ch 12 Medical Terms: Urinary System

urologist

"A physician who specializes in the study of the urinary system"

periurethral

"Pertaining to around the urethra"; the immediate area surrounding the urethra.

nephrology

"Study of the kidney"; study of kidney function as well as diagnosis and treatment of renal disease

urology

"Study of the urinary system"

anuria

"Without the formation of urine"; lack of urine production

urobilin

Brown pigment formed by the oxidation of urobilinogen; may be formed in the urine after exposure to air.

albuminuria

Indicates the presence of serum protein in the urine. Albumin is the major protein in blood plasma. When detected in urine (albuminuria), it may indicate a leak in the glomerular membrane, which allows albumin to enter the renal tubule and pass into the urine.

pyelocystitis

Inflammation of the bladder and renal pelvis.

nephrocystitis

Inflammation of the bladder and the kidney

nephroma

Kidney tumor

glycosuria

Presence of glucose in the urine

pyuria

Pus in the urine

urinal

Container, toilet, or bathroom fixture into which one urinates

cystocele

Hernia of the bladder that protrudes into the vagina

polyuria

"Excessive secretion and discharge of urine"; frequent urination; occurs in diabetes mellitus, chronic nephritis, and nephrosclerosis, and can be induced with diuretics and following excessive intake of liquids.

glomerular

"Pertaining to the glomerulus"; a tuft of blood vessels located within the Bowman's capsule that permit a greater surface area for filtration. (http://wpcontent.answcdn.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray1130.svg/250px-Gray1130.svg.png)

stricture

Abnormal narrowing of a duct or passage such as the esophagus, ureter, or urethra.

renin

An enzyme produced by the kidney that stimulates vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone. The blood renin level is elevated in some types of HTN.

urinalysis (UA)

Analysis of urine; separating of the urine for examination to determine the presence of abnormal elements; a laboratory test that evaluates the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine.

nephron

Basic structural and functional unit of the kidney (http://www.rkm.com.au/anatomy/anatomical-illustrations)

urea

Chief nitrogenous constituent of urine.

interstitial cystitis (IC)

Chronically irritable and painful inflammation of the bladder wall.

nephrosclerosis

Condition of hardening of the kidney

enuresis

Condition of involuntary emission of urine; bedwetting

percutaneous ultrasonic lithotrispy (PUL)

Crushing of a kidney stone by using ultrasound (US). This is an invasive surgical procedure performed by using a nephroscope or fluoroscopy. (http://www.patnihealthcare.com/images)

lithotripsy

Crushing of a kidney stone.

dysuria

Difficult or painful urination

ureteropathy

Disease of the ureter

uric acid

End product of purine metabolism; common component of urinary and renal stones

uremia

Excess of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acid metabolism accumulated in the the blood; also referred to as azotemia; in current usage, it refers to the syndrome associated with end-stage renal disease.

hypercalciuria

Excessive amount of calcium in the urine

urine

Fluid secreted by the kidneys, transported by the ureters, stored in the bladder, and voided through the urethra.

incontinence

Inability to hold or control urination or defecation.

meatotomy

Incision of the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening

cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder, usually occurring secondarily to ascending urinary tract infections. More than 85% of cases of cystitis are caused by Escherichia coli, a bacillus found in the lower GI tract.

nephritis

Inflammation of the kidney

pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis. It is usually caused by bacteria entering the kidneys from the bladder. Escherichia coli is a bacillus that is normally found in the large intestine. These infections usually spread from the genital area through the ureters to the bladder.

glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the kidney involving primarily the glomeruli

glomerulitis

Inflammation of the renal glomeruli

trigonitis

Inflammation of the trigone of the bladder. The cause is unknown, it is more common in women, and there is no current solid treatment.

nephrolith

Kidney stone; usually deposits of mineral salts, called calculi, in the kidney. These stones can pass into the ureter, irritate kidney tissue, and block urine flow. Kidney stones occur when the urine has a high level of minerals (usually calcium) that form stones. A condition characterized by the presence of a kidney stone is called nephrolithiasis.

extracorporeal shock wave lithotriptor (ESWL)

Medical device used to crush kidney stones (renal calculi). The patient is sedated and immersed in a water bath while shock waves pound the stones until they crumble into small pieces. These pieces are intended to be flushed out with urine. (http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/4370/2742/320/ESWL.0.jpg)

cystoscope

Medical instrument used for visual examination of the bladder

urinometer

Medical instrument used to measure the specific gravity of urine.

dialysis

Medical procedure to separate waste material from the blood and to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in impaired kidney function or in the absence of the kidney. The 2 main types of dialysis, hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD), remove wastes and excess water from the blood in different ways.

