • allows current situational pressures to dictate their reactions

achievement, moratorium information-gathering dogmatic, inflexible diffuse-avoidant

Adolescent Suicide • Suicide rate jumps sharply at __________ • Related factors: - Gender: ________—more risk factors, gender-role expectations - Ethnicity: increase in African-American boys, high in _______ _______ youths - Family environment, high life stress, poverty - Sexual _________ - Personality: Intelligent, withdrawn, cannot meet own or others' standards Antisocial, hostile, destructive behavior - Triggering negative life even

adolescence boys Native American orientation

THE FAMILY • Development at adolescence involves striving for __________* • has both an __________* and a _________-* component • Autonomy: • is supported by changes within the adolescent, including __________ distancing and _________ development • is fostered by warm, supportive parent-adolescent ties • make appropriate demands for ________ while permitting young people to explore ______ and social _____ • Parents who are ________ or ____________ controlling interfere with the development of autonomy

autonomy emotional and behavioral psychological, cognitive maturity, ideas, roles coercive, psychologically

• Early-onset: behavior begins in _________ − _________ risks and inept _________ combine (mostly boys) − Linked to serious _________ activity • Late-onset: begins around _________ − _______ influences − Most abandon antisocial behavior − Serious offenses can close off __________ and perpetuate life of ________

childhood biological, parenting antisocial puberty peer opportunities crime

SELF-UNDERSTANDING • During adolescence: • the young person's vision of the self becomes more _________, ___-_______, and consistent • In early adolescence: • young people unify separate personality traits ("smart" and "curious") into more abstract descriptors ("intelligent") • but these generalizations are not interconnected and are often contradictory • By late adolescence: • cognitive changes enable teenagers to combine their traits into an organized system

complex, well-organized

• ___________ion and mutual ____________ion between friends increase in adolescence • negative interaction declines • Emotional closeness is more common in friendships between ______ • interactions contain more self-disclosure and mutually supportive statements than discussions between boys, which usually focus on successes in sports and school • Hispanic boys are more likely than others to resist conforming to masculine stereotypes to be tough and unemotional • Possibly because of cultural valuing of emotional expressiveness between male friends

cooperation, affirmation girls

• A tendency for friends to ___________, or repeatedly mull over problems and negative emotions, can trigger anxiety and depression • When conflict arises between intimate friends, more potential exists for one party to harm the other through ***__________ aggression

coruminate relational

• ____________ = the most common psychological problem of adolescence • increases sharply from ages 12 to 16 in industrialized nations • teenage girls are twice as likely as boys to report persistent depressed mood • If allowed to continue, depression seriously impairs ______, _______, and vocational functioning • Depression is moderately __________ • research suggests that the hormonal changes of puberty play a role • _______ and __________ risk factors seem to sensitize the brain to react more strongly to stressful experiences

depression social, academic heritable genetic and hormonal

• According to Kohlberg, mature moral thinkers realize that behaving in line with their beliefs is vital for creating and maintaining a just social world • Yet the connection between mature moral reasoning and action is only modest- Moral behavior is also influenced by: • ________s • individual differences in _________ • __________ experiences • _________ beliefs • ______ self-identity*** (extent to which morality is central to self-concept)

emotions temperament cultural intuitive moral

• Societal forces are responsible for the special challenges faced by lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths and by ethnic minority adolescents, for whom ________ ________*** is central to the quest for identity • In many immigrant families: • adolescents' may experience _________ _______ as a result of conflict between the minority and the host culture • Forming a **_________ ______ that incorporates values from both the adolescent's subculture and the dominant culture offers added benefits

ethnic identity acculturative stress bicultural identity

• Researchers have derived four identity statuses based on two key criteria, _________ ** and ________**: **(1) identity ___________ (healthiest) **(2) identity __________ (healthiest) **(3) identity __________ (commitment, no exploration) **(4) identity _________ (

exploration and commitment achievement moratorium foreclosure diffusion

• As adolescents enlarge the range of issues they regard as personal, they eventually realize that: • violating strongly held conventions can?* • many social conventions are vital for maintaining a _____ and __________ society • Factors that affect maturity of moral reasoning include: • child-rearing _________ • peer _________ • schooling • culture

harm others just, peaceful practices interaction

Factors Related to Adolescent Depression • Moderately ________ • Hormonal changes of puberty: _________ (girls) • ______-______ coping styles and greater corumination (girls) • Parental ________ and associated maladaptive parenting • _______ and _______ risk factors combine with __________ experiences • Learned __________ • Negative life events

heritable estrogens gender-typed depression genetic, hormonal, stressful helplessness

Identity Statuses High exploration +high commitment = High exploration + low commitment = Low exploration + high commitment = Low exploration + low commitment =

identity achievement identity moratorium identity forclosure identity diffusion

ERIKSON'S THEORY: IDENTITY VERSUS ROLE CONFUSION • Constructing an identity involves defining who you are, what you value, and the directions you choose to pursue in life • Erikson called the psychological conflict of adolescence ______ versus ____ _______ • Successful psychosocial outcomes of infancy and childhood pave the way toward a ______ ________

identity vs role confusion positive resolution

• Individuals in industrialized nations move through Kohlberg's stages more quickly and advance to a higher level than those in village societies, who rarely move beyond Stage 3 • These findings raise the question of whether Kohlberg's highest level represents a culturally specific way of thinking • Limited to Western societies that emphasize __________ and an appeal to an inner conscience • However, a review of over 100 studies confirmed an age-related trend consistent with Kohlberg's Stages 1 to 4 across diverse societies

individualism

Identity Status and Psychological Well-Being Identity-achieved and moratorium: - ________-_________ style • Higher self-esteem; feels more in control of life • Exception: exploration that is _________ Foreclosure: • Commitment offers _______, satisfaction • ________, inflexible style - internalizes others' values and beliefs - depend on others for _____-_______; fears __________ Long-term diffusion: • ______-______ style • Avoids dealing with personal decisions, problems • Time management and academic difficulties • Low ___-________ • Prone to __________ and behavior problems

information-gathering ruminative security dogmatic self-esteem, rejection diffuse-avoidant self-esteem depression

• _________ _________*** —cross-race friendships and interactions in schools and communities—reduces racial and ethnic prejudice and also affects young people morally • Moral reasoning typically progresses to Kohlberg's higher stages the longer a person remains in _________ • College environments introduce young people to social issues that extend beyond personal relationships to entire _______ or ________ groups

intergroup contact school political, cultural

• Positive relationships with parents and friends contribute to the development of warm romantic ties • Conflict-ridden parent-adolescent and peer relationships forecast hostile dating interactions • Consistent with ethological theory, early attachment bonds lead to an ________ ________ model that guides later relationships • Early dating is related to: • drug use • ___________y • poor _______ achievement

internal working delinquency academic

PEER RELATIONS • Adolescents stress ________*, _________* understanding, and ________* as important characteristics of friendship • Self-disclosure between friends rises over the adolescent years • Adolescent friends tend to be alike in: • identity status • educational aspirations • political beliefs • depressive symptoms • willingness to try drugs and engage in lawbreaking acts

intimicay, mutual understanding, loyalty

MORAL DEVELOPMENT (no questions) • Carol Gilligan and others have argued that Kohlberg's theory does not adequately represent the morality of girls and women ("ethic of care") • Most studies that have tested Gilligan's claim have found that on both hypothetical dilemmas and everyday moral problems, adolescent and adult females display reasoning at the same stage as their male agemates • often at a higher stage • These findings suggest that Kohlberg's theory taps both sets of values— ______ and ______

justice, caring

• Among older adolescents: • personal and moral values appear as key themes • young people revise their views of themselves to include enduring beliefs and plans • Teenagers add several new dimensions of self-evaluation—close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence • For most young people, level of general self-esteem rises. • Research indicates that for U.S. youths, an increasing sense of _________ strongly predicts this rise in ____-_______ • __________ parenting and ____________ from teachers predict favorable self-esteem in adolescence • Teenagers whose parents are ______ and ________ have unstable and generally low self-esteem

mastery, self-esteem authoritative, encouragement critical, insulting

• Among heterosexual teenagers, as interest in dating increases • boys' and girls' cliques come together into mixed-sex cliques • provide models for how to interact with the other sex • By late adolescence, the _____-___ clique disappears and ______ decline in importance • Cultural expectations determine when and how dating begins: • Early adolescents mention _______ and ________ peer status as reasons for dating • by late adolescence, young people look for dating partners who offer personal compatibility, companionship, affection, and social support • The achievement of intimacy between dating partners typically lags behind that between friends