urethral stricture

Narrowing or constriction of the urethra

meatus

Opening or passage; the external opening of the urethra

cystodynia

Pain in the bladder; commonly called cystalgia

urethralgia

Pain in the urethra

edema

Pathological condition in which the body tissues contain an accumulation of fluid.

hydronephrosis

Pathological condition in which urine collects in the renal pelvis because of an obstructed outflow, thereby forming distention and damage to the kidney; can be caused by renal calculi, tumor, or hyperplasia of the prostate gland.

diuresis

Pathological condition of increased or excessive flow of urine; occurs in conditions such as diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and acute renal failure. Diuretics can also produce diuresis.

nephropathy

Pathological disease of the kidney

renal failure

Pathological failure of the kidney to function. There are 2 types of renal (kidney) failure: acute and chronic. Acute renal failure (ARF) occurs when the filtering function of the kidneys changes so that the kidneys are not able to maintain healthy body function. People who have preexisting kidney disease or damage are at higher risk for acute renal failure. Some common symptoms of acute renal failure include excess fluid in the abdomen (ascites) and swelling of the extremities (edema). In chronic renal failure (CRF), there is a gradual and progressive loss of kidney function. It most often results from any disease that causes gradual loss of kidney function.

calculus

Pebble; any abnormal concretion (stone); plural: calculi (http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology/articles/images/anatomy)

antidiuretic

Pertaining to a medication that decreases urine production and secretion.

excretory

Pertaining to the elimination of waste products from the body

renal

Pertaining to the kidney

urethroperineal

Pertaining to the urethra and perineum

urochrome

Pigment that gives urine the normal yellow color

bacteriuria

Presence of bacteria in the urine

calciuria

Presence of calcium in the urine

ketonuria

Presence of ketones in the urine resulting from breakdown of fats due to faulty carbohydrate metabolism. It occurs primarily as a complication of diabetes mellitus but can occur in dieting and starvation; also called ketoacidosis.

hematuria

Presence of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the urine. In microscopic hematuria, the urine appears normal to the naked eye, but examination with a microscope shows a high number of RBCs. Gross hematuria can be seen with the naked eye - the urine is red or the color of cola. If WBCs are found in addition to RBCs, then it is a sign of urinary tract infection.

micturition

Process of urination

urination

Process of voiding urine

specimen

Sample of tissue, blood, urine, or other material intended to show the nature of the whole.

oliguria

Scanty, decreased amount of urine. The decreased production of urine may be a sign of dehydration, renal failure, hypovolemic shock, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, or urinary obstruction/urinary retention. It can be constrasted with anuria, which represents a more complete suppression of urination.

peritoneal dialysis (PD)

Separation of waste from the blood by using a peritoneal catheter and dialysis. Fluid is introduced into the peritoneal cavity, and wastes from the blood pass into this fluid. The fluid and waste are then removed from the body. Types of peritoneal dialysis are IPD - intermittent and CAPD - continuous ambulatory.

renal colic

Sharp, severe pain in the lower back over the kidney, radiating forward into the groin. It usually accompanies forcible dilation of a ureter, followed by spasm as a stone is lodged or passed through it.

sterile

State of being free from living microorganisms; asepsis

sediment

Substance that settles at the bottom of a liquid; a precipitate; can be produced by centrifuging urine or other body fluids.

urgency

Sudden need to void, urinate

nephrectomy

Surgical excision of a kidney

cystolithectomy

Surgical excision of a stone from the bladder

cystectomy

Surgical excision of the bladder or part of the bladder

ureterocolostomy

Surgical implantation of the ureter into the colon

pyelolithotomy

Surgical incision into the renal pelvis for removal of a stone.

renal transplant

Surgical procedure to implant a donor kidney into a patient.

ureteroplasty

Surgical repair of the ureter

void

To empty the bladder

catheter

Tube of elastic, elastic web, rubber, glass, metal, or plastic that is inserted into a body cavity (http://livingwitha___.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/___-Man-Web.jpg)

nocturia

Urination during the night

residual urine

Urine that is left in the bladder after urination.

hemodialysis (HD)

Use of an artificial kidney to separate waste from the blood. The blood is circulate through tubes made of semipermeable membranes, and these tubes are continually bathed by solutions that remove waste.

specific gravity (sp. gr.)

Weight of a substance compared with an equal amount of water. Urine has a specific gravity of 1.003-1.030.

cystogram

X-ray record of the bladder (http://o.quizlet.com/Kw2oNas8jwnXKqBrzoVyQw_m.jpg)