mixed-sex, crowd recreation, achievement

• Throughout adolescence, the ****quality of the _____-______relationship is the single most consistent predictor of ______ health • By mid- to late adolescence, **__________ interaction is on the rise • Parents who find it easier to grant teenagers appropriate autonomy and experience less conflict with their teenagers are usually: • __________ secure • not overloaded with _____ pressures • content with their _________ • Teenagers who develop well despite family stressors benefit from the same factors that fostered resilience in earlier years

parent-child mental harmonious financially job marriages

• In early adolescence, tightly knit _____ _____** tend to be organized into ______****= • small groups of friends who usually resemble one another in family background, attitudes, values, and interests • Among Western adolescents attending high schools with complex social structures, often several cliques with similar values form a larger, more loosely organized group called a _________** • grants its members an identity within the larger social structure of the school • Minority teenagers who associate with an ethnically defined crowd, as opposed to a crowd reflecting their abilities and interests: • may be motivated by discrimination in their school or neighborhood or may be expressing a strong ethnic identity • Belonging to a clique or crowd can modify adolescents' beliefs and behavior, but family experiences affect the extent to which adolescents become like their peers over time

peer groups cliques crowd

• Factors that strengthen moral identity include: • certain parenting ________ (**_________discipline and clearly conveyed moral expectations) • opportunities to enact moral behaviors through ***______ engagement • Teenagers who remain part of a religious community are advantaged over nonaffiliated youths in moral values and behavior, • but religious or political messages that convey __________ and ___________ about minorities work against moral maturity

practices inductive civic prejudices, stereotypes

MORAL DEVELOPMENT • Researchers who believe that Kohlberg's theory inadequately accounts for morality in everyday life favor a *****___________ approach to morality • moral judgments depend on the individual's current _______ and ________ • Supporters of the cognitive-developmental perspective point out that people frequently rise above self-interest to defend others' rights

pragmatic approach to morality context and motivations

Kohlberg organized moral development into three levels • ***_______________ level = • children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences • Behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad, those that lead to rewards as good • ****___________ level = • individuals regard conformity to social rules as important because actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order • ****_____________ level = • Individuals move beyond unquestioning support for their own society's rules and laws • They define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all

preconventional conventional postconventional / principled

• ******Adolescents who gain most in moral understanding have parents who engage in moral discussions: • encourage _________ behavior • insist that others be treated _______ • create a _________ atmosphere by listening sensitively • asking _________ questions • presenting ______-______reasoning • Interaction among peers who present differing viewpoints promotes moral understanding • Through _________ and _________, young people realize that social life can be based on cooperation between equals

prosocial fairly supportive clarifying higher-level negotiating, compromising

Preconventional level Stage 1: ________ and ________ Stage 2: __________ purpose Conventional level Stage 3: "Good boy-good girl" (morality of interpersonal cooperation; ideal __________*) Stage 4: ______-______-maintaining Postconventional or principled level Stage 5: ______ contract Stage 6: ________ ethical principle

punishment and obedience instrumental social-order ideal reciprocity social universal

• In cultures that place a high priority on interdependence: • autonomy is seen as ___-_______, rather than independent, decision making • Immigrant parents from cultures that emphasize obedience to authority • have greater difficulty adapting to their teenagers' push for independent decision making • As adolescents acquire the Western host culture's language and are exposed to its individualistic values, immigrant parents may become more critical prompting teenagers to: • rely less on the family network for social support • disclose less about peer relationships, with resulting ___________ _______

self-endorsed acculturative stress

• In a vulnerable young person, numerous negative life events may spark depression— • for example, failing at something important, parental divorce, or the end of a close friendship or romantic partnership • Girls are more prone to depression than boys • Greater stress __________ and gender-typed coping styles—passivity, dependency, and tendency to ruminate—seem to be involved • Girls with either an androgynous or a "masculine" gender identity show low rates of depressive symptoms

sensitivity

• Per Erikson- • if young people's earlier conflicts were resolved negatively Or • if society limits their choices to ones that do not match their abilities and desires, they are likely to appear ________, ___________less, and unprepared for the challenges of adulthood • Current theorists agree that questioning of values and priorities is necessary for a mature identity • but they see this process not as a "_____" for most young people but, rather, as a process of _______________ followed by ____________*

shallow, directionless crisis, exploration, commitment

• Interaction with diverse peers encourages exploration of _______ and possible _______ • Schools and communities that offer varied opportunities for exploration also support _______ development • Culture strongly influences an aspect of mature identity not captured by the identity-status approach: • constructing a sense of self-continuity despite significant personal changes

values, roles identity